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R. Vadivelan , S. Bhadra , Avs. Ravi , A. Shanish , K. Elango , B. Suresh

Abstract

This study reports the anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilizing property of an ethanolic ischolar_main extract of Rubus ellipticus Smith in rats. The carregeenin-induced rat paw edema was utilized as a model for acute inflammatory and the probable mode by which Rubus ellipticus mediates its effects on inflammatory conditions was studied on rat blood cells exposed to hypotonic solution. The results of the study revealed that the extract possesses antiinflammatory activity. Rubus ellipticus significantly (p<0.01, p<0.001) reduced the oedema swelling induced by carrageenin in rats at both the dose levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg, while 125 mg/kg did not show any significant activity. However, the extract did not exhibit membrane stabilizing property, as it failed to significantly (p<0.05) reduced the levels of haemolysis of RBC exposed to hypotonic solution. The acute toxicity studies of oral doses of ethanolic ischolar_main extract in rats revealed that it has a high safety profile, as the extract was well tolerated by the animals. The results of the study suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity demonstrated by Rubus ellipticus may not be related to membrane stabilization.

Keywords

Rubus Ellipticus, Anti-inflammatory, Membrane Stabilizing Property

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R. Vadivelan ¹, S. P. Dhanabal ¹, Raja Rajeswari ¹, A. Shanish ¹, K. Elango ¹, B. Sathish ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, J.S.S. College of Pharmacy (Off Campus of JSS University, Mysore) Ooty, Nilgiris-643001, IN

Abstract

Oxidative stress (OS) has been repetitively shown to be a hallmark of many diseases linked with metabolic or vascular disorders. It is produced under diabetic condition and is involved in the progression of pancreatic damage in diabetes. Therefore diabetes represents an ideal candidate for studying the consequences of oxidative stress and its treatment. Diabetes constitutes a multiple source of free radicals, starting very early in the disease, oxidative stress is exposed to have a double impact; on both metabolic and vascular functions. This review describes the many different aspects of oxidative stress in diabetes and proposes possible explanations for the apparent lack of efficacy of antioxidant treatments.

Keywords

Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants, Diabetes.

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R. Vadivelan ¹, S. P. Dhanabal ², Patil Mohan ², A. Shanish ², K. Elango ², B. Suresh ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, J.S.S. College of Pharmacy, (Off Campus of JSS University, Mysore), Ooty, Nilgiris - 643 001., IN
2 J.S.S. College of Pharmacy (Off Campus of JSS University, Mysore) Ooty, Nilgiris-643001, IN

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Though different types of oral hypoglycemic agents are available, there is a growing interest in herbal remedies due to effectiveness, minimal side effects in clinical experience and relatively low cost. We investigated effect of oral administration of 100 and 200 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of Mukia maderaspatana in diabetic and normal rats for hypoglycemic activity and antihypergylcemic activity. Diabetes was induced in male wistar albino rats of body weight 150-200 g by intraperitoneal administration of ice-cold aqueous alloxan monohydrate at dose of 150 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected for the measurement of blood glucose from the tail vein at 0, 1, 3, and 5 hr post treatment with plant extract. Glibenclamide was used as standard drug. The fasting blood glucose levels of diabetic untreated rats were significantly higher than those of normal. The ethanolic extracts of Mukia maderaspatana at 100 and 200 mg/kg showed 20% and 24.4% decrease in blood glucose level respectively in diabetic rats after 5 h of treatment. Treatment with glibenclamide at 0.2 g/kg dose level show 31.8% decrease in blood glucose level in diabetic rats. The present study revealed that the oral administration of ethanolic extracts at 100 and 200 mg/kg doses exhibited a significant antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetes and also no hypoglycemic effect was observed in normal rats.

Keywords

Mukia maderaspatana, Alloxan Diabetic Rats, Antidiabetic Activity and Hypoglycemic Activity.

