Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Matin, Abdul
- An Occurrence of Spodumene in the Sandur Schist Belt, Karnataka
Abstract Views :195 |
PDF Views:146
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Ashutosh College, Calcutta 700 026, IN
2 Department of Geology, Presidency College, Calcutta 700 073, IN
3 Department of Applied Geology, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826 004, IN
1 Department of Geology, Ashutosh College, Calcutta 700 026, IN
2 Department of Geology, Presidency College, Calcutta 700 073, IN
3 Department of Applied Geology, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826 004, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 32, No 1 (1988), Pagination: 68-70Abstract
Spodumence is recorded from the northern part of the Sandur Schist Belt, near T. B. Dam, Hospel The mineral occurs in a quartz-spodumene vein near the contact of the supracrustal rocks with the granitic gneisses.Full Text
- Structural Geometry of the Rocks of the Southern Part of the Nallamalai Fold Belt, Cuddapah Basin, Andhra Pradesh
Abstract Views :183 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Abdul Matin
1,
Jaydip Guha
2
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Asutosh College, Calcutta-700026, IN
2 Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta-700019, IN
1 Department of Geology, Asutosh College, Calcutta-700026, IN
2 Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta-700019, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 47, No 5 (1996), Pagination: 535-545Abstract
A sequence of quartzite, banded phyllite and slate in the southern part of the Nallamalai fold belt shows a series of macroscopic gently plunging folds (DI) with NW-SE striking axial plane and a pervasively developed axial planar slaty cleavage. A weak later deformation has produced sporadic gentle folds (D2) with axial planes at high angle to the D1 fold axial planes.
The rocks along the eastern contact of the belt are mylonitized and the intensity of deformation gradually dies away towards west. A zone of tectonic dislocation is envisaged between the basement granite gneiss towards the east and the supracrustal Nallamalai rocks.
Keywords
Structural Geometry, Nallamalai Fold Belt, Mylonite, Cuddapah Basin, Andhra Pradesh.
- Overburden-Induced Flattening Structure in the Himalaya: Mechanism and Implication
Abstract Views :254 |
PDF Views:86
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700 019, IN
2 Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, IN
1 Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700 019, IN
2 Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 109, No 10 (2015), Pagination: 1814-1821Abstract
Small-scale structures in fold-thrust belt are mainly formed in response to the emplacement of thrust sheets. However, some small-scale structures may not be developed directly in response to the emplacement of thrust sheets, but might be genetically tied with the orogenic process. Metre- to centimetre-scale late-stage folds on foliation in phyllite with near-recumbent fold geometry are selectively developed with a specific spatial distribution, particularly in places where the foliation is steeply dipping, in the Ramgarh thrust sheet in the Darjiling-Sikkim Himalaya. The recumbent-fold structures appear to have been formed in response to overburden-induced vertical compressive deformation on steep dipping foliation, especially in the subvertical southern limb of the antiformal structure of the Lesser Himalayan Duplex in the Darjiling-Sikkim Himalaya. The role of gravity and overburden in the formation of these structures from worldwide orogenic belts may be considered to validate their genesis.Keywords
Orogeny, Overburden-Induced Flattening, Recumbent Fold, Thrust Sheet.Full Text
References
- Mitra, G., Hull, J. M., Yonkee, W. A. and Protzman, G. M., Comparison of mesoscopic and microscopic deformational styles in the Idaho–Wyoming thrust belt and the Rocky Mountain foreland. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 1988, 71, 119–142.
- Platt, T. P. and Lister, G. S., Structural history of high-pressure metamorphic rocks in the southern Vanoise massif, French Alps, and their relation to alpine tectonic events. J. Struct. Geol., 1985, 7, 19–35.
- Artyushkov, E. V. and Baer, M. A., Mechanism of continental crust subsidence in fold belts. The Urals, Appalachians and candinavian Caledonides. Tectonophysics, 1983, 100, 5–42.
- Mitra, G. and Yonkee, W. A., Relationship of spaced cleavage to folds and thrusts in the Idaho–Utah–Wyoming thrust belt. J. Struct. Geol., 1985, 7, 361–373.
- Schwan, W., In Shortening Structures in Eastern and Northwestern Himalayan Rocks (ed. Saklani, P. S.), Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, 1980, p. 62.
