Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
- Manju Singh
- Rishu Chaujar
- Sudhir Husale
- S. Grover
- Amit P. Shah
- Mandar M. Deshmukh
- V. N. Singh
- V. N. Ojha
- D. K. Aswal
- R. K. Rakshit
- Manoj K. Mishra
- Jinya John
- Bipasha P. Shukla
- Philip Dennison
- S. S. Srivastava
- Nitesh K. Kaushik
- Arundhati Misra
- D. Dhar
- Arvind Sahay
- Gunjan Motwani
- Mini Raman
- Syed Moosa Ali
- Meghal Shah
- Shard Chander
- Pradipta R. Muduli
- R. N. Samal
- Saood Ahmad
- Anish M. Bhargav
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Gupta, Anurag
- Influence of Fabrication Processes on Transport Properties of Superconducting Niobium Nitride Nanowires
Abstract Views :323 |
PDF Views:92
Authors
Manju Singh
1,
Rishu Chaujar
2,
Sudhir Husale
1,
S. Grover
3,
Amit P. Shah
3,
Mandar M. Deshmukh
3,
Anurag Gupta
1,
V. N. Singh
1,
V. N. Ojha
1,
D. K. Aswal
1,
R. K. Rakshit
1
Affiliations
1 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NPL Campus, Dr K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110 012, IN
2 Microelectronics Research Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi 110 042, IN
3 Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, IN
1 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NPL Campus, Dr K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110 012, IN
2 Microelectronics Research Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi 110 042, IN
3 Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 114, No 07 (2018), Pagination: 1443-1450Abstract
Fabrication of niobium nitride (NbN) superconducting nanowires based on focused ion beam (FIB) milling and electron beam lithography (EBL) is presented. The NbN films were deposited using reactive magnetron sputtering. Argon-to-nitrogen ratio turned out to be a crucial factor in synthesizing high quality superconducting NbN. Critical temperatures (Tc) of around 15.5 K were measured for films with a thickness of around 10 nm. Zero-field-cooled magnetization was measured to optimize the superconducting properties of ultra thin NbN films. The transport behaviour was studied using conventional resistance vs temperature and current-voltage characteristics down to 2 K. Effect of gallium contamination on superconducting properties has been discussed. Whereas the various processing steps of standard EBL route do not have any significant impact on the superconducting transition temperature as well as on the transition width of nanowires, there is significant degradation of superconducting properties of nanowires prepared using FIB. This has been attributed to gallium ion implantation across the superconducting channel. Although the effect of gallium implantation may have technological limitations in designing fascinating single photon detector architectures, it provides some interesting low-dimensional superconducting properties.Keywords
DC Magnetron Sputtering, EBL, FIB, Niobium Nitride, Superconducting Nanostructure, Thin Films.Full Text
References
- Gol’tsman, G. N. et al., Picosecond superconducting single-photon optical detector. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2001, 79, 705–707.
- Takesue, H., Nam, S. W., Zhang, Q., Hadfield, R. H., Honjo, T., Tamaki, K. and Yamamoto, Y., Quantum key distribution over a 40-dB channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors. Nat. Photon., 2007, 1, 343–348.
- Hadfield, R. H., Single-photon detectors for optical quantum information applications. Nat. Photon., 2009, 3, 696–705 and references therein.
- Rosenberg, D. et al., Practical long-distance quantum key distribution system using decoy levels. New J. Phys., 2009, 11, 045009(1–10).
- Stucki, D. et al., High rate, long-distance quantum key distribution over 250 km of ultra low loss fibres. New J. Phys., 2009, 11, 075003(1–9).
- Liu, Y. et al., Decoy-state quantum key distribution with polarized photons over 200 km. Opt. Express, 2010, 18, 8587–8594.
- Eisaman, M. D., Fan, J., Migdal, A. and Polyakov, S. V., Invited review article: single-photon sources and detectors. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 2011, 82, 071101(1–25) and references therein.
- Natarajan, C. M., Tanner, M. G. and Hadfield, R. H., Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors: physics and applications. Supercond. Sci. Tech., 2012, 25, 063001(1–16) and references therein.
- Wang, S. et al., 2 GHz clock quantum key distribution over 260 km of standard telecom fiber. Opt. Lett., 2012, 37, 1008–1010.
