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Ravindra Kumar, G. R.
- Structural History of Sargur Supracrustals and Associated Gneisses, Southwest of Mysore, Karnataka
Authors
1 Department of Geology, University of Mysore, Manasa Gangotri, Mysore-570006, IN
2 Palaeomagnetic Division, Dy. D.G.'s Cell, Geological Survey of India, Central Circle, Nagpur, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 20, No 2 (1979), Pagination: 61-72Abstract
Results of structural investigations in Sargur schist complex around Sargur, Dodkanya and Gundlupet indicate four major fold episodes and associated fault movements. These episodes have resulted in the formation of antiform-synform structures(F2), extensive interleaving and dome-basin patterns (F2 and F3). Tectono-metamorphic studies have brought out the polymetamorphic (with late retrogressive) and polydeformational nature of the terrain. At least two migmatization events and (anatectic) granitic intrusions (associated with F2 and F3) have been recognised. A classification of gneisses of the area has been made and reasons and criteria for the recognition of 'Kabini gneiss' are given.
The tectonic relations between the Sargurs, Dharwars and 'Khondalite-Char- nockites', point to structural continuity of the Sargur terrain with the 'Khondalite-Charnockite' terrain to its south.
- Petrological and Structural Studies of the Manganiferous Horizons and Recrystallised Ultramafics around Gundlupet, Karnataka
Authors
1 Department of Geology, University of Mysore, Manasa Gangotri, Mysore 570006, IN
2 Centre of Earth Science Studies, PB No. 2235, Trivandrum 695010, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 22, No 3 (1981), Pagination: 103-111Abstract
Petrography and chemistry of hitherto unreported manganiferous horizons and associated recrystallised ultramafics (sagvandites) - key horizons in the Precambrian high grade terrain around Gundlupet are discussed. The occurrence of spessartine-rich garnets from an area of dominant upper amphibolite grade of metamorphism suggests that bulk chemistry was the most important controlling factor. In their mineralogy, and decrease of MnO% in garnets during subsequent migmatisation, the manganiferous horizons exhibit remarkable similarity to the khondalites of the Eastern Ghats. The sagvandites and the other lithologies, occurring now, as huge enclaves in the granite/gneissic terrain are similar to the Sargur Supracrustals.
Structural studies show that the area has suffered from three deformational episodes. The early N-S episode of the Sargurs are rotated to N 60° E and then to E-W. The dominant N 60° E episode is possibly connected with large scale granite emplacementfmigmatisation and the E-W shears are due to the prominent Moyar-Bhavani shear.
- Fuchsite - Bearing Quartzite in the Sargur Equivalent Rocks of North Kerala
Authors
1 Centre for Earth Science Studies, Trivandrum 691 010, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 25, No 2 (1984), Pagination: 120-122Abstract
Fuchsite-bearing quartzite, is an important lithology of the high-grade supracrustal sequence where they constitute the extensions of Sargur Group of Karnataka in the Cannanore district, north Kerala. It occurs as interlayered bands with amphibolite, deformed gabbro and trondhjemite and this assemblage is suggested to represent a part of tectonised and metamorphosed oceanic chert and magmatic sequence.- Pseudotachylytes of the Bavali Fault Zone, Cannanore District, North Kerala
Authors
1 Centre for Earth Science Studies, Trivandrum 695010, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 26, No 3 (1985), Pagination: 182-190Abstract
Pseudotachylyte veins occur sporadically within deformed granodiorite-tonalite body and mylonitic gneiss of possible Sargur-equivalent sequence in North Kerala. Pseudotachylyte-bearing zones constitute a part of the wide Bavali fault zone, a continuation of the Moyar shear zone. The second phase of deformation of probable Mid Late Proterozoic age shows a progression in strain regime from mylonite-forming ductile strain through moderate strain rate stage forming ultramylonite to a high strain rate stage forming pseudotachylyte. Pseudotachylyte developed via comminution and frictional melting at different stages within the fault zone. Although it appears to be in place of its origin; pseudotachylyte has not strictly attained 'minimum' melt composition.- Geochemistry of the Gabbro-Tonalite-Trondhjemite-Granite Suite of the Ezhimala Pluton, North Kerala
Authors
1 Centre for Earth Science Studies, P. B. 2235, Trivandrum 695 010, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 27, No 4 (1986), Pagination: 325-337Abstract
The Ezhimala pluton emplaced in possible Sargur-equivalent sequence in North Kerala is a differentiated suite showing a continuous compositional range from gabbro to granite through tonalite and trondhjemite. Geochemistry indicates that the suite is the product of diapiric emplacement of magma generated at shallow depth and of fractional crystallization in which the major participating phases were hornblende and plagioclase. Biotite and Fe-Ti oxides were minor fractionating minerals. There is an indication that this suite is one of the many igneous bodies of variable composition which are the products of important magmatic event in the Kerala region, in late Proterozoic and early Palaeozoic times.- Mechanisms of Charnockite Formation and Breakdown in Southern Kerala: Implications for the Origin of the Southern Indian Granulite Terrain
Authors
1 Centre for Earth Science Studies, Trivandrum, IN
2 Department of Geology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, US
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 28, No 4 (1986), Pagination: 277-288Abstract