- Srivastava, P. and Mitra, G., Thrust geometries and deep structure of the outer and Lesser Himalaya, Kumoan and Garhwal (India): implications for evolution of the Himalayan fold and thrust belt. Tectonics, 1994, 13, 89–109.
- DeCelles, P. G., Robinson, D. M., Quade, J., Ojha, T. P., Garzione, C. N., Copeland, P. and Upreti, B. N., Stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan fold–thrust belt in western Nepal. Tectonics, 2001, 20, 487–509.
- Matin, A. and Mukul, M., Phases of deformation from crosscutting structural relationships in external thrust sheets: insights from small-scale structures in the Ramgarh thrust sheet, Darjiling Himalaya, West Bengal. Curr. Sci., 2010, 99, 1369–1377.
- Mitra, G. and Bhattacharyya, K., The use of cleavage-bedding relations and mesoscopic structures in interpreting complex duplex geometries in fold–thrust belts. Examples from the Rangit Duplex, Sikkim Himalaya. J. Himalayan Geol., 2011, 32, 25–42.
- Sepehr, M., Cosgrove, J. and Moien, M., The impact of cover rock rheology on the style of folding in the Zagros fold–thrust belt. Tectonophysics, 2006, 427, 265–281.
- Rubinkiewicz, J., Fold–thrust belt geometry and detailed structural evolution of the Silesian nappe–eastern part of the Polish Outer Carpathians (Bieszczady Mts.). Acta Geol. Pol., 2007, 57, 479– 508.
- Bucher, W. H., Role of gravity in orogenesis. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 1956, 67, 1295–1318.
- Gansser, A., Geology of the Himalayas, Interscience Publ., London, 1964, p. 269.
- Yin, A., Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation. Earth Sci. Rev., 2006, 76, 1–131.
- Bhattacharyya, K. and Mitra, G., A new kinematic evolutionary model for the growth of a duplex – an example from the Rangit duplex, Sikkim Himalaya, India. Gond. Res., 2009, 16, 697–715.
- Schelling, D. and Arita, K., Thrust tectonics, crustal shortening, and the structure of the far-eastern Nepal Himalaya. Tectonics, 1991, 10, 851–862.
- Valdiya, K. S., Geology of Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun, 1980.
- Ray, S. K., Bandyopadhyay, B. K. and Razdan, R. K., Tectonics of a part of the Shumar allochthon in eastern Bhutan. Tectonophysics, 1989, 169, 51–58.
- DeCelles, P., Gehrels, G., Quade, J., Ojha, T., Kapp, P. and Upreti, B., Neogene foreland basin deposits, erosional unroofing, and the kinematic history of the Himalayan fold–thrust belt, western Nepal. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 1998, 110, 2–21.
- DeCelles, P. G., Robinson, D. M. and Zandt, G., Implications of shortening in the Himalayan fold–thrust belt for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics, 2002, 21, 1211–1225.
- Pearson, O. N. and DeCelles, P. G., Structural geology and regional tectonic significance of the Ramgarh thrust, Himalayan fold–thrust belt of Nepal. Tectonics, 24, TC4008; doi: 4010.1029/2003TC001617.
- McQuarrie, N., Robinson, D., Long, S., Tobgay, T., Grujic, D., Gehrels, G. and Ducea, M., Preliminary stratigraphic and structural architecture of Bhutan: Implications for the along strike architecture of the Himalayan system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2008, 272, 105–117.
- Long, S., McQuarrie, N., Tobgay, T., Rose, C., Gehrels, G. and Grujic, D., Tectonostratigraphy of the Lesser Himalaya of Bhutan: implications for the along-strike stratigraphic continuity of the northern Indian margin. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 2011, 123, 1406–1426.
- Sinha Roy, S., Tectonic evolution of the Darjeeling Himalayas. Q. J. Geol. Min. Metall. Soc. India, 1967, 48, 167–178.
- Sinha-Roy, S., Himalayan Main Central Thrust and its implications for Himalayan inverted metamorphism. Tectonophysics, 1982, 84(2), 197–224.
- Acharyya, S., The Cenozoic foreland basin and tectonics of the eastern sub-Himalaya: problems and prospects. Himalayan Geol., 1994, 15, 3–21.
