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K. S. N. Reddy ¹, T. Lakshmi Prasad ¹, N. Babu Rao ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam - 530 003, IN

Abstract

Along and across the east coast of India between Yarada and Gangavaram, sediment samples were collected from different microenvironments of the beach representing lower foreshore, middle foreshore, upper foreshore, berm, backshore and dune, at four stations(Yarada, Dibbavanipalem, Valametta and Gangavaram) in different monsoon seasons (NE and SW) for the period of two years (1997 to 1999). All the nucroenvironments except at Dibbavanipalem have not shown cyclic deposition and erosion with monsoons Out of Four-Size ranges +60 (+0 25 mm), +120 (-0 25 to +0 125 mm), +170 (-0 125 to +0 088 mm) and +230 (-0 088 to +0 063 mm), the -0 125 to +0 088 mm and -0 088 to +0 063 mm size range shows rich concentration of heavy minerals The heavy mineral content in the bulk sediment samples ranges from 0 53 - 48 56% in December, 1997 and 0 83 - 53 22% in December, 1998 Opaques, sillimamte, garnets, pyroxenes, amphiboles, zircons, monazite, rutile, biotite, tourmaline and apatite from the beach sands of Yarada-Gangavaram are reported Opaques are concentrated in fine fraction while garnets are concentrated in coarse fraction Scatter plots of heavy mineral assemblages and erosion/accretion indicates as the rate of erosion increases, heavy mineral concentration slightly increases in dune, backshore and foreshore Sub-Environments and the concentration of heavy minerals decreases with increase of erosion in berm sub-environment. The concentration of heavy minerals in nucroenvironments is not only related to erosion/accretion but also related to their densities Khondalite, chamokite and leptynite of the Eastern Ghats appear to be the major source for the above heavy mineral assemblages.

Keywords

Marine Geology, Beach Profile, Heavy Mmerals, Yarada-Gangavaram Bay, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

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D. Rajasekhara Reddy ¹, V. S. S. Prasad ¹, V. Malathi ¹, K. S. N. Reddy ¹, D. D. Varma ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam - 530 003, IN

Abstract

The economic potentiality of the heavy minerals in the beaches between Baruva and Bavanapadu extending for about 45 km was examined. In the sub-surface sediments, the heavy minerals were studied at an interval of 1 m up to a maximum depth of 5.8m. In general the concentration of heavy minerals is high in dunes followed by backshore and foreshore regions. Heavy mineral content increases from surface to sub-surface in dunes, decreases in foreshore and does not vary much in backshore. The heavy minerals include mainly ilmenite, garnet, sillimanite and ortho-pyroxenes with minor amounts of amphiboles, zircon, monazite, rutile etc. Majority of the heavies such as ilmenite, monazite, zircon etc. are concentrated in finer fractions while some of the heavies like garnet and sillimanite are concentrated in coarser fractions. The inferred reserves estimated for the area indicate its economical potential.

Keywords

Heavy Minerals, Dunes, Backshore, Foreshore, Economic Potential.

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C. V. Raman ¹, K. S. N. Reddy ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam - 530 003, IN

Abstract

Textural distribution patterns of seafloor sediments from the Mahanadi-Nagavali shelf, northwest Bay of Bengal, are used to evolve a model for the regional sediment-dispersal system. Mean size trends, standard deviation, skewness and correlation of negative skewness with silt/Clay ratios reveal certain patterns, each being specific to an area(s) of shelf. Sediment distribution patterns show that the near shore environment is occupied by sand and clayey sand, while the inner and middle shelf regions are covered by sandy silt, silty calcareous sand, silty clay, silty sand and sand-Silt-Clay. The outer shelf is largely covered by clayey silt. Relict carbonate deposits are preserved on the outer shelf at ∼100 m off Rushikulya to Baruva. Palimpsest sediments cover the Sonapurapeta-Bavanapadu shelf at depths of 0-60 m.

