Informatics Publishing Limited

Dibyajyoti Saha ¹, Ankit Tamrakar ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Pharmacy, Chouksey Engineering College, Lal Khadan, Masturi Road, Bilaspur-495004, C.G., IN

Abstract

Protein mass spectrometry refers to the application of mass spectrometry to study the proteins and nowadays it is introduced in proteomies science as well as pharmaceutical biotechnology. Mass spectrometry is an important emerging method for ionization of whole proteins are electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). In keeping with the performance and mass range of available mass spectrometers, two approaches are used for characterizing proteins. In the first, intact proteins are ionized by either of the two techniques described above, and then introduced to a mass analyzer. This approach is referred to as "top-down" strategy of protein analysis. In the second, proteins are enzymatically digested into smaller peptides using a protease such as trypsin. Subsequently these peptides are introduced into the mass spectrometer and identified by peptide mass fingerprinting or tandem mass spectrometry. Hence this latter approach (also called "bottom up" proteomies) uses identification at the peptide level to infere the existence of proteins.

Keywords

Mass Spectrometry, Proteins, Peptides, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Quantization.

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Dibyajyoti Saha ¹, Ankit Tamrakar ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Pharmacy, Chouksey Engineering College, Lal Khadan, Masturi Road, Bilaspur-495004, C.G, IN

Abstract

A xenobiotic is a compound that is foreign to the body. Xenobiotics can produce a variety of biological effects, including pharmacologic responses, toxicity, genes, immunologic reactions and cancer. Oxidative stress is a leading cause to damage cells by oxidation. The rate at which oxidative damage is induced (input) and the rate at which it is efficiently repaired and removed (output). A free radical is an atom or molecule that has one or more unpaired electron(s). These are highly reactive species capable of wide spread, indiscriminate oxidation and peroxidation of proteins, lipids and DNA which can lead to significant cellular damage and even tissue and/or organ failure. Antioxidants are molecules that slow or prevent the oxidation other chemicals. Oxidation reactions can involve the production of free radicals which can form dangerous chain reactions. Antioxidants can terminate these chain reactions by removing radical intermediates and can inhibit other oxidation reactions by being oxidized themselves. Antioxidants are often reducing agents such as thiols or phenols. Therefore, we need antioxidants to ensure our defence mechanism for neutralizing harmful radicals.

Keywords

Xenobiotics, Oxidative Stress, Free Radicals, Antioxidants, Polyphenolic Compounds.

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Dibyajyoti Saha ¹, Ankit Tamrakar ¹, Mayukh Jana ², Supradip Mandal ²

Affiliations
1 School of Pharmacy, Chouksey Engineering College, Lal Khadan, Masturi Road, Bilaspur-495004, C.G., IN
2 Bharat Technology, Banitabla, Uluberia, Howrah-711316, IN

Abstract

Protection against sun-induced damage leading to photo carcinogenesis in skin is a highly desirable goal. Epidemiological and experimental studies provide evidence that some naturally occurring chemical agents in the human diet can diminish cancer risk. Extensive documentation has validated the role of UV irradiation as a tumor initiator and promoter, inducing both squamous and basal cell carcinomas. Development of skin cancer has been frequently observed in patients with XP. This disease is characterized by deleterious mutations in the genes involved in the DNA damage repair system, with a marked reduction in the ability of its cells to repair potentially carcinogenic mutations mainly those caused by UV, thus making these patients highly photosensitive and predisposed to skin cancer. The article highlights important factors, types of skin cancer with its mechanisms and prevention strategy.

Keywords

Skin Cancer, Carcinoma, Melanoma, Papilloma Virus, Tumor.

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