- Mukul, M., The geometry and kinematics of the Main Boundary Thrust and related neotectonics in the Darjiling Himalayan foldandthrust belt, West Bengal, India. J. Struct. Geol., 2000, 22, 1261–1283.
- Basak, K. and Mukul, M., Deformation mechanisms in the South Kalijhora Thrust and thrust sheet in the Darjiling Himalayan foldandthrust belt, West Bengal, India. Indian J. Geol., 2000, 72(2), 143–152.
- Mitra, G., Bhattacharyya, K. and Mukul, M., The Lesser Himalayan Duplex in Sikkim: implications for variations in Himalayan shortening. J. Geol. Soc. India, 2010, 75, 289–301.
- Ghosh, A., Recent advances in the geology and structure of Eastern Himalaya. In Proceeding Indian Science Congress, Agra, 1956, pp. 85–99.
- Raina, V., The Rangit tectonic window, Stratigraphy, structure and tectonic interpretation and its bearing on the regional stratigraphy. Proceeding Himalayan Geology Seminar, New Delhi, 1976, pp. 36–43.
- Gangopadhyay, P. and Ray, S., Tectonic framework of the Rangit window around Namchi, South Sikkim. Himalayan Geol., 1980, 10, 338–353.
- Roy, K. K., Some problems on stratigraphy and tectonics of Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas. Geol. Surv. India, Misc. Publ., 1976, 24(2), 279–304.
- Rutter, E. H. and Elliott, D., The kinetics of rock deformation by pressure solution. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 1976, 283(1312), 203–219.
- Mehdi, M., Kumar, S. and Pant, N. C., Low grade metamorphism in the Lalsot–Bayana sub-basin of the North Delhi Fold Belt and its tectonic implication. J. Geol. Soc. India, 2015, 85(4), 397–410.
- Krandiotis, P. and MacLean, W. H., Systematics of chlorite alteration at the Phelps Dodge massive sulfide deposit. Matagami, Quebec. Econ. Geol., 1987, 82, 1898–1911.
- Artyushkov, E. V., Stresses in the lithosphere caused by crustal thickness inhomogeneities. J. Geophys. Res., 1973, 78(32), 7675– 7708.
- Froitzheim, N., Formation of recumbent folds during synorogenic crustal extension (Austroalpine nappes, Switzerland). Geology, 1992, 20(10), 923–926.
- Banerjee, S., Matin, A. and Mukul, M., Overburden induced flattening deformation in Ramgarh Thrust – insight from Sikkim Himalaya. In Proceeding Indian Science Congress, Kolkata, 2013, p. 62.
- Jones, C. H., Unruh, J. R. and Sonder, L. J., The role of gravitational potential energy in active deformation in the southwestern United States. Nature, 1996, 381, 37–41.
- Petrini, K. and Podladchikov, Y., Lithospheric pressure-depth relationship in compressive regions of thickned crust. J. Metamorph. Geol., 2000, 18(1), 67–78.
- Flesch, L. M., Holt, W. E., Haines, A. J. and Shen-Tu, B., Dynamics of the Pacific–North American plate boundary in the Western United States. Science, 2000, 287, 834–836.
- Avigad, D., Ziv, A. and Garfunkel, Z., Ductile and brittle shortening, extension‐parallel folds and maintenance of crustal thickness in the central Aegean (Cyclades, Greece). Tectonics, 2001, 20(2), 277–287.
- Rey, P., Vanderhaeghe, O. and Teyssier, C., Gravitational collapse of the continental crust: definition, regimes and modes. Tectonophysics, 2001, 342, 435–449.
- Maxelon, M. and Mancktelow, N. S., Three-dimensional geometry and tectonostratigraphy of the Pennine zone, Central Alps, Switzerland and Northern Italy. Earth Sci. Rev., 2005, 71, 171–227.
- Malavieille, J., Kinematics of compressional and extensional ductile shearing deformation in a metamorphic core complex of the northeastern Basin and Range. J. Struct. Geol., 1987, 9(5), 541– 554.
- Ray, S. K., Significance of forelimb folds in the Shumar allochthon, Lesser Himalaya, eastern Bhutan. J. Struct. Geol., 1991, 13(4), 411–418.
- Haxby, W. F. and Turcotte, D. L., Stresses induced by the addition or removal of overburden and associated thermal effects. Geology, 1976, 4(3), 181–184.