Mud dispersal in the study area offshore is caused by transport components along and across the shelf. The Mahanadi-Devi River system is the principal source of sediment for the Mahanadi-Nagavali shelf. The Nagavali and Vamsadhara rivers are a minor source of sediment towards the southern part of the shelf, and their detrital inputs are largely deposited on the shelf adjacent to the river mouths. Sediments in the study area are transported and advected southward (bottom nepheloid layers ?). The Mahanadi-Nagavali shelf response to the present hydraulic regime is recorded in the modern sand facies and the offshore mud facies, particularly the silty clays.

Keywords

Continental Shelf, Sediment Dispersal, Grain Size, Relict Sands, Bay of Bengal, India.

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Jesoth Lalu Naik ¹, Anwar Basha Dudekula ¹, K. S. N. Reddy ¹, K. K. Reddy ¹, A. Papa Rao ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Anthropology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, IN

Abstract

The incidence of diabetes is continuously increasing worldwide. Pre-diabetes represents an intermediate state, which often to overt diabetes within a few years. The aim of the study is to assess the pre-diabetes in the adults of Tirupati urban, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of 9 months. A total 245 subjects were taken for the study between the age group of20-40 years. Fasting blood glucose and oral glucose tolerance test was done and samples were estimated for different risk factors. The data was collected and analyzed in percentage. 38(15.4%) subjects were in pre-diabetes stage (Impaired fasting blood glucose 30 (12.2%), Impaired glucose tolerance 8(3.26%) and with both features 6(2.4%). Apart from the familial history, elevated triglycerides levels, BMI and decreased levels of HDL was found to be leading risk factors prevailing in the subjects studied (N=245). 15.4% of the subjects were found to be prediabetic. All the pre-diabetics are identified as male subjects. It was found that in more than 50% of the subjects apart from family history hypertriglyceridemia, BMI and low levels of HDL cholesterol were elevated.

Keywords

Pre-Diabetes, Oral Glucose Test, Impaired Fasting Blood Glucose, Triglycerides.

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Anwar Basha Dudekula ¹, Jesoth Lalu Naik ¹, K. S. N. Reddy ¹, A. Papa Rao ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Anthropology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, IN

Abstract

Reliable information on the prevalence of hypertension is crucial in the development of health policies for the prevention, early diagnosis, and control of this condition. This study describes the prevalence of hypertension among the Tirupati adult population of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India, and identifies correlates associated with it. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Tirupati Municipal Corporation. The study included 271 adults who reside in this area and who were 20 years old or older. The subjects were evaluated through one-hour interviews at their homes. After each subject was interviewed, three consecutive blood pressure measurements were conducted. The data were analyzed by proportions, F-ratios, chi-square tests, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals. Sixty-five of the 271 subjects (24%) were found to have hypertension. Among the 65 subjects with hypertension, 54 (83.1%) were aware of their hypertension and were undergoing treatment for the condition. However, among the 54 subjects being treated, only 31 subjects (57.4%) had satisfactory control of their hypertension. Ahigher prevalence of hypertension was found among subjects who had a BMI greater than 25, were 40 years old or older, had a family history of hypertension, had a history of previous cerebrovascular or cardiovascular events, had diabetes, smoked, drank alcoholic beverages, and consumed excess salt. A comparatively higher prevalence was found among males, subjects whose diets were non-vegetarian, people with high saturated fat intake, and subjects who did not engage in physical exercise. Despite treatment, most of the hypertensives had not achieved satisfactory control of blood pressure. Health education programs are needed to teach the public how to control the various risk factors associated with hypertension.

Keywords

Hypertension, Risk Factors, Blood Pressure.