- Yao, X.-C. et al., Experimental demonstration of topological error correction. Nature, 2012, 482, 489–494.
- Ma, X.-S. et al., Quantum teleportation over 143 kilometres using active feed-forward. Nature, 2012, 489, 269–273.
- Pan, J.-W., Chen, Z.-B., Lu, C.-Y., Weinfurter, H., Zeilinger, A. and Zukowski, M., Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry. Rev. Mod. Phys., 2012, 84, 777–838.
- Shimizu, K. et al., Performance of long-distance quantum key distribution over 90-km optical links installed in a field environment of Tokyo metropolitan area. J. Lightwave Technol., 2014, 32, 141–151.
- Northup, T. E. and Blatt, R., Quantum information transfer using photons. Nat. Photon., 2014, 8, 356–363.
- Korzh, B. et al., Provably secure and practical quantum key distribution over 307 km of optical fibre. Nat. Photon., 2014, 9, 163–168.
- Takesue, H., Dyer, S. D., Stevens, M. J., Verma, V., Mirin, R. P. and Nam, S. W., Quantum teleportation over 100 km of fiber using highly efficient superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Optica, 2015, 2, 832–835.
- Engel, A., Renema, J. J., Il’in, K. and Semenov, A., Detection mechanism of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Supercond. Sci. Tech., 2015, 28, 114003(1–22) and references therein.
- Chunnilall, C. J., Degiovanni, I. P., Kuck, S., Muller, I. and Sinclair, A. G., Metrology of single-photon sources and detectors: a review. Opt. Eng., 2014, 53, 081910(1–17).
- Lita, A. E., Miller, A. J. and Nam, S. W., Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency. Opt. Express, 2008, 16, 3032–3040.
- Miki, S. et al., Large sensitive-area NbN nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors fabricated on single-crystal MgO substrates. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2008, 92, 061116(1–3).
- Korneev, A. et al., Recent nanowire superconducting single-photon detector optimization for practical applications. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2013, 23, 2201204(1–4).
- Bergeal, N., Grison, X., Lesueur, J., Faini, G., Aprili, M. and Contour, J.-P., High Tc superconducting quantum interference devices made by ion irradiation. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 89, 112515(1–3).
- Delacour, C. et al., Superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation with an atomic force microscope. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 90, 191116(1–3).
- Lee, S.-G., Oh, S., Kang, C. S. and Kim, S.-J., Superconducting nanobridge made from YBa2Cu3O7 film by using focused ion beam. Phys. C Supercond., 2007, 460, 1468–1469.
- Curtz, N., Koller, E., Zbinden, H., Decroux, M., Antognazza, L., Fischer, Ø. and Gisin, N., Patterning of ultrathin YBCO nanowires using a new focused-ion-beam process. Supercond. Sci. Technol. 2010, 23, 045015(1–6).
- Zhang, C. et al., Fabrication of superconducting nanowires from ultrathin MgB2 films via focused ion beam milling. AIP Adv., 2015, 5, 027139(1–8).
- Bachar, G., Baskin, I., Shtempluck, O. and Buks, E., Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors on-fiber. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2012, 101, 262601(1–3).
- Datesman, A. M., Schultz, J. C., Cecil, T. W., Lyons, C. M. and Lichtenberger, A. W., Gallium ion implantation into niobium thin films using a focused-ion beam. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2005, 15, 3524–3527.
- Lehrer, C., Frey, L., Petersen, S., Mizutani, M., Takai, M. and Ryssel, H., Defects and gallium-contamination during focused ion beam micro machining. In Proceedings of IEEE Ion Implantation Technology, 2000, pp. 695–698.
- Mayer, J., Giannuzzi, L. A., Kamino, T. and Michael, J., TEM sample preparation and FIB induced damage. MRS Bull., 2007, 32, 400–407.
- Venkataraj, S., Drese, R., Liesch, Ch., Kappertz, O., Jayavel, R. and Wuttig, M., Temperature stability of sputtered niobium-oxide films. J. Appl. Phys. 2002, 91, 4863–4871.
- Ziegler, M., Fritzsch, L., Day, J., Linzen, S., Anders, S., Toussaint, J. and Meyer, H.-G., Superconducting niobium nitride thin films deposited by metal organic plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition. Supercond. Sci. Technol., 2013, 26, 025008(1–5).
