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B. M. Misra , S. N. Khan

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Two folicollous fungi namely Bifusella saccata (Darker) Darker on Pinus roxburghii and a new species, Lophodermium cedri Misra and Khan on Cedrus deodara are reported from India. Their occurrence, symptoms and descriptions are given.

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B. M. Misra

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B. M. Misra , S. N. Khan , Y. P. Singh

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White spongy ischolar_main-rot of Paulownia fortunei was observed in plantations raised at New Forest trial plantation and Doiwala Social Forestry plantation, Dehra Dun. Affected trees showed die-back symptom besides white cottony mycelium on bark of diseased ischolar_mains. The causal organism was identified as Heteroporus biennis (Bull. ex Fries) Bull. Pathogenicity test established the relationship of the ischolar_main-rot fungus with the disease. Field assessment of the ischolar_main-rot was also carried out in the plantation at New Forest, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun.

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S. N. Khan , B. M. Misra

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Five foliage pathogens namely, Alternaria alternata on Albizia lebbek and A. procera; Alternaria cassiae, Pleiochaeta setosa, Epicoccum nigrum and Periconia sp. on Albizia lebbek causing leaf spots and a Cephalosporium sp. causing stem necrosis of Albizia chinensis are described as they occur on new hosts.

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S. N. Khan , B. M. Misra

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B. M. Misra , S. N. Khan

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S. N. Khan , B. M. Misra

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Grey mould blight of Syzygium cumini caused by Botrytis cinerea is reported from India. Symptoms, epidemiology and disease management are discussed briefly.

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M. D. Mehrotra , S. N. Khan , R. K. Tivari , B. M. Misra

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A disease calendar for nine fungal diseases of Albhia lebbek is prepared for the first time. This will help in management of the diseases of this important tree species in the nursery. Camptomeris leaf spot, an important nursery disease has been effectively controlled by the application of Topsin-M, Jkstein and Dithane M-45. Three to four applications of any of the effective fungicides at tri weekly intervals are recommanded for disease management.

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R. M. Misra , G. Prasad , R. K. Mishra , B. M. Misra

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The deffotiation epidemic in ailanthus excelsa roxb in satyanarain research nursery was studies. The insect responsible for epidemic was philosamia cythia drury. This is a polyphagous pest and reported for the first time as deffolator of ailanthus excelsa Egg, larva, pups and adult of the species are described and notes on their biology are given. A fungal pathogen, beauveria basslana(Balsama) Vulliemin has been recorded killing the larvae of P.cynthia in the field. The pathogen appears to be a promising organism for microbial control of Ailanthus deffolator in the field.

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R. K. Tivari , S. N. Khan , P. C. Pandey , B. M. Misra

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Phoma nivea(Syd) Shrivastava and Bhargava forming stem cankers and Myrothecium roridum Toda ex. Fr. Causing leaf spot recorded as new pathogens on Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Disease symmptoms caused by these pathogenes are described.

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B. M. Misra , S. N. Khan

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The paper reports the occurrence of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. On poplars causing leaf spot and stem rot together wlth an acconnt of disease development.

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S. N. Khan , R. K. Tivari , B. M. Misra , D. S. Rawat

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Experiments were conducted to evaluate different fungicides against Cladosporium humile J.J. Davis, a serious foliage pathogen of poplars and to study disease development in Shilli Nursery, Solan (H.P.). Dithane M-45(0.35%) was found most effective followed by a mixture of Dithane M-45 and Bavistin (0.2 and 0.05% respectively) and Dithane M-45 (0.25%) Disease development studies revealed that the pathogen overwinters on the fallen leaves, dormant buds, in lenticels and bark crevices of the standing plants. The infection begin to appear on the plants in the month of May and progressed to a highest disease index in November. Measures to control and contain the disease have been suggested.

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S. N. Khan , B. M. Misra , R. K. Tiwari , H. S. Sehgal

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Five fungi namely, Coleosporium evodiae Diet., Phyllachora infectoria Cooke, Guignardia calami (H & P. Sydow) Von Arx and E Muller, Alternaria cassiae Jurair & Khan and Clados. porium uredinicola Speg have been described for the first time from India together with some new host records for India.

