Informatics Publishing Limited

Abstract

Background: Type 2 Diabetes is one of the major public health problem in India. Diabetes can affect nearly every organ system in the body, it can cause blindness, lead to end stage renal disease, lower extremity amputations, and increased the risk for stroke, ischaemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and neuropathy.

Objectives: 1.To finds the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Urban Population of Hyderabad City 2. How the obesity associated with the Diabetes Mellitus.

Methodology: A Cross sectional community based study was conducted during March 2003 to Feb 2004 at the field practice area of Osmania Medical College, the urban health centre Harrajpenta. A cluster sampling method was used a total of 502 individuals were participated and interviewed with pre-structured proforma.

Results: The prevalence of the Diabetes Mellitus in the present study was 19.5%. Diabetes Mellitus steadily increases with age (X2=12.24,df=3,p=0.0066). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus significantly associated with duration of exercise (X2=4.37, 1df, P=0.03), family history of Diabetes (X2=136.1, 4df,p=0.001), Body mass index (X2=58.18 3df,p<0.001).

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Background: Adolescents account for one fifth of the world's population and have been on an increasing trend. In India, they account for 22.8% of the population (as on 1st March 2000) according to planning commission. Adolescent is an underserved vulnerable group in India, which needs to be addressed especially by reproductive sexual services to adolescent boys.

Objectives: 1.To know the knowledge about the symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2. To find the awareness about the HIV Prevention and Cure.

Methodology: This present cross sectional community based study was conducted in Bhabharekar Nagar, Mumbai which was resettlement area for those who were migrated from Kandivali (Charkop). Bhabharekar Nagar was having total of 728 houses and 8 gallies. A total of 256 adolescent boys were selected using stratified random sampling method during the period of May 2005 to April 2006.

Results: About 87.5% (224/256) participants had information regarding sexually transmitted infections. 59.82% (134/224) participants said burning micturition as a symptom of sexually transmitted infections.16.96% (38/224) participants said itching in groin. About 85.9% (220/256) participants said that HIV/AIDS is preventable. 70.3% (180/256) participants said HIV/AIDS is not curable.

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Background

Breast feeding practice rates vary in different places. Little is known about breast feeding practice and barriers women experience. In addition information is scant on how organisations can best promote breastfeeding. It is estimated that a breastfed baby is 14 times less likely to die from diarrhoea, 4 times less likely to die from respiratory diseases and 2.5 times less likely to die from other infections than a non breast fed infant.

Objectives

1) To determine knowledge, attitude, and practice of rural mothers regarding breastfeeding. 2) To find association of knowledge, attitude, and practice of rural mothers regarding breast feeding with demographic variables.

Methodology

The hospital based descriptive study was undertaken in departments of Paediatrics and Gynaecology, Obstetrics in both the outpatient and inpatient wards in Alluri Sita Rama Raju Academy of Medical Sciences, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh. In this study 214 mothers who had children less than 2 years of age were selected. A structured questionnaire was applied and children above two years of age group were excluded from the study.

Results

About 32.7% of the mothers had the knowledge regarding 6 months of breast feeding is enough. 86.9% of the mothers gave the opinion regarding attitude, breast feeding is a good way to decrease family expences. Out of 214 mothers who were interviewed 27 mothers are illiterates, 39 mothers have primary schooling, 105 mothers have high school education, 23 mothers had secondary education, and 20 mothers are graduates. 78.9% mothers were > 24 yrs of age 20.1% mother were < 24 years of age. Of the 214 mothers interviewed 189 mothers gave colostrums, whereas 25 mothers (11.81%) discarded colostrums. In mothers who delivered by vaginal delivery out of 140 mothers 118(84.2%) initiated breastfeeding within 12 hrs after delivery whereas out of 70 mothers who delivered by caesarean section 49(70%) initiated breast feeding 12 hrs after delivery.

Conclusions

In the present study conducted on 214 mothers showed that high proportion of population gave exclusive breast feeding. However lot of gap is seen between literate and illiterate mothers in breast feeding practices which need to be changed. The positive changing trends are seen in aspects of colostrum feeding. Hence there is a need for awareness programs regarding breast feeding in this area.

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BACKGROUND: There is an alarming increasing in the prevalence of overweight and obesity worldwide with globalization of economics and rapid international communication. Andhra Pradesh prevalence of overweight and obesity in males is 7.2% and females are 7.8%in rural areas. The prevalence of obesity in adults is 10%in rural areas of Andhra Pradesh.

