Informatics Publishing Limited

Elvi Sahara Lubis ¹, Budi Hartono ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, 16424 Depok, ID

Abstract

Background: Mercury was a heavy metal that persistent in the environment and harmful to human health and still used by Artisanal Small Scale Gold Mining (ASGM), especially in Indonesia. Cimanggu was one of ASGM in Banten province who still active using mercury and had found high levels of mercury that exceed the threshold in wastewater and human hair. Mercury exposure can affect human health, such as hypertension. This research aimed to determine the levels of hair mercury, hypertension, and individual characteristics such as age, sex, and smoking habits. And also determine the association between hair mercury with hypertension among communities in ASGM. Material and Method: Design studies in this research using cross-sectional design. The data from BBTKLPP Jakarta datasheet “Analysis of Potential Impact of Risk Factors Environment Based for Disease Outbreaks on Interest Mining Society”. Retrieved data was hair mercury that analyzed in the laboratory BBTKLPP Jakarta using Mercury Analyzer (MA) 3000 with cold pavor method and blood pressure were measured directly two times using sphygmomanometer merk ABN and individual characteristics taken through a questionnaire. Totaling 100 samples analyzed were taken by quota sampling. Findings: Univariate test showed that most of the respondents had abnormally hair mercury levels (55%), hypertension 29%, woman 78%, smoking 23%, and > 40 years 46%. Chi-square test showed no significant association between hair mercury levels and hypertension (P value = 1, OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.42-2.40). Conclusion: Respondents who had normal or abnormally hair mercury levels had the same odds to have hypertension risk. Further research is needed by using a larger sample with high-intensity process mercury use to clarify the association of hair mercury levels with hypertension.

Keywords

Mercury, Hypertension, Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining (ASGM).

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Prisilia Oktaviyani ¹, Budi Hartono ², Ranti Ekasari ³

Affiliations
1 Public Health Department, Politeknik Kesehatan Palangkaraya, Palangkaraya, ID
2 Environmental Health Department, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, ID
3 Public Health Department, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar, Gowa, ID

Abstract

Malaria is a worldwide problem, including in Indonesia. Malaria is a vector-borne disease, and the vector is Anopheles mosquito. In Indonesia, the most endemic are located in the eastern regions of Indonesia. Maluku Province had the fourth highest rate of Annual Parasite Incidence (API) in 2015 at 5.81%. This research was quantitative with a descriptive analysis of malaria positive cases in Maluku. The study used secondary data from January 2012 to December 2016 that were obtained by the Health Office of Maluku. The result of this research shows that the trend of malaria, according to the current rate of positive cases found, tends to decrease every year with R square value from the linear line of 0.5534. The lowest number of cases was recorded in February. Based on gender, malaria on both genders tends to decrease every year. Maluku Barat Daya Regency had the highest rate of Annual Parasite Incidence (API) among other regencies in Maluku. As a suggestion, the government should be more concerned about the prevention program of malaria in Maluku Province. Some of the preventive ways are to disseminate knowledge to the community that if they want to do activities outside at night, they have to wear long clothes that can cover the whole body.

Keywords

Malaria Cases, API, Maluku.

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Budi Hartono ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, 16424 Depok, ID

Abstract

Background: Mercury was a heavy metal that persistent in the environment and harmful to human health and still used by Artisanal Small Scale Gold Mining (ASGM), especially in Indonesia. Cimanggu was one of ASGM in Banten province who still active using mercury and had found high levels of mercury that exceed the threshold in wastewater and human hair. Mercury exposure can affect human health, such as hypertension. This research aimed to determine the levels of hair mercury, hypertension, and individual characteristics such as age, sex, and smoking habits. And also determine the association between hair mercury with hypertension among communities in ASGM. Material and Method: Design studies in this research using cross-sectional design. The data from BBTKLPP Jakarta datasheet “Analysis of Potential Impact of Risk Factors Environment Based for Disease Outbreaks on Interest Mining Society”. Retrieved data was hair mercury that analyzed in the laboratory BBTKLPP Jakarta using Mercury Analyzer (MA) 3000 with cold pavor method and blood pressure were measured directly two times using sphygmomanometer merk ABN and individual characteristics taken through a questionnaire. Totaling 100 samples analyzed were taken by quota sampling. Findings: Univariate test showed that most of the respondents had abnormally hair mercury levels (55%), hypertension 29%, woman 78%, smoking 23%, and > 40 years 46%. Chi-square test showed no significant association between hair mercury levels and hypertension (P value=1, OR= 1.01, 95% CI = 0.42-2.40). Conclusion: Respondents who had normal or abnormally hair mercury levels had the same odds to have hypertension risk. Further research is needed by using a larger sample with high-intensity process mercury use to clarify the association of hair mercury levels with hypertension.

Keywords

Mercury; hypertension; Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining (ASGM).

Full Text