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Govind Pal , M. L. Bhagat , A. Bhattacharya

Abstract

The present paper is based on the analysis of survey data of 500 lac growers of Ranchi and West Singhbhum districts in the year 2003-04 and 2004-05. Primary data has been collected from the lac growers. The analysis of survey data shows that contribution of lac in total income and farm income was 18.5% and 26.4% respectively for untrained, while 24.0% and 32.0% respectively for trained lac growers. Cost of cultivation and net return per host on Palas (Butea monosperma) worked out to Rs. 51.30 and Rs. 97.70 respectively for untrained and Rs. 70.70 and Rs.163.40 respectively for trained lac growers. Cost of cultivation and net return per host on Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) worked out to Rs. 93.50 and Rs. 195.40 respectively for untrained and Rs. 159.20 and Rs.418.30 respectively for trained lac growers. Cost of cultivation and net return per host on Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) worked out to be Rs. 688.10 and Rs. 1,628.40 respectively for untrained and Rs. 1,104.20 and Rs. 3,312.90 respectively for trained lac growers. Due to very low investment in fixed cost, break even production was very low in comparison to existing production for both untrained and trained lac growers. Low break even prices show that risk in lac cultivation is very low and it will be a profitable enterprise even in low lac prices. Risk bearing ability was more in case of trained lac growers in comparison to untrained lac growers.

Keywords

Lac Cultivation, Risk-coping Strategy, Agriculture, Jharkhand

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Govind Pal

Abstract

The study was undertaken to analyse the price behaviour in terms of trend, seasonality and cycles in prices of lac in important primary, secondary and terminal markets of West Bengal. The secondary data on monthly average prices of lac at primary, secondary and terminal markets were collected for a period of 16 years spanning from 1990-91 to 2005-06. A positive trend has been shown in prices of kusmi lac during the study period which was statistically significant at one per cent probability level for all three levels of market. Growth rate of kusmi lac prices at growers, assembling centers, manufacturing centers and Kolkata market were found to be 10.16, 10.03, 9.06 and 7.72 per cent per annum, respectively. Increase in price at growers level and assembling centers were comparatively higher than that of price increase at manufacturing centers and Kolkata market. Only one peak of prices have been observed at growers and assembling centers level while two peaks of prices have been observed in case of manufacturing centers and Kolkata market. No regular cycles have been observed in the kusmi lac prices during the study period. Intra year price variation was more at growers and assembling centers level in comparison to manufacturing centers and Kolkata market. The seasonality in prices can be reduced by sustained production, production in diverse agroclimatic condition, primary processing of lac at village level and integration of lac production in various lac growing regions of the country.

Keywords

Price Behaviour, Kusmi Lac, Growers, Assembling Centres, Manufacturing Centres

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Govind Pal

Abstract

The study to examine the growth and instability in production and export of Indian lac is based on secondary data collected for 38 years spanning from 1970-71 to 2007-08. The data were analyzed by using exponential function and instability index. During the overall period production of Indian lac registered a declining trend while, the period 2000-01 to 2007-08 was comparatively better with positive growth rate and lower instability than the past three decades of lac production in India. The export quantity also registered a declining trend during overall period while, total export value and upit value of export registered positive and significant trend. Instability was more in total export value aud unit value of export in comparison to export quantity. Instability during the period 2000-01 to 2007-08 was comparatively lower than the past three decades and overall period in quantity, total value and unit value of export. The study has emphasized on the need of intensification of efforts and exploitation of untapped potential area for increasing lac production, quality consciousness and more R & D support for improving the production and export scenario of Indian lac.

Keywords

Indian Lac, Export, Growth And Instability, Production

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Govind Pal

Abstract

The study pertains to data collected from randomly selected 100 lac growers in Kanker district of Chhattisgarh for the year 2008- 09. The study resulted that 39 per cent lac growers were medium farmers followed by small (25 per cent), marginal (18 per cent), semimedium (16 per cent) and large (2 per cent). The majority of lac growers had education up to primary level. Average family size was 5.9. Share of income from lac was 23.5 per cent in total average annual income of lac growers. Share of farm and off-farm income at growers level was 58:42. About 58 per cent lac growers had palas (Butea monosperma), 17 per cent had ber (Zizyphus mauritiana), 87 per cent had kusum (Schleichera oleosa) and 12 per cent had other host trees available for lac cultivation in the study area. Lac host utilization percentage was low due to some constraints faced by the lac growers. The host utilization percentage was maximum for palas (58.65 per cent) followed by kusum (39.76 per cent), ber (32.61 per cent) and other host (21.24 per cent). About 51.0 per cent lac growers produced lac with average production of 60.44 kg., 23.0 per cent had average production of 161.22 kg., 11.0 per cent had 234.44 kg. and 15.0 per cent had 418.08 kg. annually. Outcome of the study may be helpful in strengthening the socio-economic condition of lac growers in Chhattisgarh.