- Fertl, W. H., Abnormal Formation Pressures: Developments in Petroleum Science, Elsevier, New York, 1976, vol. 2, p. 382.
- Zhao, J., Labiouse, V., Dudt, J. P. and Mathier, J. F., Rock Mechanics in Civil and Environmental Engineering, CRC Press, 2010, p. 884.
- Ramberg, H., The role of gravity in orogenic belts. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 1981, 9, 125–140.
- Tectonics and Stratigraphy of the Gurgunta Schist Belt of the Dharwar Craton, South India
Abstract Views :197 |
PDF Views:2
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Asutosh College, Kolkata - 700 026, IN
1 Department of Geology, Asutosh College, Kolkata - 700 026, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 66, No 3 (2005), Pagination: 303-317Abstract
The early Archaean oval-Shaped, high-Grade Gurgunta schist belt in the northern part of the eastern Dharwar craton of south India constitutes a part of the intensely deformed magmatized basement of the low-Grade volcano-Sedimentary sequence of the Dharwar craton. The Gurgunta schist belt consists of two blocks of a migmatised volcano-Sedimentary sequence separated by an E-W trending shear zone. Contrary to the earlier interpretations, the regional structure of the belt is not a dome.
The earliest episode of deformation (D1) has produced pervasive planar fabric in metavolcanics and in granitoid rocks after migmatisation of volcano-Sedimentary rocks in its early history D2 has produced major and minor isoclinal folds along with axial planar pervasive gneissic banding while the D3 has produced major and minor tight to isoclinal folds on foliation. The map pattern is controlled by D3 deformation D4 and D5 are of mild intensity and less prominent on a regional scale in comparison to earlier deformations.
The grade of metamorphism, migmatisation, the structural history and the presence of E-W trending shear zone suggest that the belt is probably older than the low-Grade supracrustal belts in the adjoining areas.
Keywords
Archaean, Gurgunta Schist Belt, Shear Zone, Supracrustals, Dharwar Craton, South India.- Seismotectonic Implications of Strike-Slip Earthquakes in the Darjiling-Sikkim Himalaya
Abstract Views :296 |
PDF Views:93
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, IN
2 CSIR-4PI, Formerly CSIR-CMMACS, Wind Tunnel Road, Bangalore 560 037, IN
3 Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, IN
1 Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, IN
2 CSIR-4PI, Formerly CSIR-CMMACS, Wind Tunnel Road, Bangalore 560 037, IN
3 Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 106, No 2 (2014), Pagination: 198-210Abstract
The Darjiling-Sikkim Himalaya (DSH) is located over the Dharan-Gorubathan salient-recess pair and moderate thrust and strike-slip earthquake occur here. The hypocentres cluster not only near the location of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) or the basal decollement of the Himalayan wedge, but also well above and below it. The epicentres cluster over the mapped location of the Lesser Himalayan Duplex (LHD), suggesting that both MHT and LHD are active structures in DSH. The earthquakes below MHT can be related to transverse strike-slip faulting in DSH associated with salient-recess transition on both flanks of the Dharan salient. The 18 September 2011 (Mw 6.9) strike-slip event suggests that the western flank of the Dharan salient is also likely to contain an active transverse strike-slip fault like the Gish Transverse Fault (GTF) on its eastern flank. High-precision Global Positioning System measurements (1997-2006) indicate that a maximum of ∼4 mm/year convergence is being accommodated in the Tista Half-Window or LHD west of the surface trace of GTF and DSH is locked south of 27°N both east and west of GTF about 10 km north of the Himalayan mountain front. About 3-4 mm/year sinistral strike-slip is postulated on GTF north of 27°N. Dislocation based forward modelling using two thrust dislocations with oblique slip and a sinistral strike-slip dislocation generated velocities that were closest to the measured back-slip velocity field in DSH.Keywords
Darjiling–Sikkim Himalaya, Dislocation Modelling, Global Positioning System, Gish Transverse Fault, Recess, Salient, Seismicity.Full Text
- Sedimentary Facies and Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures in the Late Miocene-Pliocene Middle Siwalik Subgroup, Eastern Himalaya, Darjiling District, India
Abstract Views :223 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Asutosh College, 92, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata-700 026, IN