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A. Shanish Antony ¹, K. Jayasankar ², Partha Deb Roy ², N. Pankaj ², P. Dhamodaran ², B. Duraiswamy ², K. Elango ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, J.S.S. College of Pharmacy, Rocklands, Ooty-643001, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty-643001, Tamilnadu, IN

Abstract

We investigated the effect of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Cochlearia armoracia at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg in 5/6 nephrectomized rats for its nephroprotective activity. Blood samples were collected for the measurement of serum creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid. Urine samples were collected for the measurement of urine volume, sodium and potassium excretion levels. In nepherctomized rat the blood parameters were significantly increased and urine parameters were significantly altered to disease condition. Both the extracts at a dose level of 400 mg/kg showed significant (p<0.01) decrease in serum creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and increases urinary volume and sodium and potassium excretions. The present study revealed that the oral administration of aqueous and ethanolic extracts at 400 mg/kg dose exhibit a significant nephroprotective activity in 5/6 nephrectomized rat model.

Keywords

Cochlearia armoracia, Nephrectomized and Nephroprotective.

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R. Vadivelan ¹, P. Umasankar ², Dipanjan Mandal ², A. Shanish ², S. P. Dhanabal ², K. Elango ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, J.S.S. College of Pharmacy, (Off campus of JSS University, Mysore), Ooty–643 001, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, J.S.S College of Pharmacy, (Off campus of JSS University, Mysore) Ooty, Niligiris-643001, IN

Abstract

Diabetic nephropathy is one of the main causes of renal end-stage disease. Morphologically, the development of diabetic nephropathy is characterized by progressive thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and by expansion of the mesangial matrix which correlates to glomerular filtration function. Hyperglycemia generates more reactive oxygen species and also attenuates antioxidative mechanisms through glycation of the scavenging enzymes. Therefore, oxidative stress has been considered to be a common pathogenetic factor of the diabetic complications including nephropathy. A causal relationship between oxidative stress and diabetic nephropathy has been established by observations that (1) Lipid peroxides and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, indices of oxidative tissue injury, were increased in the kidneys of diabetic rats with albuminuria.(2) High glucose directly increases oxidative stress in glomerular mesangial cells, a target cell of diabetic nephropathy.(3) oxidative stress induces mRNA expression of TGFb1( transforming growth factor beta1) and fibronectin which are the genes implicated in diabetic glomerular injury, and (4) Inhibition of oxidative stress ameliorates all the manifestations associated with diabetic nephropathy.

Keywords

Diabetic Nephropathy, Extracellular Matrix, High Glucose, Oxidative Stress.

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K. Elango ¹, S. R. Paranjothi ²

Affiliations
1 Valliammai Engineering College, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, IN

Abstract

In deregulated electricity market, transmission congestion occurs when there is insufficient transmission capacity to simultaneously accommodate all the requests for load demand through transmission service, within a region. One of the most important tasks of Independent System Operator (ISO) is to manage the transmission congestion, as it threatens the system security; and may cause rise in electricity price for a particular location, resulting in market inefficiency. In congestion management, the corrective action for ISO is to identify the most sensitive generators, to reschedule their optimal real and reactive powers, as the real and reactive power dispatches play a vital role to relieve the congestion at low congestion cost. This paper presents a novel approach for congestion management technique based on optimal generation rescheduling and load shedding.Proposed technique is based on Multi Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm and is simulated on a standard IEEE 30 bus test system using MATLAB. The judicious combination of Generator rescheduling along with Load shedding yields superior results and the effectiveness of the proposed method is presented.

Keywords

Generation Rescheduling, Load Shedding, Congestion Management, MOPSO, Optimal Power Flow.