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H. S. Sehgal , R. K. Tivari , S. N. Khan , B. M. Misra

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The diseases of forestry species (except poplars) in nurseries, plantations and natural forests in H.P. are described along with their control measures, giving details only of potential important ones. The importance of continuous surveillance of forests is stressed.

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Sujan Singh , S. N. Khan , B. M. Misra

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The paper deals with five important pathogens occurring on conifers in India. A new species of Ploioderma, P.cedri, is reported to cause premature defoliation of infected needles in deodar. Technical description of the species is given. Caeoma himalayensis sp. nov. is recorded on fir needles and is described. The species is considered as conspecific with either Melampsora ciliata on Populus ciliata or M. capraearum on Salix tetrasperma. Discosia strobilina is recorded on spruce needles for the first time. Coleosporium himalayensis on blue pine needles is a new record from India. Periodermium piceae attacking spruce needles is confirmed as alternate stage of Chrysomyx himalensis on Rhododendron arboreum by cross inoculations.

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Sujan Singh , S. N. Khan , B. M. Misra

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A serious disease causing gummosis and canker on stem, branches, racbii and peduncles; dark brown spots on leaflets, rachii, peduncles, young twigs, pods and seed and morlity in natural regeneration is recorded on various varieties of Leucoena leucocephala and on L. diversifolia incidence and intensity of the disease in different localities and detailed symptoms are given. The causal fungus is identified as Fusarium semitectum. The fungus has been described in culture isolated from diseased Leucaena plants. The disease was successfully reproduced on healthy plants by artificial inoculations of both stem and leaves. Cankers were found to take double the time to deVelop on stem when inoculations were made on intact surface (72 days) than on injured sUrface (36 days). Root-rot in seedlings was also successfully reproduced by sowing seeds inoculated with F. semitectum. Studies on pathological anatomy of diseased parts revealed that in stem and branches, gum cavities were formed in Phloem and Phelloderm tissues Some gummy deposits were also observed in epidormal and pallisie tissue of leaffets, in exocarp cells of affeectcd pods, in intervening spaces of sub-epidermal cells and in parenchyma cells of seed coats and in cortical cells of arfected roals. Fungal hyphae were found to spread both intra and intercellularly in the affected tissues.

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Sujan Singh , S. N. Khan , B. M. Misra , D. S. Rawat

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The paper deals with experiments carried out to control Cercoseptoria needle flight of pines in nurseries. Seedlings of Pinus roxburghii, an indigenous pine, and P. greggii, an exotic pine, were used as test species. After screening seven fungicides (dithane M-45, dithane Z-78, cuman L, calixin, bavistin, blitox and karathane) at their prescribed dosages, dithane M-45 and cuman L for P. greggii and dithane Z-78 and calixin along with the above two fungicides for P. roxburghii were selected on the basis of their better performance for testing at higher dosages as none of the seven fungicides effectively controlled the disease at their prescribed dosages. Dithane M-45 and cuman L were found effective at 0.6 per cent concentration in controlling Cercosptoria needle blight on P. greggii in these experiments. On P. roxburghii, however, none of the four fungicides controlled the disease even at highest tested dosages (0.8 per cent except calixin in which case, higher dose was (0.6 per cent). In subsequent experiments where still higher dosages were tested, dithane M-45 and dithane Z-78 effectively controlled the disease on P. roxburghii at 1.0 per cent concentration while in case of calixin the minimal effective dose was found as 0.8 per cent. None of these fungicides had any toxic effect on P. roxburghii seedlings at the higher dosages.