2 Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunj Circular Road, Kolkata-700 029, IN
3 Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai - 400 076, IN
4 Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, ZA
1 Department of Geology, Asutosh College, 92, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata-700 026, IN
2 Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunj Circular Road, Kolkata-700 029, IN
3 Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai - 400 076, IN
4 Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, ZA
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 78, No 4 (2011), Pagination: 321-336Abstract
The Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt has propagated from its Tibetan hinterland to the southern foreland since ∼55 Ma. The Siwalik sediments (∼20 - 2 Ma) were deposited in the frontal Himalayan foreland basin and subsequently became part of the thrust belt since ∼12 Ma. Restoration of the deformed section of the Middle Siwalik sequence reveals that the sequence is ∼325 m thick. Sedimentary facies analysis of the Middle Siwalik rocks points to the deposition of the Middle Siwalik sediments in an alluvial fan setup that was affected by uplift and foreland-ward propagation of Greater and Lesser Himalayan thrusts. Soft-sediment deformation structures preserved in the Middle Siwalik sequence in the Darjiling Himalaya are interpreted to have formed by sediment liquefaction resulting from increased pore-water pressure probably due to strong seismic shaking. Soft-sediment structures such as convolute lamination, flame structures, and various kinds of deformed cross-stratification are thus recognized as palaeoseismic in origin. This is the first report of seismites from the Siwalik succession of Darjiling Himalaya which indicates just like other sectors of Siwalik foreland basin and the present-day Gangetic foreland basin that the Siwalik sediments of this sector responded to seismicity.Keywords
Soft-Sediment Deformation, Seismite, Siwalik, Neogene, Foreland Basin, Siwalik Sedimentary Facies.References
- ACHARYYA, S.K. (1973) Late Palaeozoic glaciation vs. volcanic activity along the Himalayan Chain with special reference to the Eastern Himalayas. Himalayan Geol., v.3, pp.209-230.
- ALLEN, J.R.L. (1977) The possible mechanics of convolute lamination in graded beds. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, v.134, pp.19-31.
- ALLEN, J.R.L. (1982) Sedimentary Structures - Their Character and Physical Basis, v.2, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 663p.
- ALLEN, J.R.L. (1985) Principles of Physical Sedimentology, Allen & Unwin, London, 272p.
- ALLEN, J.R.L. (1986) Earthquake magnitude-frequency, epicentral distance, and soft-sediment deformation in sedimentary basins. Sedimentary Geol., v.46, pp.67-75.
- ALLEN, J.R.L. and BANKS, N.L. (1972) An interpretation and analysis of recumbent folded deformed cross-bedding. Sedimentology, v.19, pp.257-283.
- ANAND, A. and JAIN, A.K. (1987) Earthquakes and deformational structures (seismites) in Holocene sediments from the Himalayan-Andaman Arc, India. Tectonophysics, v.133, pp.105-120.
- ANKETELL, J.M., CEGIA, J. and DZULYNSKI, S. (1970) On the deformational structures in systems with reversed density gradients. Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego (Yearbook of the Polish Geological Society / Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae), v.40, pp.3-30.
- BANERJI, I. and BANERJI, S. (1982) A coalescing alluvial fan model of the Siwalik sedimentation - a case study in the eastern Himalaya. Geol. Surv. India Misc. Publ., v.41, pp.1-12.
- BASAK, K. and MUKUL, M. (2000) Deformation mechanisms in the South Kalijhora Thrust and thrust sheet in the Darjeeling Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt, West Bengal, India. Indian Jour. Geol., v.72(2), pp.143-152.
- BHATTACHARYA, H.N. and BANDYOPADHAY, S. (1998) Seismites in a Proterozoic tidal succession, Singhbhum, Bihar, India. Sedimentary Geol., v.119, pp.239-252.
- BHATTACHARYA, H.N. and BHATTACHARYA, B. (2005) Storm Event Beds in a Paleoproterozoic Rift Basin, Aravalli Supergroup, Rajasthan, India. Gondwana Res., v.8(2), pp.231-239.
- BLAIR, T.C. and MCPHERSON, J.G. (1994) Alluvial fans - processes and forms. In: A.D. Abrahams and A.J. Parsons (Eds.), Geomorphology of Desert Environments. Chapman & Hall, London, pp.354-402.
- BOGGS, S. Jr. (2005) Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy. 4th ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 688p.