OBJECTIVE: 1. To study prevalence of overweight/obesity among adults (20-60yrs) in the field practice area of OMC, Hyderabad. 2. To study the relationship between overweight/obesity with physical activity and dietary factors.3.To study the morbidity patterns among over weight/obesity individuals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patancheruvu mandal consists of 13 villages, 3villages were selected randomly and households were selected by systematic random method, a sample of 900 subjects was interviewed with pretested profroma. Age, sex, height, weight, blood pressure, diabetes, dietary patterns, smoking, alcoholism, CAD were recorded from March 2005 to February 2006.

RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 25%.Among males 34.82%and Females19.76%. Among age group 51-60yrs, 46.73%were overweight/obese and the association between 40yrs was significant p30 were HTN3.74%, DM0.78%, joint pains26.58%, respiratory diseases 5.06%.

CONCLUSIONS: The over all prevalence of over weight/obesity was 25% in the study population .34.82%in males and 19.67% in females. As the age increases overweight/obesity also increases along a gradient till 60+yrs .High literacy, alcoholism and low physical activity were significantly associated with over weight/obesity. As BMI increases morbidities tend to increase in rural area.

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Background The prevalence of Anemia is disproportionately high in developing countries due to poverty, inadequate diet, certain diseases, pregnancy,lactation and poor access to health services. The worlds adolescent population age 10- 19 years estimated to stand more than 1 billion, yet adolescence remained a largely neglected, difficult to measure and hard to react population in which the needs of adolescent girls, in particular are often ignored.

Objectives 1. To know the prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girls. 2. To find the demographic profile among the adolescent anaemic girls.

Methodology The present cross sectional community based study was conducted in an urban field practice area of community medicine during the period of June 2008 to Nov 2008. A random sample of 248 girl's participated and house to house survey conducted. Hemoglobin Estimation was done by Sahli's method. Diagnostic criteria for anaemia was Haemoglobin level < 12 gms for non pregnant women adolescent girls and < 11 gms for pregnant adolescent girls.

Results The prevalence of anemia was found to be 68.95%. A significant association of anemia was found with low socio - economic status (p<0.05). High prevalence of anaemia was observed in parents of truck, auto and laborers families and which was significant(P<0.001). Prevalence of anaemia more or less same in all the age groups of adolescent age in our study.

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Introduction

According to HIV surveillance by national AIDS control organization (NACO) in India, percentage of mother to child transmission cases among total AIDS cases is increasing year by year. HIV can be transmitted from mother to infant in 3 ways - Infection may occur in utero, the virus can be transmitted to the infant at the time of delivery or it can be transmitted through breast milk. Many social factors play a key role for increased incidence and prevalence of HIV to antenatal women.

Objectives

1. To know the prevalence of HIV in antenatal women 2. To find the outcome of HIV positive pregnancies. 3 To identify the various social factors in HIV positive women.

Methodology

A Hospital based cohort study at Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Kadapa, among PPTCT Centre attendees during the period of One year extends from October 2007 to September 2008. A total numbers of 4112 antenatal women were participated in this study and Oral interview with partially closed ended proforma was applied. The data thus obtained was subjected to analysis and results are presented.

Results

About 4112 ANC are tested, out of which 56 (1.36%) were found to be positive. 51.78% of HIV positive ANC were observed in between age group of 15-24 years. 85.71% of HIV ANC were housewives. 96.42% of HIV+ ANC women were married. 75 % of HIV ANC delivered normally. Pregnancy wastage and IMR for HIV ANC is as high as 30%.27.5%of children delivered to HIV+ women are of low birth weight.

Conclusions

Low birth weight is an observed complication in HIV positive Antenatal case. A negative pregnancy outcome in the form of Pregnancy wastage and IMR is very high. This can be reduced some extent by Peer education, counseling, Proper antenatal checkups and good quality of delivery practices.

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Introduction: Body mass index (BMI) is commonly used to differentiate between normal and overweight/obesity individuals. The measurement of BMI reflects the risk of mortality and morbidity with variations in weight. Obesity can occur in any age, and generally increases with age. The aetiology of obesity is complex, and is one of multiple-causation. Hence, it is necessary to detect the body mass index at the early age and effectively correct the obesity during middle and elderly people by advocating some simple life style changes to keep their BMI in normal level.

Objectives: 1. To determine the body mass index in above 30 years age group 2. To study the some risk factors associated with body mass index.

Materials&Method: The present community based cross sectional study was conducted at urban area of Eluru during the period from January 2012 to June 2012. A total of 312 individuals were selected from field practice area of Community Medicine Department using simple random method. Importance of the study was explained to the participants and informed consent taken. Pretested study questionnaire was filled and the height, weight, Body mass index and waist hip ratio were recorded in both sexes. Results were critically analyzed and necessary statistical tests like proportions and chi square tests were applied.