- Thakoor, S., Lamb, J. L., Thakoor, A. P. and Khanna, S. K., High Tc superconducting NbN films deposited at room temperature. J. Appl. Phys., 1985, 58, 4643–4648.
- Wang, Z., Kawakami, A., Uzawa, Y. and Komiyamaa, B., Superconducting properties and crystal structures of single-crystal niobium nitride thin films deposited at ambient substrate temperature. J. Appl. Phys., 1996, 79, 7837–7842.
- Ilin, K. et al., Ultra-thin NbN films on Si: crystalline and superconducting properties. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 2008, 97, 012045(1–6).
- Chockalingam, S. P., Chand, M., Jesudasan, J., Tripathi, V. and Raychaudhuri, P., Superconducting properties and Hall effect of epitaxial NbN thin films. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter, 2008, 77, 214503(1–8).
- Fominov, Y. V. and Feigel’man, M. V., Superconductive properties of thin dirty superconductor–normal-metal bilayers. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter, 2001, 63, 094518(1–14).
- Litombe, N. E., Bollinger, A. T., Hoffman, J. E. and Bozovic, I., La2–xSrxCuO4 superconductor nanowire devices. Phys. C Supercond., 2014, 506, 169–173.
- Elmurodov, A. K. et al., Phase-slip phenomena in NbN superconducting nanowires with leads. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter, 2008, 78, 214519(1–5).
- Delacour, C., Pannetier, B., Villegier, J.-C. and Bouchiat, V., Quantum and thermal phase slips in superconducting niobium nitride (NbN) ultrathin crystalline nanowire: application to single photon detection. Nano Lett., 2012, 12, 3501–3506.
- Retrieval of Atmospheric Parameters and Data-Processing Algorithms forAVIRIS-NG Indian Campaign Data
Abstract Views :224 |
PDF Views:89
Authors
Manoj K. Mishra
1,
Anurag Gupta
1,
Jinya John
1,
Bipasha P. Shukla
1,
Philip Dennison
2,
S. S. Srivastava
1,
Nitesh K. Kaushik
1,
Arundhati Misra
1,
D. Dhar
1
Affiliations
1 Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
2 Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, US
1 Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
2 Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, US
Source
Current Science, Vol 116, No 7 (2019), Pagination: 1089-1100Abstract
Applications of high-spatial resolution imaging spectrometer data acquired from the Airborne Visible/ Infrared Imaging Spectrometer-Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) under India campaign 2015–16, require a thorough compensation for atmospheric absorption and scattering. The data-processing algorithms used for retrieving critically important atmospheric parameters, namely ‘water vapour and aerosol optical depth (AOD)’ over land and water surfaces are presented. Over land surfaces, the dark dense vegetation method and radiative transfer modelling are used for deriving spectral AOD for boxes of 20 × 20 pixels. For AOD retrieval over water surfaces, dark-target approximation is used with near-infrared and shortwave infrared measurements. Estimation of precipitable water vapour is carried out using short-wave hyperspectral measurements for each pixel. A differential absorption technique (continuum interpolated band ratio) has been used for this purpose. The retrieved AOD and water vapour values were compared with in situ sun-photometer and radiosonde data respectively, indicating good matches. Further, these parameters were used to derive ‘atmospherically corrected surface reflectance and remote sensing reflectance’, for land and water surface respectively, assuming horizontal surfaces having Lambertian reflectance.Keywords
Aerosol, Atmospheric Correction, Hyperspectral Imaging, Surface Reflectance, Water Vapour.Full Text
References
- Vane, G., Green, R. O., Chrien, T. G., Enmark, H. T., Hansen, E. G. and Porter, W. M., The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). Remote Sensing Environ., 1993, 44(2–3), 127–143; doi:10.1016/ S0034-4257 (93)90012-M.
- Green, R. O. et al., Imaging spectroscopy and the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). Remote Sensing Environ., 1998, 65(3), 227–248; doi:10.1016/S0034-4257 (98)0064-9.