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Sujan Singh , S. N. Khan , B. M. Misra

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Four new diseases of poplars namely Botryodiplodia sett-rot, Altremaria tip hlight. Cladosporium leaf spot and Fusarium pink incrustation are described in this paper. Botryodiplodia paimarum causes sett-rot of poplars both at pre-sprouting and post-sprouting stage The pathogen also causes mortality of poplar plants in the field within 4-6 weeks alter planting. Alternaria stage of Pleospara infectoria has been found as the cause of blackening and dying of growing tips and young leaves of a Populus sp. & P. deltoides in nurseries. Cladosporium hlumile has been recorded as the cause of brown spot followed by crumpling and premature of shedling of leaves in P. ciliata. P. nigra and P. alha. The cause of Fusarium incruatation disease on P. ciliata bas been identified as Fusarium sp. of Gibbosum group Pathogenicity of Batryodiplodia palmaram & Ailernaria stage of Pleospora infectoria was confirmed by artificial inoculations. Brief descriptions of Ailernaria. Cladosporium & Fusarium are also given. The paper also gives a short account of some noteworthy diseases recorded on poplars namely Ganoderma ischolar_main rot, foliage rusts and stem cankers. Ganoderma ischolar_main-rot is found to reach alarming proporthlns in closely spaced poplar plantations. Melampsora Ciliata, an indigenous fust, is found to attack many clones of P deltoides, P. yunnannensis, P. trichocarpa, P. alba and some cultivars of P. x euramericana in nurseries. A brief account of three types of stem cankers i.e.can kers due to pink disease fungus, Corticium salmonicolor. Sun-scald cankers and cankers associated with slime flux on various clones of of P. deltoides is also given.

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Sujan Singh , S. N. Khan , B. M. Misra

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The paper deals with present status of Melampsora rusts on poplars in India. No exotic rust pathogen bas so for been recorded in nurseries and plantations of exotic poplars in the country. Melampsora ciliata, an indigenous rust attacking Poplur ciliata in nurseries, plantations and natural forests in the Himalayas, has however, been recorded in various clones of Populus deltoides. P alba, P. nigra. P. yunnanensis, P. trichocarpa, and many cultivars of P. x euroamericana. It is suggested that to check inadvertent entry of exotic rust pathogens, a certificate from exporting countries stating that the cuttings have been collected from areas were rust pathogens do not exist should be insisted. To check introduction of M. ciliata in plantations of exotic poplars in plain areas of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana States, a restriction should be imposed that no cuttings collected from rust infected localities should be introduced in these areas.

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Sujan Singh , S. N. Khan , B. M. Misra

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The paper deals with studies on epidemiology and cuntrol of gummosis, brown spot and seedling mortality of Su-babul in plantations caused by Fusarium semirecium. Studies revealed that nearly 50 per cent of the seeds collected from diseased planlation were infected by the disease pathogen and 70 percent infected seeds either failed to germinate or seedlings were killed within 60 day after germination. Only 13 percent of diseased seeds grew into diseased plants. Primary infection on Sub-babul was found to take place from collateral bosts infected by F. semitectum and occurring withia Sub-babul plantations. Ten collateral hosts namely Cassia fistula. C. tora, Cymhopogon citrutus, Cyperus rotundis, Dendracalamus strictus, Diospyros melanoxylon, Gynodropsis sp , Lantana camara, Murraya koenigli and Sacchorum munja were found infected by F. semetectum in sub-babul plantations. Pathogenicity of the isolates of F. semitectum obtnained from most of the above hosts was confirmed by inoculation experiments. All the above hosts, Dendrocalamus vulgare and Mollocanna baecifera were found as new host records for F. semitectum. Subsequent spread of gnmmosis and canker disease in Sub-babul plantations was found through spores produced on infected seeds, pods and twigs fallen on the ground and through contact of juvenile parts of Su-babul plants with infected Parts of the adjoining diseased plants. Main disease sread was found to take place during first two years of the plantations. While disease spread within plants continued through out the year, plant to plant spread was found to have taken place during monsoon months only. Infection of F. semitectum in Sub-babul seeds was effectively eradicated by giving a 15 minutes dip treatment to infected seeds in 0.1 per cent solutiDn of emisan (Methoxy ethyl mercury chloride) containing 6 per cent mercury. Disease development and spread effectivelly checked by conducting two weedings one in July and the other in October up to 0.3 m radius around the plants along with pruning of lower branches upto one third of plant height during first two yeas of plantation growth.