Results: Out of 312 individuals, 164 (52,5%) were Women and 148 (47.5%) were men. In the study population, 15.1% were showing BMI > 25. Highest BMI was noticed in the age group of 40-50 years and female sex. Statistically significant association was found between female sex and high BMI (P<0.01). Highest number of hypertension individuals were having BMI > 25 and this association was statistically significant (P-0.02).

Conclusions: The prevalence of Overweight/Obesity was found to be higher as compared to other studies. Increasing BMI increases the risk of getting hypertension and this association was significant. We recommend that there is a need for checking simple body mass index periodically. So that simple life style modifications and nutritional advice to the middle and elderly people.

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Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is part of the growing epidemic of non communicable diseases, with a high burden for the society on developing countries in future. The prevalence of diabetes is rapidly rising all over the world due to population growth, ageing, urbanization, mechanization, dietary habits, increase of obesity, physical inactivity and sedentary life style. More health benefits world wide would result from improving adherence. Objectives: To know the adherence of medication, treatment status and the extent to which patients omit doses of medications prescribed for diabetes.

Materials and Method: The community based cross sectional study was conducted at Ashoknagar area of Eluru during the period from September 2012 to November 2012. Medication adherence was calculated as per the proportion of days covered for given prescriptions of anti-diabetic drugs. A total of 168 individuals were selected using simple random method. Pre designed and pretested study questionnaire was filled and the drug intake, socioeconomic status and per capita income were recorded in both sexes. Results were analysed and necessary statistical tests like proportions and chi square tests were applied.

Results: 66(39.28%) were men and 102(60.71%) were women in study group. 83.92% of the individuals were having the good adherence towards drugs. Maximum adherence was seen in the age group 51 to 60 years (29.78%). Low adherence was in the age group 61 and above. The females were more adherence towards their medication 90 (62.82%). 82.14% were taking oral hypoglycemic drugs, 10.71% were taking both insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs, only 7.14% completely dependent on insulin. Good adherence was seen to hypoglycemic therapy ranged from 75% to 84.78%. Significant adherence was found in females (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Based on the above study good adherence was seen among oral hypoglycemic drug users. Females were more adherent towards their medication. Statistically significant association was found between frequency of drug intake and adherence of medication (p<0.05). Adherence may improve the medication effectiveness of therapies.

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Introduction: The prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases markedly different between developed and developing countries because of impure water and variety of different food habits in India. In addition to that widespread illiteracy, low socioeconomic status, poor sanitation, our occupation style, customs, health seeking behaviour and also irrational use of pain killer drugs in the society. Objectives: 1. To determine the prevalence of different gastro-intestinal diseases at Out patient department of ASRAM Hospital. 2. To study the some risk factors associated with Gastro-intestinal Diseases.

Materials&Method: The present Hospital based descriptive study was conducted at out patient Department of ASRAM Hospital, Eluru during the period from June 2011 to November 2011. A total of 160 participants were selected from out patient Department of ASRAM Hospital, Eluru and also noted findings after relevant procedure (done by concerned specialty experts) completion of the patient. Importance of the study was explained to all the patients and informed consent also taken those who were participated in the study. Pretested study questionnaire was filled, demographic data, clinical data, endoscopic diagnosis also included and finally as per the gastroenterologist expert opinion final diagnosis was made and entered in the proforma. Results were critically analyzed with SPSS 17.0 Version and necessary statistical tests like proportions and chi square tests were applied.

Results: Out of 160 patients, 104 were males and 56 were females. Prevalence of different gastrointestinal diseases in the study population namely Acid Peptic diseases was 30% (which includes Gastro Oesophageal Reflex Disease (GERD), Gastric Ulcer and Duodenal Ulcer), Carcinoma stomach was 7.5%, liver disorders was 20% (Cirrhosis, Chronic HBV, Chronic HBC and Autoimmune Hepatitis) and lastly Other Diseases was 37.5% (which includes Amoebic Colitis, Carcinoma Lt and Rt. Colon, Ileocaecal TB and Ascitis). About 41% were consulted the Quack (unqualified Doctor) before visiting to the appropriate Gastroenterologist doctor. 37.5% were wasted <10000 rupees at different doctors before consultation of appropriate doctor in this study.

Conclusions: The prevalence of different gastrointestinal diseases was found to be higher as compared to other studies. We recommend that there is a need to increase our literacy status, behavioural change and awareness about their condition to consult appropriate doctor to minimize their unnecessary expenditure wastage at unqualified doctor. So that simple life style modifications and nutritional advice to the younger age can be initiated as early as possible and also periodical health checkups must be taken up for early identification of such gastrointestinal problems.

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