- Hamlin, L., Green, R. O., Mouroulis, P., Eastwood, M., Wilson, D., Dudik, M. and Paine, C., Imaging spectrometer science measurements for terrestrial ecology: AVIRIS and new developments. In IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceeding, 2011, pp. 1–7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2011.5747395.
- Gao, B. C. and Goetz, A. F., Column atmospheric water vapor and vegetation liquid water retrievals from airborne imaging spectrometer data. J. Geophys. Res. – Atmos., 1990, 95(D4), 3549–3564.
- Adler-Golden, S. M. et al., Atmospheric correction for short-wave spectral imagery based on MODTRAN4. SPIE Proc. Imag. Spectrom., 1999, 3753, 61–69.
- Etheridge, D. M., Steele, L. P., Langenfelds, R. L., Francey, R. J., Barnola, J.-M. and Morgan, V. I., Natural and anthropogenic hanges in atmospheric CO2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn. J. Geophys. Res., 1996, 101, 4115–4128.
- Leung, D. Y. C., Caramanna, G. and Maroto-Valer, M. M., An overview of current status of carbon dioxide capture and storage technologies. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 2014, 39, 426–443.
- Wunch, D. et al., Comparisons of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) XCO2 measurements with TCCON. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2017, 10, 2209–2238.
- Bovensmann, H., Burrows, J. P., Buchwitz, M., Frerick, J., Noel, S. and Rozanov, V. V., SCIAMACHY: mission objectives and measurement modes. J. Atmos. Sci., 1999, 5, 127–150.
- Hamazaki, T., Kaneko, Y. and Kuze, A., Carbon dioxide monitoring from the GOSAT satellite. In Proceedings of XX ISPRS Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, 12–13 July 2004, pp. 3–5.
- Frankenberg, C. et al., The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO2): spectrometer performance evaluation using pre-launch direct sun measurements. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2015, 8, 301–313.
- Tadic, J. M. et al., A comparison of in situ aircraft measurements of carbon dioxide and methane to GOSAT data measured over railroad Valley Playa, Nevada, USA. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 2014, 52, 7764–7774.
- Green, R. O., Measuring the spectral expression of carbon dioxide in the solar reflected spectrum with AVIRIS. In Proceedings of the 11th Annual Airborne Earth Science Workshop, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA, 2001.
- Dennison, P. E. et al., High spatial resolution mapping of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide using airborne imaging spectroscopy: radiative transfer modeling and power plant plume detection. Remote Sensing Environ., 2013, 139, 116–129.
- Thorpe, A. K. et al., Airborne DOAS retrievals of methane, carbon dioxide, and water vapor concentrations at high spatial resolution: application to AVIRIS-NG. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2017, 10, 3833–3850.
- Kotchenova, S. Y., Vermote, E. F., Matarrese, R. and Klemm Jr, F. J., Validation of a vector version of the 6S radiative transfer code for atmospheric correction of satellite data. Part I: Path radiance. Appl. Opt., 2006, 45(26), 6762.
- Lenoble, J., Radiative Transfer in Scattering and Absorbing Atmospheres: Standard Computational Procedures, A. Deepak Publishing, Hampton, VA.
- Tanre, D. et al., Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (5S), User’s Guide, Laboratoire d’Optique Atmospherique, U.S.T. de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve dáscq, France, 1986.
- Vermote, E. F., Tanre, D., Deuze, J. L., Herman, M. and Morcrette, J. J., Second simulation of the satellite signal in the solar spectrum, 6S: an overview. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 1997, 35(3), 675.
- Kaufman, Y. J., Tanre, D. and Boucher, O., A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system. Nature, 2002, 419, 215–223.
- Kaufman, Y. J. et al., Relationship between surface reflectance in the visible and mid-IR used in MODIS aerosol algorithm – theory. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2002, 29(23), 31-1–31-4.
- Kaufman, Y. J. et al., The MODIS 2.1 μm channel – correlation with visible reflectance for use in remote sensing of aerosol. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1997, 35(5), 1286–1298.
- Hsu, N. C. et al., Enhanced deep-blue aerosol retrieval algorithm: the second generation. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 2013, 118, 9296– 9315; https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50712.
- Mishra, M. K., Retrieval of aerosol optical depth from INSAT-3D imager over Asian landmass and adjoining ocean: retrieval uncertainty and validation. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmosp., 2018, 123; https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028116.