- BOWMAN, D., KORJENKOV, A. and PORAT, N. (2004) Late-Pleistocene seismites from Lake Issyk-Kul, the Tienshan range, Kyrghyzstan. Sedimentary Geol., v.163, pp.211-228.
- BRENCHLEY, P.J. and NEWALL, G. (1977) The significance of contorted bedding in upper Ordovician sediments of the Oslo region, Norway. Jour. Sedimentary Petrol., v.44, pp.819-833.
- BRODZIKOWSKI, K. and VAN LOON, A.J. (1991) Glacigenic Sediments. Developments in Sedimentology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 674p.
- BROZOVIC, N. and BURBANK, D.W. (2000) Dynamic fluvial systems and gravel progradation in the Himalayan foreland. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v.112(3), pp.394-412.
- BULL, W.B. (1972) Recognition of alluvial fan deposits in the stratigraphic record. In: J.K. Rigby and W.K. Hamblin (Eds.), Recognition of ancient sedimentary environments. SEPM Spec. Publ., v.16, pp.63-83.
- CASTILLA, R.A.and AUDEMARD, F.A. (2007) Sand blows as a potential tool for magnitude estimation of pre-instrumental earthquakes. Jour. Seismol., v.11(4), pp.473-487.
- CHAKRABORTY, A. (1977) Upward flow and convolute lamination. Senckenbergiana Marit., v.9, pp.285-305.
- CHIROUZE, F., DUPONT-NIVET, G., HUYGHE, P., VAN DER BEEK, P., CHAKRABORTI, T., BERNET, M. and ERENS, V. (2011) Magnetostratigraphy of the Neogene Siwalik Group in the far eastern Himalaya: Kameng section, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Jour. Asian Earth Sci., doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.05.016.
- COJAN, I. and THIRY, M. (1992) Seismically induced deformation structures in Oligocene shallow marine and eolian coastal sands (Paris Basin). Tectonophysics, v.206, pp.79-89.
- COLLINSON, J.D. and THOMPSON, D.B. (1982) Sedimentary Structures, Allen & Unwin, London, 194 p.
- DASGUPTA, P. (1998) Recumbent flame structures in the Lower Gondwana rocks of the Jharia Basin, India-a plausible origin. Sedimentary Geol., v.119, pp.253-361.
- DAVIES, N.S., TURNER, P. and SANSOM, I.J. (2005) Soft-sediment deformation structures in the Late Silurian Stubdal Formation: the result of seismic triggering, Norwegian Jour. Geol., v.85(3), pp.233-243.
- DECELLES, P.G., GEHRELS, G.E., QUADE, J., OJHA, T.P., KAPP, P.A. and UPRETI, B.N. (1998) Neogene foreland basin deposits, erosional unroofing and the kinematic history of the Himalayan fold and thrust belt, western Nepal. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v.110, pp.2-21.
- DREYER, T. (1993) Quantified fluvial architecture in ephemeral stream deposits of the Esplugafreda Fm. (Paleocene), Tremp- Graus Basin, N Spain. Int. Assoc. Sedimentologists Spec. Publ., v.17, pp.337-362
- DOeE, T.W. and DOTT, R.H.JR. (1980) Genetic Significance of Deformed Cross Bedding - With Examples from the Navajo and Weber Sandstones of Utah. Jour. Sedimentary Petrol., v.50, pp.793-812.
- DUGUE, O. (1995) Seismite dans le Jurassique superieur du Bassin anglo parisien (Noemandie, Oxfordien superieur, Calcaire greseux de Hennequeville). Sedimentary Geol., v.99, pp.73- 93.
- DZULYNSKI, S. and SMITH, A. J. (1963) Convolute lamination, its origin, preservation, and directional significance. Jour. Sedimentary Petrol., v.33(3), pp.6161-627.
- EDWARDS, M.A. and HARRISON, T.M. (1997) When did the roof collapse? Late Miocene north-south extension in the High Himalaya revealed by Th-Pb monazite dating of the Khula Kangri granite. Geology, v.25, pp.543-546.
- EINSELE, G., CHOUGH, S.K. and SHIKI, T. (1996) Depositional events and their records - an introduction. Sedimentary Geol., v.104, pp.1-9.