Keywords

Lac Growers, Socio-economic Characteristics, Kanker District, Chhatisgarh

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A. K. Jaiswal , Govind Pal , J. P. Singh , Bharati Patel

Abstract

Status of lac production in lac growing districts of Jharkhand has been assessed with parameters like minimum, maximum, average production and simple growth rate for the period 2006-07 to 2009-10. A comparison of growth rate in three years period (2006- 07 to 2008-09) with those in four years period (2006-07 to 2009-10) has also been made for understanding the status of change in production. The analysis of data showed that Ranchi district has highest production of lac to the tune of 28.9 per cent of total lac production of the state followed by Simdega (24.5 per cent) and Gumla (17.9 per cent). The positive growth rate in lac production was recorded in Gumla, West Singhbhum and Simdega to the tune of 21.6, 6.32 and 28.9 per cent per annum respectively during last four years. Highest negative growth rate was recorded in Latehar (-69.3 per cent) district. Comparative analysis of last three and four years period growth rate showed that Gumla district recorded positive growth with slight reduction (24.9 to 21.6 per cent). Simdega district reported very good improvement (-21.2 to 28.9 per cent) and another district which recorded good improvement was West Singhbhum (- 17.3to 6.3 percent).

Keywords

Lac Production, Growth Rate, Jharkhand, 'Rangeeni ' Lac And 'kusmi' Lac

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Govind Pal , Bharati Patel

Abstract

Lac is recognized as a high value cash crop and management of its marketing plays a vital role for better returns. The present paper examines the marketing costs and price spread in marketing of lac in the state of Chhattisgarh. District Kanker has been selected purposively for the present study. Data on marketing costs, margins and constraints in lac marketing is collected from lac growers, market functionaries and manufacturers. The lac grower received ` 75 per kg. which amounts to 86.15 per cent share in consumers' price. The primary purchaser's margin was ` 260 per quintal (2.99 per cent of consumers' price) and incurred ` 63 per quintal on marketing cost (0.72 per cent of consumers' price). The total marketing cost paid by the wholesaler was ` 743 per quintal (8.53 per cent of consumers' price). The wholesaler's marketing margin was ` 140 per quintal (1.61 per cent of consumers' price). 'Arhat' charges were 3 per cent of the transacted amount. There was tremendous scope to increase the profitability of lac growers in the study area by adopting proper marketing and processing techniques.

Keywords

Lac marketing, Lac growers consumer's price, Profitability.

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A. K. Jaiswal , Govind Pal , J. P. Singh , Bharati Patel

Abstract

District-wise and crop-wise status of lac growing districts of Madhya Pradesh have been assessed with parameters like minimum, maximum, average production and simple growth rate (SGR) for four years (2006-07 to 2009-10). The study reported that the state contributes 16 per cent production of the country; however, the growth rate during the study period was negative and to the tune of 10.1 per cent per annum. Seoni district contributed maximum in lac production (41.6 per cent) followed by Balaghat (30.6 per cent), Hosangabad (8.4 per cent) and Mandla (7.0 per cent). Strain-wise growth rate for the whole state showed that both rangeeni and kusmi lac production attained a negative growth of 5.2 and 32.1 per cent per annum. Crop-wise growth rate for the state showed that rangeeni-summer attained positive growth (12.1 per cent per annum) while rangeeni-rainy registered negative growth(37.5per cent). Similarly,both kusmi-winter and kusmi-summer crop registered negative growth rate of 34.0 and 29.9 per cent per annum respectively.Major reduction in lac production was due to loss of rangeeni-rainy crop which caused less availability of broodlac for next season.Thus less production in one season indirectly affected production of succeeding season crops also.

Keywords

Lac production, Growth rate, Schleichera oleosa, Rangeeni and Kumi Lac

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Govind Pal ¹, A. Bhattacharya ¹

Affiliations
1 Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums (ICAR) Namkum, Ranchi -834010, Jharkhand, IN

Abstract

The study was carried out with a view to examine India's export and import status of natural resins and gums, major destinations of export and major countries exporting to India. The study is based on secondary data collected for 10 years spanning from 1998-99 to 2007-08. The data were analyzed by using exponential function and instability index. The average annual exported quantity of all natural resins and gums during last 10 years was 1,49,652.96 tons valued 89,901.10 lakh while average annual imported quantity was 39,009.51 tons valued 15,682.70 lakh. The compound annual growth rate of natural resins and gums export during the reported period was positive for both quantity (7.85 per cent per annum) and value (6.96 per cent). The growth rate was also positive in natural resins and gums import and it was 20.77 and 30.05 per cent in quantity and value, respectively. The major export destination of Indian natural resins and gums were USA, China and Germany while major countries exporting to India were Afghanistan, Indonesia and China.

Keywords

Natural Resins, Gums, Export, Import, Growth

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Govind Pal ¹

Affiliations
1 Seed Research, Kushmaur, MAU (U.P.), IN

Abstract

Abstract not Given.

Keywords

No Keywords given

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Govind Pal ¹

Affiliations
1 Seed Research, Kushmaur, MAU (U.P.), IN

Abstract

Abstract not Given.