- Bruegge, C. J. et al., In situ atmospheric water-vapor retrieval in support of AVIRIS validation. Proc. SPIE, 1990, 1298, 150– 163.
- Fowle F. E., The spectroscopic determination of aqueous vapour. Astrophys. J., 1912, 35, 149–162.
- Frouin, R., Deschamps, Pierre-Yves and Lecomte, P., Determination from space of atmospheric total water vapor amounts by differential absorption near 940 nm: theory and airborne verification. J. Appl. Meteorol., 1990, 29, 448–460.
- Berk, A., Bernstein, L. S. and Robertson, D. C., MODTRAN: a moderate resolution model for LOWTRAN7. GL-TR-89-0122. Air Force Geophysical Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA, 1989, p. 38.
- Gordon, H. R., Brown, J. W. and Evans, R. H., Exact Rayleigh scattering calculations for use with the Nimbus 7 coastal zone color scanner. Appl. Opt., 1988, 27, 862–871.
- Gordon, H. R., Atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery in the Earth Observing System era. J. Geophys. Res., 1997, 102, 17081–17106.
- Distribution of Coloured Dissolved and Detrital Organic Matter in Optically Complex Waters of Chilika Lagoon, Odisha, India, using Hyperspectral Data of AVIRIS-NG
Abstract Views :210 |
PDF Views:73
Authors
Arvind Sahay
1,
Anurag Gupta
1,
Gunjan Motwani
1,
Mini Raman
1,
Syed Moosa Ali
1,
Meghal Shah
2,
Shard Chander
1,
Pradipta R. Muduli
3,
R. N. Samal
3
Affiliations
1 Marine Ecosystem Division, Biological and Planetary Sciences and Applications Group, Earth, Ocean, Atmosphere, Planetary Sciences and Applications Area, Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
2 Department of Botany, University of Gujarat, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
3 Wetland Research and Training Centre, Chilika Development Authority, Department of Forest and Environment, Government of Odisha, Balugaon 752 030, IN
1 Marine Ecosystem Division, Biological and Planetary Sciences and Applications Group, Earth, Ocean, Atmosphere, Planetary Sciences and Applications Area, Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
2 Department of Botany, University of Gujarat, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
3 Wetland Research and Training Centre, Chilika Development Authority, Department of Forest and Environment, Government of Odisha, Balugaon 752 030, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 116, No 7 (2019), Pagination: 1166-1171Abstract
Coloured dissolved and detrital matter (CDM) forms a significant fraction of the total dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water bodies. It absorbs light strongly in the ultraviolet and blue domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The present study maps CDM absorption of the entire Chilika lagoon, Odisha, India (an optically complex water body) using hyperspectral data of AVIRIS-NG. This study takes advantage of hyperspectral data which use SWIR bands for the estimation of remote sensing reflectance in highly turbid waters of Chilika lagoon (northern sector, which otherwise is masked using standard atmospheric correction schemes). During 24–27 December 2015, we have collected in situ bio-optical data over waters of Chilika lagoon, for studying the distribution of CDM. AVIRIS-NG data have also been acquired synchronous to in situ measurements over the study area. CDM absorption coefficient is retrieved using quasi analytical algorithm and the distribution of CDM is discussed in detail in three different sectors of Chilika lagoon (southern, central, northern) and at the outer channel. The variability of CDM absorption at 412 nm shows that in the north sector of Chilika lagoon, CDM absorption is quite high compared to other sectors (5.5 m–1 with a standard deviation of 0.06 m–1). In the southern sector and at the outer channel it is 1.8 m–1 with a standard deviation of 0.02 m–1 and in the central sector it is 3.76 m–1 with a standard deviation of 0.22 m–1. High CDM in the northern sector is attributed to the inflow of terrestrial organic matter. The advantage of hyperspectral data is that it gives CDM absorption contiguous in the range of 375–425 nm, where the absorption by CDM is strong and away from chlorophyll-a absorption.Keywords
Dissolved Organic Matter, Hyperspectral Data, Lagoon, Optically Complex Waters.Full Text
References
- Markager, S. and Vincent, W. F., Spectral light attenuation and the absorption of UV and blue light in natural waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 2000, 45, 642–650.