- FERNANDES, L.A., DE CASTRO, A.B. and BASILICI, G. (2007) Seismites in continental sand sea deposits of the Late Cretaceous Caiua Desert, Bauru Basin, Brazil. Sedimentary Geol., v.199, pp.51- 64.
- FRASER, J.Z. (1982) Derivation of a summary facies sequence based n Markov chain analysis of the Caledon outwash: a Pleistocene raided glacial fluvial deposit. In: R. Davidson-Arnott (Ed.), Research in Glacial, Glacio-Fluvial and Glacio-Lacustrine systems, Proceedings of VI Guelph Symposium on Geomorphology (1980), Geo Books, Norwich, pp.175-202.
- FRIEND, P.F., ALEXANDER-MARRACK, P.D., NICHOLSON, J. and YEATS, A.K. (1976) Devonian sediments of the east Greenland II: Sedimentary Structures and Fossils. Meddelelser om Groenland ("Communications on Greenland"), v.206(2), pp.1- 91.
- GHOSH, S.K., SINGH, S.S., RAY, Y. and SINHA, S. (2010) Softsedimentary deformational structures: seismites or penecontemporaneous, a study from the Palaeoproterozoic Lesser Himalayan succession, India. Curr. Sci., v.98(2), pp.247-253.
- GRUSZKA, B. and VAN LOON, A.J. (2007) Pleistocene glaciolacustrine breccias of seismic origin in an active graben (central Poland). Sedimentary Geol., 193(1), 93-104.
- HARRISON, T.M., COPELAND, P., KIDD, W.S.F. and LOVERA, O.M. (1995) Activation of the Nyainqentanghla shear zone: implications for uplift of the southern Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics, v.14, pp.658-676.
- HARTLEY, A.J. (1993) Sedimentological response of an alluvial system to source area tectonism: the Seilao Member of the Late Cretaceous to Eocene Purilactis Formation of N Chile. Int. Assoc. Sedimentologists Spec. Publ., v.17, pp.489-500.
- HEWARD, A.P. (1978) Alluvial fan and lacustrine sediments from the Stephanian A and B (La Magdalena, Ciñera-Matallana and Sabero) coalfields, N. Spain. Sedimentology, v.25, pp.451- 488.
- HODGES, K.V. (2000) Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v.112, pp.324- 350.
- HUYGHE, P., GALY, A., MUGNIER, J.L. and FRANCE-LANORD, C. (2001) Propagation of the thrust system and erosion in the Lesser Himalaya: geochemical and sedimentological evidence. Geology, v.29, pp.1007-1010.
- JOHNSON, N.M., OPDYKE, N.D., JOHNSON, G.D., LINDSAY, E.H. and TAHIRKHELI, R.A.K. (1982) Magnetic polarity stratigraphy and ages of Siwalik group rocks of the potwar plateau, Pakistan. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimateol., Palaeoecol., v.37, pp.17-42.
- JONES, A.P. and OMOTO, K. (2000) Towards establishing criteria for identifying trigger mechanisms for soft sediment deformation: a case study of Late Pleistocene lacustrine sands and clays, Onikobe and Nakayamadaira Basins, northeastern Japan. Sedimentology, v.47, pp.1211-1226.
- JONES, G. and RUST, B.R. (1983) Massive sandstone facies in the Hawkesbury Sandstone, a Triassic fluvial deposit near Sydney, Australia. Jour. Sedimentary Petrol., v.53, pp.1249-1259.
- KLEVERLAAN, K. (1987) Gordo Megabed. A possible seismite in a Tortonian submarine fan, Tabernas Basin, Province Almeria, Southeast Spain. Sedimentary Geol., v.51, pp.165-180.
- KUENEN, PH.H. and MENARD, H.W. (1952) Turbidity currents, graded and non-graded deposits; Jour. Sedimentary Petrol., v.22, pp.83-96.
- KUMAR, R., GHOSH, S.K. and SANGODE, S.J. (2003) Mio-Pliocene sedimentation history in the northwestern part of the Himalayan foreland basin, India. Curr. Sci., v.84(8), pp.1006-1113.
- KUMAR, R., GILL, G.S. and GUPTA, L.N. (2005) Earthquake induced structures in Pinjore Formation of Nadah area, Haryana. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.65, pp.346-352.