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A. L. Akilandeshwari ¹, K. Elango ¹, S. Daisy Chellakumari ¹, S. Kishore Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Madras Medical College, Chennai-03, IN

Abstract

The aim of the present investigation is to develop a Ramipril pulsatile drug delivery system. Pulsincap is based on an insoluble capsule body filled with Ramipril Egg albumin microspheres and cap filled with uncoated granules, separated by HPMC K4M plug. Ramipril microspheres were prepared by emulsion polymerization method with egg Albumin by varying drug to polymer ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3and 1:4). Granules were prepared by wet granulation method by varying concentration of superdisintegrant. Optimized microspheres were evaluated for the interaction study by FT-IR, percentage yield, angle of repose, drug content, SEM and particle size analysis. Optimized granules were evaluated for various parameters like angle of repose, carr's index and drug content. The formaldehyde treated capsule bodies were tested for physical appearance, visual defects, solubility studies and qualitative chemical test for free formaldehyde. The optimized Ramipril loaded pulsincap were evaluated for in vitro drug release and kinetic study. The drug release from optimized Ramipril pulsincap followed Zero order kinetics and mechanism of drug release was governed by peppas - korsmeyer model. Ramipril microspheres with small particle size, good loading capacity are produced by M4 formulation. G4 showed better release profile. Thus optimized formulation were formulated as pulsincap and showed in vitro release up to 24 hours.

Keywords

Pulsatile Drug Delivery, Formaldehyde Treated Capsules, Microspheres, Egg Albumin.

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I. Nishanth ¹, K. Elango ¹, N. Deattu ¹, P. Stephen ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Madras Medical College, Chennai-600003, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

The aim of the study was to design bilayer tablets containing Telmisartan for immediate release and Metformin hydrochloride for sustained release. Telmisartan has the strongest binding affinity to AT1 receptor among various ARBs and also has positive effects on insulin resistance syndrome because of the partial agonistic activity towards peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). Metformin is an antihyperglycemic not a hypoglycemic. Combinations of both drugs effect the treatment of hypertension in Type-II diabetes mellitus patients and improve the patient compliance. Telmisartan belongs to class II drug in BCS classification. Enhancement of solubility of Telmisartan was observed with physical mixture of drug with beta (β)-Cyclodextrin. Immediate release layers were prepared by wet granulation method using various concentration of sodium starch glycolate as superdisintegrant. SR layers were prepared by wet granulation method using swellable polymer HPMC K4 M and HPMC K100 M in different ratios. Both Immediate (L1, L2 and L3) and Sustained release (F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5) tablets were formulated and evaluated. All the values were found to be satisfactory and were within limits. From the results obtained I3 and S5 were selected and finally compressed into bilayer tablets. In vitro release studies were carried out using USP type II paddle apparatus in 0.1M HCl for first 2 hours and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution for next 8 hours as dissolution medium. Stability studies were carried out at 40 ± 2°c and 75±5% RH for a period of three months.

Keywords

Telmisartan, Metformin Hydrochloride, Bilayer Tablet, Wet Granulation.

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S. Ram Prasad ¹, K. Elango ¹, S. Daisy Chellakumari ¹, S. Dharani ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Madras Medical College, Chennai-03, IN

Abstract

The present study deals with preparation of silver nanoparticles using green approach such as polysaccharides method. (Chitosan was used as reducing and stabilizing agent). The prepared silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra- red spectroscopy, Photon Correlation Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope and ICPOES. UV- Visible spectrum shows the SPR band at 420nm which confirms the formation of silver nanoparticles. The average particle size of chitosan stabilized silver nanoparticles was found to be 127.3nm. The amount of silver present in the solution was found to be 1.259mg/L using ICPOES. Chitosan stabilized silver nanoparticles were studied for anti-inflammatory activity. In vitro toxicity studies were carried out in 3T3/NIH fibroblast cell line. Using the natural environmental benign polymer chitosan, the silver nanoparticles were prepared and characterized.

Keywords

Chitosan, Silver Nanoparticles, SPR Band, SEM, ICPOES, Membrane Stabilizing Activity.

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K. Elango ¹, S. Sridharan ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641003, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

The predatory potential of aphid lion, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) against Aphis punicae in pomegranate was studied and the observation showed that all the larval stages of the predator were found to feed on A. punicae. Furthermore, the third instar grub of C. zastrowi sillemi with the developmental period of 3.4 days had consumed a maximum of 106.3 aphids followed by second and first instar grubs of the predator which consumed a maximum of 68.1 and 30.7 aphids during their development period of 3.2 and 2.7 days, respectively. Further, single C. zastrowi sillemi grub was found to consume a total of 205.1 aphids during its total larval period of 9.3 days. The results obtained indicate the potential of C. zastrowi sillemi as an effective predator of pomegranate aphid.