- Brando, V. E. and Dekker, A. G., Satellite hyperspectral remote sensing for estimating estuarine and coastal water quality. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 2003, 41, 1378–1387.
- Menon, H. B., Sangekar, N. P., Lotliker, A. A. and Vethamony, P., Dynamics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Mandovi and Zuari estuaries – a study through in situ and satellite data. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sensing, 2011, 66, 545–552.
- Watanabe, F., Mishra, D. R., Astuti, I., Rodrigues, T., Alcântara, E., Imai, N. N. and Barbosa, C., Parameterization and calibration of a quasi-analytical algorithm for tropical eutrophic waters. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sensing, 2016, 121, 28–47.
- Siegel, D. A., Maritorena, S., Nelson, N. B., Hansell, D. A. and Lorenzi-Kayser, M., Global distribution and dynamics of coloured dissolved and detrital organic materials. J. Geophys. Res., 2002, 107(C12), 3228; doi:10.1029/2001JC000965.
- Sarma, N. S. et al., Spectral modelling of estuarine coloured dissolved organic matter. Curr. Sci., 2018, 114(8), 1762–1767.
- Barnes, R. S. K., Coastal lagoons. In Cambridge Studies in Modern Biology 1, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1980, p. 106.
- Sikora, W. B. and Kjerfve, B., Factors influencing the salinity of lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana a shallow coastal lagoon: analysis of a long term data set. Estuaries, 1985, 8(2A), 170–180.
- Russi, D. et al., The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Water and Wetlands, IEEP, London and Brussels, 2013, p. 78.
- Gupta, G. V. M. et al., Influence of net ecosystem metabolism in transferring riverine organic carbon to atmospheric CO2 in a tropical coastal lagoon (Chilika Lake, India). Biogeochemistry, 2008; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-008-9183-x.
- Patnaik, S. S., Estimation of sediment flow into the Chilika lake. In Abst. Vol., Workshop on Sustainable Development of Chilika Lake, Bhubaneswar, 12–14 December 1998, pp. 31–32.
- Chandramohan, P. and Nayak, B. U., A study for the improvement of the Chillka Lake tidal inlet, East Coast of India. J. Coast. Res., 1994, 10, 909–918.
- Muduli, P. R. et al., Spatio-temporal variation of CO2 emission from Chilika Lake, a tropical coastal lagoon, on the east coast of India. Estuarine Coast. Shelf Sci., 2012, 113, 305–313.
- Muduli, P. R. et al., Distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon and net ecosystem production in a tropical brackish water lagoon, India. Cont. Shelf Res., 2013, 64, 75–87.
- Muduli, P. R., Barik, S. K., Mohapatra, D., Samal, R. N. and Rastogi, G., The impact of tropical cyclone ‘Phailin’ on the hydrology of Chilika Lagoon, India. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Nat. Resour., 2017, 4(2), 555632; http://dx.doi.org/10.19080/IJESNR.2017.0.
- Barik, S. K. et al., Spatio-temporal variability and the impact of Phailin on water quality of Chilika lagoon. Cont. Shelf Res., 2017, 136, 39–56.
- Mueller, J. L., Fargion, G. S. and McClain, C. R., Ocean optics protocols for satellite ocean colour sensor validation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, USA, 2002, Revision 4, vol. IV, NASA/TM-2003.
- Lee, Z., Carder, K. L. and Arnone, R. A., Deriving inherent optical properties from water colour: a multiband quasi-analytical algorithm for optically deep waters. Appl. Opt., 2002, 41, 5755– 5772.
- Kanuri, V. V. et al., Plankton metabolic processes and its significance on dissolved organic carbon pool in a tropical brackish water lagoon. Cont. Shelf Res., 2013, 61, 52–61.
- Kanuri, V. V., Muduli, P. R., Robin, R. S., Patra, S., Gupta, G. V. M. and Rao, G. N., Bioavailable dissolved organic matter and its spatio-temporal variation in a river dominated tropical brackish water Lagoon, India. Marine Pollut. Bull., 2018, 131, 460– 467.
- Keith, D. J., Lunetta, R. S. and Schaeffer, B. A., Optical models for remote sensing of coloured dissolved organic matter absorption and salinity in new England, Middle Atlantic and Gulf Coast Estuaries USA. Remote Sensing, 2016, 8(4), 283.
