Informatics Publishing Limited

Alexey Cherepovitsyn ¹, Arild Moe ², Natalya Smirnova ¹

Affiliations
1 Saint-Petersburg Mining University (Mining university), Russia
2 The Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI), NO

Abstract

Objectives: The article considers some legal and regulatory aspects and investigates the main features of the development of transboundary offshore oil and gas deposits. Methods/Statistical Analysis: To study the transboundary cooperation, the authors applied statistical techniques, methods of strategic and comparative analysis, as well as a systematic approach. The research papers of Russian and foreign authors, laws and regulations, international treaties and agreements, reports of oil and gas companies formed theoretical and methodological basis of the paper. Findings: The study of legal and economic features of the development and operation of transboundary hydrocarbon offshore fields enabled the authors to reveal certain specific features, challenges and difficulties in implementing unitization principles. The authors carried out a historical analysis of such concepts as a transboundary deposit, unitization, unitization agreement and explored various issues of unitization in the development of transboundary deposits. The article presents a review of Norwegian and Russian experience concerning the conclusion of unitization agreements and delimitation agreements (demarcation of boundaries). The authors conducted a detailed study of the cooperation of Norway and the United Kingdom regarding the Frig field development. The article analyzes the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Norway on Maritime Delimitation and Cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean, as well as the Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan on the delimitation of the northern part of the Caspian Sea and on joint development of transboundary Imashevskoye deposit. Improvements: Conducted research proved the possibility to use international practices in the development of transboundary hydrocarbon deposits, taking into account the possibilities and challenges of the Russian and Norwegian legislation; the article proposes the mechanism of transboundary cooperation in the development of hydrocarbon fields in the Arctic.

Keywords

Delimitation, Government Regulation, International Practices, International Treaty, Norway, Oil and Gas, Russia, Transboundary Deposits, Unitization.

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Elena Vyboldina ¹, Alexey Cherepovitsyn ², Sergey Fedoseev ², Pavel Tsvetkov ²

Affiliations
1 St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
2 National Mineral Resources University (University of Mines), Saint Petersburg, Russia

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This article is devoted to the analysis of the World Trade Organization export restriction rules in the field on Metals World Markets. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The study is based on the results of the legal analysis of the World Trade Organization rules in the field of export restrictions the change of which is complicated by many factors in current political and macroeconomic situation. The economic analysis of the export restrictions influence on the world economies was performed based on the governmental statistical data. Moreover, this analysis revealed the effect exerted by these restrictions on producers and consumers of the metal. Findings: There is an increasing trend in international trade to regulate export and import flows by implementing export restrictions. This tendency affects significantly trade in metals. Several factors - unequal geographic distribution and indispensability of certain metals in production processes - make significant effect from restrictive export policies in metals sector. Despite many attempts World Trade Organization members did not agree yet to negotiate their rules in the field of restrictions policy within multilateral rounds. This policy gives an advantage to downstream consumers that are using the metal in question. To the contrary, it undermines conditions of local raw materials producers. For the world market it will clearly mean losses for metals consumers which will be slightly offset by trade gain of raw materials producers. These results were obtained by comparing the theoretical research and practical experience of countries and they add value to the existing methods of restrictions implementation evaluation. Applications/Improvements: The authors provide several suggestions for importing countries that can effectively offset negative effects from export restrictive policies on their economies

Keywords

Export, Impact, Metals, Restrictions, World Markets

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