Informatics Publishing Limited

R. R. Singh , Harish Chander

Abstract

The performance of auxins on ischolar_maining behaviour of Neem cuttings was studied in glasshouse at Department of Forestry, CCS HAU, Hisar. Root was absent in all types of branch cuttings under control after 30 days. Emergence of ischolar_main was observed in soft-wood cuttings treated with IBA (500 and 1000 ppm), IAA (500 ppm) IBA+IAA (500 ppm) and IBA+IAA+2, 4+D (500 ppm and 1000 ppm), but it was very low ranging from 3.3 to 6.7 %. In semi-hardwood cuttings, 3.3% cuttings treated with 500 ppm of IBA and 500 ppm ofIBA+IAA+2, 4+D concentrations ischolar_mained after 30 days planting. Maximum ischolar_maining percentage was observed in softwood cuttings treated with 500 ppm ofIBA (33.3 %) followed by the 500 ppm ofIAA (23.3 %) and semi hard wood cuttings treated with 500 ppm of IBA (23.3 %). At 90 days after planting, maximum number of ischolar_mains was observed in softwood cuttings treated with 500 ppm of IBA (11.63 %) followed by 500 ppm of IAA (6.67%).

Full Text

     

Harish Chander ¹, John C. Garner ², Chip Wade ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, 216 McCarthy Gym Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, US
2 Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi Turner 219, University, Mississippi 38677, US
3 Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Auburn University 3301-G Shelby Center, Auburn, Alabama 36849, US

Abstract

Slips, trips and falls are major causitive factors for occupational and non-occupational falls. Alternative footwear such has crocs and flip flops have been used in and around work places and communities that can be slip prone environments. The purpose of the study is to analyze the effects of alternative footwear [crocs (CC), flip-flops (FF)] and industry standard slip resistant shoes (LT) on ground reaction forces (GRFs) during slip events. Eighteen healthy male participants following a repeated measures design for each footwear condition, were tested for heel kinematics during normal dry surface gait (NG); unexpected slip (US), alert slip (AS) and expected slip (ES). A 3x4 repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the dependent vertical GRFs parameters (Mean Z-GRF and Peak Z-GRF) at p = 0.05. Significant interactions between footwear and gait trials were found for Mean Z-GRF and significant main effect in gait trials for Peak Z-GRF were evident. On average significantly lower GRFs were seen in slip trials compared to normal gait. FF exhibited significantly lower GRFs during slip trials while LT demonstrated lower GRFs in normal gait. The reduced ground reaction forces during all slip events compared to normal gait can be attributed to the incomplete weight transfer on the slipping foot during the unexpected and alert slips and to the anticipation of the slippery environment in expected slips. Flip flops which had greater incidence of slips also demonstrated reduced GRFs compared to CC and LT during slip events, further suggesting incomplete weight transfer, while during normal gait, LT demonstrated reduced GRFs compared to alternative footwear owing to its cushioning midsole properties. The LT with lowest incidence of slips demonstrates to be the choice of footwear for maneuvering slippery flooring conditions and for reducing impact reaction forces during non-slippery flooring conditions.

Keywords

Slips, Falls, Alternative Footwear, Ground Reaction Forces, Perception of Slipperiness.

Full Text

   

M. P. Satija ¹, Harish Chander ², Prerna Singh ³

Affiliations
1 Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar - 143005, Punjab, IN
2 University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110021, Delhi, IN
3 Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir - 181143, IN

Abstract

The paper highlights the functions of a national library as viewed by some authorities in the field. The history, objectives, building, collection and services of the national libraries of SAARC nations are examined. The picture that emerges is that national libraries in the SAARC region are victims of neglect, political interference in administration and lack of understanding of the importance of a repository of national documentary heritage.

Keywords

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, National Libraries, Nepal, Pakistan, SAARC Countries, Sri Lanka.

Full Text