Informatics Publishing Limited

Ashutosh Patel ¹, A. K. Denial ¹

Affiliations
1 M.M.M. Engineering College, Gorakhpur, IN

Abstract

Ad-hoc networking is a concept in computer communications, which means that users wanting to communicate with each other form a temporary network, without any form of centralized administration. Each node participating in the network acts both as host and a router and must therefore be willing to forward packets for other nodes. For this purpose, a routing protocol is needed. An ad-hoc network has certain characteristics, which imposes new demands on the routing protocol. The most important characteristic is the dynamic topology, which is a consequence of node mobility. Nodes can change position quite frequently, which means that we need a routing protocol that quickly adapts to topology changes. The nodes in an ad-hoc network can consist of laptops and personal digital assistants and are often very limited in resources such as CPU capacity, storage capacity, battery power and bandwidth. This means that the routing protocol should try to minimize control traffic, such as periodic update messages. Instead the routing protocol should be reactive, thus only calculate routes upon receiving a specific request. In this paper we focus the DSDV and AODV routing protocol with various constraints like packet delivery ratio , end to end to delay etc.

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Milan Hait ¹, Ashutosh Patel ¹, Champa Singh Rajput ¹

Affiliations
1 Dept. of Chemistry, Dr. C.V. Raman University, Kargi Road, Kota, Bilaspur, C.G.-495113, IN

Abstract

The heavy metal levels as micronutrients like Iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) were determined using Digital spectrometer in three different samples of leafy vegetables, purchased from Dharmjaygarh market in Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh. The maximum concentration of Fe, Cu and Zn were found 22.14 mg/kg, 0.72 mg/kg and 6.3 mg/kg in Palak Bhaji, Lal Bhaji and Palak Bhaji respectively. The minimum concentration of Fe, Cu and Zn were found 6.23 mg/kg, 0.21 mg/kg and 1.52 mg/kg. The relative abundance of metals in leafy vegetables followed the sequence Cu (0.52 mg/kg) < Zn (4.33 mg/kg) < Fe (15.58 mg/kg). The levels of Fe, Cu and Zn were below the FAO/WHO recommended limits for metals in vegetables. Low concentrations of Cu, Fe and Zn in all the samples are indications that these plants contribute no toxic effects of metals. The results showed that, these vegetables are the main sources of essential trace elements. The daily human intakes of metals have also been calculated which were observed below recommended values by the FAO/WHO.

Keywords

Heavy Metals, Micronutrients, Leafy Vegetable, Local Market, Analysis and Public Health.

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