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Patil, Akshay
- Assessing the Energy Efficiency Practices in Cities Across the World
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1 Department of Architecture and Planning, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440 010, IN
1 Department of Architecture and Planning, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440 010, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 121, No 3 (2021), Pagination: 372-383Abstract
Urban areas consume nearly two-thirds of the global energy and are responsible for 70% of overall green-house gas emissions. This energy can be broadly clas-sified into three categories, i.e. embodied, operational and transport. Energy-efficient urban planning is an attempt to reduce the use of non-renewable energy sources, without sacrificing the quality of service. The strategies formulated for addressing energy efficiency will be targeting one or more of the energy types men-tioned above. The present study evaluates the energy efficiency strategies adopted by cities across the world which are cited as best practices by the International Energy Agency. One of the key observations from this study is that most strategies address operational energy, while few address transport energy. For the purpose of assessing the impacts of these strategies, technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution analysis was carried out which revealed an overall poor performance score for the case cities, with highest score for Stockholm and lowest for Austin. It is also evident from the study that there is a lack of detailed energy assessment of cities prior to formulation of energy efficiency strategies. This study demonstrates a framework that can be adopted for assessing urban energy efficiency strategies, and helps to identify the issues pertaining to current practices.Keywords
Best Practices, Embodied, Energy-Efficient Urban Planning, Greenhouse Gases, Operational And Transport Energy.References
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- Insulin Therapies:Current and Future Trends
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Authors
Affiliations
1 MET’S Institute of Pharmacy, Bhujbal Knowledge City, Adgaon, Nashik-422003, Savitribai Phule Pune University, IN
1 MET’S Institute of Pharmacy, Bhujbal Knowledge City, Adgaon, Nashik-422003, Savitribai Phule Pune University, IN
Source
Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 7, No 4 (2017), Pagination: 189-196Abstract
Many patients with advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and all patients with T1DM require insulin to keep blood glucose levels in the target range. The most common route of insulin administration is subcutaneous insulin injections. There are many ways to deliver insulin subcutaneously such as vials and syringes, insulin pens, and insulin pumps. Though subcutaneous insulin delivery is the standard route of insulin administration, it is associated with injection pain, needle phobia, lipodystrophy, noncompliance and peripheral hyperinsulinemia. Therefore, the need exists for delivering insulin in a minimally invasive or noninvasive and in most physiological way. Inhaled insulin was the first approved noninvasive and alternative way to deliver insulin, but it has been withdrawn from the market. Technologies are being explored to make the noninvasive delivery of insulin possible. Some of the routes of insulin administration that are under investigation are oral, buccal, nasal, peritoneal and transdermal. This review article focuses on the various insulin delivery techniques. This article has focused on different possible routes of insulin administration with its advantages and limitation and possible scope for the new drug development.Keywords
Diabetes Mellitus, Inhaled Insulin, Insulin Delivery, Oral Insulin, Technology, Closed-Loop System, Artificial Pancreas.References
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