- D’Sa, E. J., Naik, P. and Swenson, E. M., Optical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter along a transect in the Barataria Bay, Louisiana. In OCEANS, IEEE, 2008, pp. 1–4.
- Calibrated Phasor Measurement Unit as a Reliable Metrological Tool for National Power Grid Operation in India
Abstract Views :263 |
PDF Views:92
Authors
Affiliations
1 Indian Standard Time Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110 012, IN
1 Indian Standard Time Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110 012, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 121, No 2 (2021), Pagination: 248-254Abstract
At the national power grid in India, stability is one of the most important factors due to disturbances caused by distributed load and time-variant sources. Presently, for monitoring the transmission efficiency and performance of power grids, phasor measurement units (PMUs) are being installed at various locations in the country. Time synchronization, using Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), makes PMU an important and reliable data acquisition equipment across the grids. To ensure reliability and accuracy of the acquired data, PMUs must be calibrated. However, recent development of automated PMU calibrator system by NIST and M/s Fluke, USA has revolutionized the calibration process by enhancing the accuracy and consistency of PMU measurements. The CSIR-NPL PMU system is fully operational to calibrate PMUs according to the IEEE synchrophasor standards. The time consumed to perform the PMU calibration is comparatively much less than the conventional method. A traceable PMU calibrator system has great potential in calibrating PMUs used to monitor, control and protect the power grid.Keywords
Calibration, National Power Grid, Phasor Measurement Unit, Synchrophasor, Time Synchronization, Uncertainty.Full Text
References
- North American Synchrophasor Initiative; http://www.naspi.org
- Zhang, P., Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Implementation and Applications, EPRI Report No. 1015511, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, 31 October 2007, p. 2–17; http://www.naspi.org/repository/project_details.aspx?pid=116
- NERC, NERC Real-Time Application of Synchrophasors for Improving Reliability, North American Electric Reliability Council, Princeton, New Jersey, 19 October 2010, p. 77.
- Staffs of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and North American Electric Reliability Corporation; Arizona – Southern California Outages on September 8, 2011, Causes and Recommendations, 27 April 2012.
- IEEE Standards Association, Power and Energy Society, Power Systems Relaying Committee, IEEE C37.118.1, Standard for Synchrophasor Measurements for Power Systems.
- IEEE Standards Association, Power and Energy Society, Power Systems Relaying Committee, IEEE C37.242, Guide for Synchronization, Calibration, Testing, and Installation of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) for Power System Protection and Control.
- IEEE Standard for Synchrophasors for Power Systems. IEEE C37.118-2005.
- IEEE Standard for Synchrophasors Measurement for Power Systems. IEEE C37.118.1-2011.
- IEEE Standard for Synchrophasors Measurement for Power Systems, Amendment 1: Modification of Selected Performance Requirements, IEEE C37.118.1a-2014.
- IEEE Guide for Synchronization, Calibration, Testing, and Installation of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for Power Systems Protection and Control, IEEE C37.242-2013.
- Pirret, R., New standards for test and calibration of phasor measurement units. In NCSL International Workshop and Symposium, Sacramento, California, USA, 2012, pp. 1–12.
- Fernandez, J. O., The Virginia Tech Calibration System, 2011, pp. 1–30.
- Narendra, K. et al., Calibration and testing of TESLA phasor measurement unit (PMU) using DOBLE F6150 test instrument, Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control-VII. Revitalizing Operational Reliability. In iREP Symposium, Charleston, SC, USA, 2007, pp. 1–13.
- Lin, Z. Z. et al., Dynamic performance test of single-phase phasor measurement units. In Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Michigan, USA, 2011, pp. 1–3.
- Komarnicki, P. et al., Practical experience with PMU system testing and calibration requirements. In Power and Energy Society General Meeting – Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, IEEE, 2008, pp. 1–5.
- Fluke 6135A/PMU Calibration System Operators Manual; http://us.flukecal.com/products/electrical-calibration/electrical-calibrators/6135-apmucal-phasor- measurement-unit-calibration
- Tang, Y. and Stenbakken, G. N., Traceability of calibration for phasor measurement unit. In Power and Energy Society General Meeting, San Diego, California, USA, 2012, pp. 1–5.