Keywords

Aphis punicae, Biological Control, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, Pomegranate, Predatory Potential.

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G. Sivakumar ¹, M. Mohan ¹, M. Kannan ², K. Elango ³, P. Ram Kumar ¹, T. Venkatesan ¹, R. Rangeshwaran ¹, Mahesh S. Yandigeri ¹, O. Dhanyakumar ¹

Affiliations
1 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560 024, IN
2 Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, IN
3 Horticultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kodaikanal 624 103, IN

Abstract

No Abstract.

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M. Kannan ¹, N. Geetha ², K. Elango ³, M. Mohan ⁴, G. Sivakumar ⁴

Affiliations
1 Nano Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, IN
2 ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore 641 007, IN
3 Imayam Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Tiruchirappalli 621 206, IN
4 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560 024, IN

Abstract

A study was undertaken to characterize the granulosis viruses (GVs) of early shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus (Snell.) (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) and internode borer, Chilo sacchariphagus indicus (Kapur) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in sugarcane. Scanning electron photomicrographs revealed ovo-cylindrical occlusion bodies (OBs) of GVs in early shoot and internode borers with an average size of 425.03 and 230.21 nm, 387.64 and 208.68 nm in length and breadth respectively. Transmission electron photomicrographs also showed ovo-cylindrical OBs embedded with a rod-shaped virion. The average length and breadth of the virion in the OB was 271.0 ´ 52.6 nm, 257.0 ´ 50.2 nm for early shoot and internode borer GVs respectively. Toxicity studies with the respective GVs revealed lethal concentration values of 4.38, 4.61, 6.89 OBs/mm2 and 1.85, 135.43, 8045.27 OBs/mm2 to second, third and fourth larval instars of Chilo infuscatellus granulosis virus (ChinGV) and Chilo sacchariphagus indicus granulosis virus (ChsaGV) respectively.

Keywords

Early shoot borer, granulosis viruses, internode borer, occlusion bodies, sugarcane, toxicity.

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G. Sivakumar ¹, M. Mohan ¹, K. Subaharan ¹, T. Venkatesan ¹, Sanjay Yelshetti ¹, M. Kannan ², R. Anandham ³, M. S. Yandigeri ¹, Surabhi Kumari ¹, K. Elango ⁴, P. Ram Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru 560 024, IN
2 Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, IN
3 Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, IN
4 Department of Agricultural Entomology, Kumaraguru Institute of Agriculture, Erode 638 315, IN

Abstract

Cotton leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is a major sucking insect pest of cotton in India. Indiscriminate use of pesticides has led to the development of resistance to most of the recommended pesticide groups. Though there are multiple mechanisms and principles of insecticide resistance development in insects, the gut bacterial-mediated degradation of insecticides is relatively less explored. In the present study, the gut bacteria of field-collected, insecticide-resistant population of A. biguttula biguttula were compared with a laboratory-reared susceptible population. Among the five culturable gut bacteria from the imidacloprid-resistant population, only Enterococcus silesiacus CLHG1a exhibited growth in the agar medium amended with 50 and 100 ppm of imid­acloprid. The imidacloprid degrading capacity of E. silesiacus CLHG1a was further confirmed by HPLC analysis. E. silesiacus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CLHG2 showed higher esterolytic activity (0.348 and 0.309 mmoles/min/mg respectively). The esterase zymo­gram on native PAGE revealed a single major band. This study provides clear evidence that the bacterium E. silesiacus isolated from the gut of A. biguttula biguttula has the ability to degrade imidacloprid and may have played a role in the detoxification of pesticides.

Keywords

Cotton, detoxification, esterase activity, gut microflora, insecticide resistance, leafhopper.

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