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K. Bangaku Naidu ¹, K. S. N. Reddy ¹, Ch. Ravi Sekhar ¹, P. Ganapati Rao ¹, K. N. Murali Krishna ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, IN

Abstract

The rare earth elements (REE) geochemistry of monazites of Bhimunipatnam-Konada coastal sand deposit was studied using EPMA method. The average LREE concentration was 53.31%, which is more than HREE (av 1.38%)ΣLREE more than actinides (Th + U) indicates that provenance for monazite in the study area is garnet-bearing paragenesis rocks such as charnockites and metapelitic rock (khondalite). The REE fractionation patterns and positive europium anomalies indicate that monazites were formed from magma/ anatectic melt with high oxygen fugacity. The U-Th- Pb geochemical dating of monazites is 1000 Ma (average), which indicates that they are derived from protoliths of charnockites and metapelitic rocks such as khondalites, which are formed during meso-neo- Proterozoic ages in the Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt.

Keywords

Coastal Sand Deposits, Geochemical Dating, Khondalites, Monazites, Rare Earth Elements.

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D. Anwar Basha ¹, K. S. N. Reddy ¹, J. Lalu Naik ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Anthropology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Anthropology Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) affects quality of life; however, the effect of environmental factors various on MetS is not uniform across the cultures as evinced by the diverse prevalence rates. These risk factors are collectively under the influence of nutrition, lifestyle and consequent to increasing affluence, urbanization, industrialization, mechanization, rural-to-urban migration, habits of smoking, alcoholic consumption, and physically inactive etc. Although many studies have reported an association between self-reported physical activity (PA) and MetS, there is limited information on the optimal levels of PA required to prevent MetS. Present study aimed to assess the association between PA and MetS among urban adult population of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. A cross-sectional survey was conducted amongst 802 adults (421 men & 381 women). PA levels were categorised by World Health Organisation criteria (2010) and MetS was defined using the modified NCEP ATP III criteria (2002). Of the study participants, 32% had MetS. Mild PA subjects had high percent of MetS (44-49%) compared to heavy PA subjects (19-18%) in both women and men. Subjects with MetS had lesser physical actively levels compared to their counterparts (p<0.05) in both genders. Mean levels of SBP, FBG, and TG were gradually decreased from mild to heavy PAlevels (p<0.05). Heavy PA was characterized by a significant elevation in HDL-c levels when compared to mild activity (p<0.05). The odds ratio of PA showed that moderate subjects were 3 times and mild activity subjects were 8 times at risk in the elevation of MetS risk factors. The majority of the adults who had the habituation of lesser PA were at risk in the elevation of MetS and it was inferred that involving in heavy PA may reduce the burden of developing MetS.

Keywords

Cardiovascular Disease, Adult Treatment Panel III, Body Mass Index, Triglyceride.

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K. S. N. Reddy ¹, D. Deva Varma ¹, E. N. Dhanamjaya Rao ¹, B. Veeranarayana ¹, T. Lakshmi Prasad ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam - 530 003, IN
2 Department of Earth Sciences, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa - 516 001, IN

Abstract

Heavy mineral analysis was carried out for the beach and fore dune sediments along 60 transects of Nizampatnam-Lankavanidibba coastal area. The heavy mineral assemblage in this area with decreasing abundance of opaques (Ilmenite + magnetite, 47.67%), pyriboles (20.35%), garnets (3.66%), epidote (3.23%) and with less than 3.0% concentration of sillimanite, zircon, staurolite, kyanite, apatite, spinel, monazite, biotite, topaz, leucoxene and chlorite. The heavy mineral concentrations are high in the finer fractions i.e., +120 and +230 (ASTM) than the coarse fraction (+60) of sand. In the seven sectors, heavy mineral assemblage is same but their concentrations are different. The sectors nearer to the river mouth contain high concentration of high specific gravity heavy minerals (ilmenite and magnetite) than sectors away from the river mouth. The redistribution of heavy minerals is controlled by creek dynamics, longshore currents, size and specific gravity of the heavy minerals.

Keywords

Heavy Minerals, Coastal Sands, Longshore Currents, Tidal Channels.

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