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Suian Singh , S. N. Khan , B. M. Misra , Kamla Uniyal

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The paper deals with the current status of important diseases of hard pines in India. In nurseries, damping off, seedling will and Cercospora needle blight were found to cause losses of economic importance. While damping off disease has been successfully controlled by use of chemicals, no control of seeding wilt and Cercospara needle bilght has yet been evolved. In plantations, Pinus radiata and to some extent P. oocarpa among exotic pines and P. roxburghii, the indigenous pine, were found susceptible to Cercospora needle blight. Diplodla die-back of exotic pines was recorded in some plantations in Uttar Pradesh. The disease was found absent in exotic pine plantation of Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and North Bengal. Lophodermium indianum SuJan Singh and Minter, occurring commonly on mature need es of P. roxburghii and many exotic pines was found as a weak parasite and is thus of no potential importance.

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Sujan Singh , B. M. Misra

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The cause of serious gummosis and canker disease of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) in Chingleput Forest Division, Tamil Nadu State, is identified as Hendersonna latoruloiea Nattrass. The pathogen is described in culture and also as it occurs in nature The disease symptoms include cankers on the bark, dark gray to black discolouration in Wood and abundant tyloses in the vessels, the cankers were successfully reproduced by artificial inoculations on plants of Morus alba Linn which is known to suffer from cankers due to H. toruloidea Measures to control the disease are outlined.

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Sujan Singh , P. C. Pandey , B. M. Misra

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Botryodiplodia theobrpmae Pat. is described as the cause of twig blight and pod blackening of Cacao (Tkeobroma cacaa Linn.) in Pattanaika Research Garden (Puri), Orissa State. The pathogen caused top dying of plants and also sporadic mortality and serioasly affected the fruit production. Pruning affected branches removal and destraction of diseased fruits and a propbylactic protection with a copper based fungicide are suggested to control the disease.

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Dinesh Kumar , Sujan Singh , H. S. Thapar , B. M. Misra

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Effect of different levels of N, P, & K on mycorrhizal development in 7 month old chir pine seedlings raised on acid washed sand was determined. Inoculations were done with active and washed mycorrhizal ischolar_mains when seedlings were two months old. Best results were obtained in ½ normal NPK (corresponding to 65 ppm N & P and 19.5 ppm K). Infection was good in ¼ normal NPK and in treatments containing N, K (normal) but without P and moderate in 2 normal P &in treatment where N was absent. Variations in dry weights of seedlings in different treatments were not statistically significant. Mycorrhizal fungi were generally active in inoculum or on ischolar_mains of seedlings as ectotrophic growth or both throughout the experiment. Experiments were conducted on sand culture so that these results may provide a supporting base for further nursery bed experiments to prescribe an optimum fertilizer dosage for both mycorrhiza and the host plant.

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M. A. Ram Reddy , B. M. Misra

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Nine chemicals including two highly phytotoxic and seven relatively non-phytotoxic ones are screened to study their effectiveness in the control of damping-off diseases, using three Pinus species. Except for brassicol and zinc oxide, a1l other chemicals effectively checked the disease. However, only blitox, zineb and cuman controlled the disease and thereby signlficantly increased the number of seedlings. Formalin, sulphuric acid, captan and thiram controlled the disease effectively. However, these chemicals decreased germination possibly due to phytotoxic effect of dosages of chemicals and this resulted in reduced number of seedlings. Pinus insularis was found to be more susceptible to damping-off than the other two species. The incidence of damping-off in the three different species differed on soils differently treated.

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B. M. Misra ¹, V. Ramachandhran ¹

Affiliations
1 Desalination Division, Bhaba Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, IN

Abstract

Salient features of membrane separation processes under the influence of pressure, electric potential and concentration gradient have been discussed and membrane systems used in various applications mentioned.

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B. M. Misra ¹

Affiliations
1 DEPR, Reserve Bank of India, IN

Abstract

Statistical system of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), contains data gaps requiring efforts to bridge them. Accordingly, some research issues can be taken up for analysis by the academics and professionals of monetary, banking, financial and commercial sectors.

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