Field studies in southern Kerala have been successful in locating a Dumber of quarries in which charnockite has partially replaced garnet-biotite gneiss. Four types of charnockite formation have been recognised. Three of these involve the dehydration of gneisses by the influx of CO2 - rich fluids. Types I and II show charnockite concentrated along shear and foliation planes. In type III, high CO2 pressures are required by the presence of interlayered, scapolite-bearing calc-silicates. In type IV, charnockite is restricted to the margins of granitic dykes. and formed as a result of the decompression reaction gar + qtz + Na-plag = opx + Ca-plag, rather than a dehydration reaction. The widespread occurrence of arrested charnockitisation in southern Kerala suggests that the process of carbonic metamorphism invoked at Kabbaldurga, Karnataka, was not a local phenomenon, but extended over the entire southern Indian granulite terrain. In contrast to these examples of charnockite in the making, three types of charnockite breakdown have also been recognised. These involve the influx of water-rich solutions by means of granite pegmatites, leucocratic magmas, and pink granites. Present geochronologic data are not sufficient to determine whether the various types of charnockite formation and breakdown were different phases of a single metamorphic event or the result of several distinct metamorphic episodes.- Retrogressive Metamorphism of Mafic Granulites of Manantoddy, North Kerala
Authors
1 Centre for Earth Science Studies, P. B. No. 7250, Akkulam, Trivandrum 695031, IN
2 Department of Geology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 33, No 2 (1989), Pagination: 132-139Abstract
The mineral reactions: garnet + quartz = orthopyroxene + plagioclase; garnet + clinopyroxene = orthopyroxene + pargasite + anorthite and [clinopyroxene = hornblende + quartz are seen as symplectitic intergrowths in the mafic granulites of north Kerala, suggesting a retrogressive evolutionary history. The estimate of physical conditions of metamorphism based on the equilibrium mineral chemistry of gar + cpx (+ plag + q + z ), suggest 800°C temperature and 11 kb pressure for the peak period of metamorphism. Uplift of the terrain, following metamorphism caused partial breakdown of garnet in the presence of clinopyroxene and quartz in producing retrogressive textures and mineral assemblages. P-T of 6 kb and 583°C is indicated for tbe development of syrnplectite of garnet and secondary orthopyroxene. The pressures document slow uplift from inferred depth of at least 30 krn during Archaean to a level of 20 km for the development of symplectites. The mineral chemistry and P-T suggest that the retrogressive metamorphism did not transcend but remained 'within' the transitional granulite facies conditions.- The Incipient Charnockites of Transition Zone, Granulite Zone and Khondalite Zone of South India: Contrasting Mechanisms and Controlling Factors
Authors
1 Centre for Earth Science Studies, P.B. 7250, Akkulam, Trivandrum - 695 031, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 39, No 4 (1992), Pagination: 292-302Abstract
Incipient charnockitisation in southern India is achieved through volatile action either during progressive metamorphism, or by progressive tectano-metamorphic activity, as in the Kerala khondalite belt. The initial inertness of some rocks to charnockitisation may be due to unsuitable bulk composition/mineralogy or high water activity or lack of sufficient fluid channels. Most workers advocate massive influx of CO2 from the mantle, for causing charnockite formation at lower levels and initiating anatexis at advancing front. The timing of CO2 influx and liberation of H2O and sequential reactions in the crust are important because they can account for the development of massive charnockites, the modification of supracrustals (metapelites etc.) by in-situ partial melting, or infiltration of alkali-rich fluid phases. the progressive build up of CO2 and patchy charnockite development. It is suggested here that the above processes operated in succession and are interrelated. It is further suggested that incipient charnockite formation in south India is not the result of one common mechanism or of a specific time related event, but is a local and independent response of rock types to changing P-T and fluid regime.Keywords
Incipient Charnockite, Khondalite, Granulite, Palghat, Kerala.- Arrested Charnockite Formation in the Palghat Region, South India
Authors
1 Centre for Earth Science Studies, Akkulam, Trivandrum - 695 031, IN
2 Department of Geology, Manasagangotri, Mysore - 570 006, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 45, No 2 (1995), Pagination: 145-162Abstract
Exposures of in-situ charnockitisation of gneisses in widely varying geological associations, related to differing mechanisms of dehydration and prograde metamorphism, are recorded from the Palghat region, southern India. Mineral reactions in gneiss-charnockite prograde profiles indicate hornblende + biotite breakdown in the presence of quartz to produce orthopyroxene within structurally controlled and/or compositionally modified portions of the gneisses. Chemically the gneisses and arrested charnockite zones are granitic in composition whereas the associated banded charnockites (regional granulites) are tonalitic to granodioritic in composition, Geothermobarometric data indicate high temperature and high pressure early granulite-facies (regional granulite) metamorphism at 780 - 880°C and 9-10 Kbar. The fluid species in both types of charnockites and gneisses are characterised by CO, and mixed CO2-H2O inclusions.The banded charnockites largely pre-date major deformation and the early Palaeozoic time of development of arrested charnockites. A definite time gap between the formation of banded charnockites and arrested charnockites is indicated. Arrested charnockites in the Palghat region are formed along (1) structurally controlled zones, (2) in compositionally favourable zones of modified paleosomes, (3) in melt portions of migrnatitic gneisses and (4) along margins of invading alkaline dykes. These are interpreted as different processes triggered by emplacement of igneous bodies and movement of CO2, enriched melts through the crust, producing sequential interrelated events like dehydration, partial melting, metasomatism and wall-rock alteration, leading ultimately to charnockite formation. The present field dispositions of arrested charnockite are inferred as only an expression of varying response of rock types to changing physico-chemical conditions (e.g. PT and fluid regime) with time during metamorphism.