Keywords

No Keywords given

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Govind Pal ¹

Affiliations
1 Directorate of Seed Research (ICAR), Mau - 275101, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Lac is a natural resin which finds wide utility in commerce and industry. India being the largest producer of lac in the world has a great export potential. The present study was carried out with a view to analyze the export scenario and potential of lac in India. The data were collected and analyzed for a period of 40 years (1971-72 to 2010-11). The compound annual growth rate in export of lac was worked out by fitting the exponential function. Analysis of data show that the quantity of lac exported from India has shown a declining trend (0.48 % per annum) over a period of 40 years, possibly due to decrease in domestic production and high prices of lac. Export earnings have exhibited significant positive growth rates of 9.00 % per annum for the same period. The lac from India is exported in various forms viz. shellac, seedlac, dewaxed shellac, bleached lac, aleuritic acid, gasket shellac, shellac wax, etc. The data of last five years have indicated that the largest quantity is exported in the form of shellac (74.26 per cent) followed by seedlac (15.99 per cent), bleached lac (4.04 per cent), dewaxed shellac (3.77 per cent) and aleuritic acid (1.43 per cent). The share of gasket shellac and shellac wax is very small. The major export destination (in terms of value) of Indian lac were Indonesia (13.77 % of total export value), Pakistan (11.50 %), U.S.A. (10.94 %), Egypt ARP (9.19), Bangladesh (8.18 %), Germany (7.59 %), Spain (5.12 %), U.A.E. (3.86 %), Italy (2.52 %) and U.K (1.48 %). Proper attention and action for intensification of efforts for increasing lac production, exploitation of untapped potential area, quality consciousness, more R&D support for product development and removal of other export related constraints will definitely improve the export scenario and export earnings of the country.

Keywords

Indian Lac, Export Scenario.

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Rohit Dwivedi ¹, K. K. Shrivastava ², Govind Pal ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Extension IGAU, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IN
2 Department of Agricultural Extension IGAU, Raipur, IN
3 Directorate of Seed Research (ICAR) Mau, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Abstract

The study was conducted in the year 2012-2013 in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh state. The analysis of data showed that majority of the respondents (68.75%) were involved in lac production + agriculture + labour work. The annual income of lac growers was found that majority (60.00%) have belonged to 20,000 to 40,000 per year. The land holding of lac growers was observed that 51.88 per cent had marginal size of land holding. The credit facilities was found that 88.75 per cent of the respondents had taken credit from forest department, followed by 5.00 per cent of the respondents had taken credit from friends, whereas 3.13 per cent of the respondents had taken credit from neighbours and 3.12 per cent respondents have taken credit from relatives respectively. The result of the study will be helpful in preparation of plans for improving the socio-economic status of lac growers of Bastar district of Chhattisgarh state.

Keywords

Chhattisgarh, Bastar District, Lac Growers, Socio-Economic Profile.

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Rohit Dwivedi ¹, K. K. Shrivastava ¹, Govind Pal ², Uma Rani Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Extension, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur (C.G.), IN
2 Directorate of Seed Research (ICAR), Mau (U.P.), IN

Abstract

The present study is based on the primary data collected from 160 lac growers in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh during the year 2012-2013. The study revealed that practices like inoculation method of seed lac in host plants (38.75%) was recorded high level of knowledge, whereas respondents had medium level of knowledge about lac producing trees (81.87%) and low level of knowledge on lac strain (97.50%). In case of practice wise level of adoption, it was found that maximum number of respondents had high extent of adoption in selection of host plants (11.25%), followed by pruning of host plants(91.25%) under medium level of extent of adoption and it was found that cent per cent had low level of adoption regarding adoption of recommended strain. The knowledge and adoption level of lac growers can be increased through conducting training programmes on different aspects of lac production technology like processing, processing instruments, usages of lac in making by products by the concerned agencies and providing the facilities and proper guidance to the lac growers for adoption of recommended lac production technology which will be helpful in providing additional income to the lac growers. Results of the study will be helpful to improve the production scenario of lac which will helpful for farmers to get additional income.

Keywords

Knowledge, Adoption, Lac Growers.

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Rohit Dwivedi ¹, K. K. Shrivastava ¹, Govind Pal ², Uma Rani Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Extension, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur (C.G.), IN
2 Directorate of Seed Research (ICAR), Mau (U.P.), IN

Abstract

The study was conducted during year 2012-2013 in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh state. The analysis of the data shows that majority the respondents (78.13%) had medium level of cosmopoliteness, followed by 15.00 per cent had low level and 6.87 per cent had high level of cosmopoliteness. It was found that majority of the respondents (55.00%) had medium level of scientific orientation on lac production technology followed by 44.38 per cent had low level and 0.62 per cent had high level. The overall knowledge level of the lac growers towards lac production technology was found that maximum number of respondents (48.75%) had medium level of knowledge followed by 28.13 per cent and 23.12 per cent had low and high level of knowledge, respectively. The results of the study would be helpful in organizing training and skill development programmes at various level of lac production technology which will be helpful to increase knowledge level of lac growers of Bastar district of Chhattisgarh state.

Keywords

Knowledge, Cosmopoliteness, Scientific Orientation.

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