Keywords
Charnockite, Metamorphism, Patghat, Kerala.- Lithology and Metamorphic Evolution of Granulite-Facies Segments of Kerala, Southern India
Authors
1 Centre for Earth Science Studies, Akkulam, Trivandrum - 695 03 1, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 66, No 2 (2005), Pagination: 253-254Abstract
No Abstract.- Charnockite Forming Metamorphism in Palghat, Southern India: A Fluid Inclusion Study of Gneiss, Charnockite, Charnoenderbite and Pegmatite
Authors
1 Centre for Earth Science Studies, Akkulam, Trivandrum - 695 031, IN
2 Department of Studies in Geology, University of Mysore, Mysore - 560 006, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 66, No 6 (2005), Pagination: 679-694Abstract
The Palghat region in southern India presents excellent examples of fluid controlled gneiss to charnockite transition zones. The paper constitutes results of detailed fluid inclusion studies carried out to understand the nature and role of fluids, across transition zones of such transformations and in associated charnoenderbite and pegmatite. Fluid inclusion petrographic studies suggest presence of at least three generations of fluid inclusions in different rock types viz , CO2, CO2-H2O, and CO2-H2O-NaCl. The high-Density CO2 inclusions (1 03 to 0 91 g/cc) are characteristics of charnoenderbites with moderate density CO2 inclusions(0 92 to 0 70 g/cc) in hornblende gneiss and relatively low CO2 density( 0 84 to 0 71 g/cc) inclusions in arrested charnockites. Salinities range from 2 to 35 wt% NaCl equivalent. Majority of the inclusions are low-Density CO2, indicating preferential leakage and re-Entrapment of these inclusions under shallower conditions. In charnoenderbites, a distinct bi-Modal distribution in CO2 densities is documented with early high-Density CO2 inclusions, trapped under higher pressure, deep seated conditions and a late, low-Density CO2 inclusions trapped under relatively shallower conditions. Occurrence of generally low-Density CO2 inclusions in the arrested charnockites suggest release and re-Entrapment of CO2 inclusions along structurally controlled weak zones. The higher concentration of low-Density monophase CO2 inclusions in the arrested charnockites and pegmatite are interpreted as a result of selective removal of H2O from the mixed CO2-H2O inclusions, during ductile and ductile-Brittle shear deformation. The CO2 inclusions showing large density differences between the early charnockites (charnoenderbite) and late (arrested) charnockites are suggestive of entrapment at different periods and that the CO2 densities of the charnoenderbite have been re-Equilibrated during the latest tectono-Metamorphic event. The fluids responsible for the formation of arrested charnockites are low P-T type late fluids, formed at a shallower, mid crustal levels. The study further illustrates major role of saline brines in the formation of arrested charnockites.Keywords
Fluid Inclusion, Charnockites, Brines, Palghat, Southern India.- Petrological and Geochemical Characteristics of Marunthurkota Syenites from the Kerala Khondalite Belt, Southern India
Authors
1 Geosciences Division, Centre for Earth Science Studies, Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram-695 031, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 73, No 3 (2009), Pagination: 386-392Abstract
This note reports new occurrences of syenite bodies around Marunthurkota area from the Kerala khondalite belt (KKB). Petrological and geochemical studies suggest that the syenites have a pronounced A-type affinity, metaluminous characteristics with high concentrations of alkalies, Rb, Sr, Zr, and high K2O/Na2O ratio. Miaskitic nature (agpaitic index<1) of syenite suggest involvement of CO2 related phase in their genesis. The petrological characteristics signify crystallization of the rock at shallow levels within the crust. Geochemistry favours mantle origin of the magma and enrichment of Ba and Sr are indicative of involvement of carbonatite melt in the source region. The study envisages the presence of a juvenile CO2 enriched upper mantle below the southern Indian continental crust during the Pan-African time.Keywords
Petrology, Geochemistry, Syenite, Kerala Khondalite Belt.References
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- Some Aspects of the Geology and Geochemistry of Vengad Conglomerate, Cannanore District, North Kerala
Authors
1 Centre for Earth Science Studies, PB 2235, Trivandrum 695010, IN