- KUMAR, R., SANGODE, S.J. and GHOSH, S.K. (2004) A multistorey sandstone complex in the Himalayan foreland basin, NW Himalaya, India. Jour. Asian Earth Sci., v.23, pp.407-426.
- KUNDU, A. and GOSWAMI, B. (2008) A note on seismic evidences during during the sedimentation of Panchet Formation, Damodar Basin, Eastern India: Banspetali Nullah Revisited. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.72, pp.400-404.
- LEEDER, M.R. (1987) Sediment deformation structures and the palaeotectonic analysis of sedimentary basins, with case-study from the Carboniferous of northern England. In: M.E. Jones and R.M.F. Preston (Eds.), Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., v.29, pp.137-146.
- LI. S., DU. Y., ZHANG. Z. and WU, J. (2008) Earthquake-related soft-sediment deformation structures in Palaeogene on the continental shelf of the East China Sea. Frontiers of Earth Sci. China, v.2(2), pp.177-186.
- LOWE, D.R. (1975) Water escape structures in coarse grained sediments. Sedimentology, v.22, pp.157-204.
- MACCARTHY, I.A.J. (1990) Alluvial sedimentation patterns in the Munster Basin, Ireland. Sedimentology, v.37, pp.685-712.
- MAIZELS, J. (1993) Lithofacies variations within sandur deposits: the role of runoff regime, flow dynamics and sediment supply characteristics. Sedimentary Geol., v.85, pp.299-325.
- MARCO, S. and AGNON, A. (1995) Prehistoric earthquake deformations near Massada, Dead Sea Graben. Geology, v.23, pp.695-698.
- MATIN, A. and MUKUL, M. (2010) Phases of deformation from cross-cutting structural relationships in external thrust sheets: insights from small-scale structures in the Ramgarh thrust sheet, Darjiling Himalaya, West Bengal. Curr. Sci., v.99(10), pp.1369-1377.
- MAZUMDER, R. and ALTERMANN, W. (2007) Discussion on new aspects of deformed cross-strata in fluvial sandstones: Examples from Neoproterozoic formations in northern Norway by S.L. Røe and M. Hermansen. Sedimentary Geol., v.198, pp.351-353.
- MAZUMDER, R., VAN LOON, A.J., and ARIMA, M. (2006) Softsediment deformation structures in Earth's oldest seismites. Sedimentary Geol., v.186, pp.19-29.
- MAZUMDER, R., RODRIGUEZ-LOPEZ, J.P., ARIMA, M. and VAN LOON, A.J. (2009) Palaeoproterozoic seismites (fine-grained facies of the Chaibasa Fm., E India) and their soft-sediment deformation structures. In: S. Reddy, R. Mazumder, D. Evans and A. Collins, (Eds.), Palaeoproterozoic Supercontinents and Global Evolution. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., v.323, pp.301-318.
- MCKEE, E.D., REYNOLDS, M.A. and BAKER, C.H. (1962) Experiments on intraformational recumbent folds in crossbedded sand. U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 450-D, D155-D160.
- MEDLICOTT, H.B. (1864) On the geological structure and relations of the southern portion of the Himalayan ranges between the rivers Ganges and the Ravee. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, v.3(2), pp.1-212.
- MEIGS, A.J., BURBANK, D.W. and BECK, R.A. (1995) Middle-late Miocene (>10 Ma) formation of the Main Boundary thrust in the western Himalaya. Geology, v.23, pp.423- 426.
- MIALL, A.D. (1996) The Geology of Fluvial Deposits: Sedimentary Facies, Basin Analysis and Petroleum Geology. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, 582p.
- MIDDLETON, G.V. (2003) Encyclopedia of sediments and sedimentary rocks. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 821p.
- MIDDLETON, G.V. and HAMPTON, M.A. (1973) Sediment gravity flows: Mechanics of flow and deposition. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa Oklahoma, Short Course Notes, 38p.
- MIDDLETON, G.V. and SOUTHARD, J.B. (1978) Mechanics of sediment movement. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Short Course No. 3. Binghamton, New York.
- MIYATA, T. (1990) Slump strain indicative of paleoslope in Cretaceous Izumi sedimentary basin along Median tectonic line, southwest Japan. Geology, v.18(5), pp.392-394.
- MOHINDRA, R. and BAGATI, T.N. (1996) Seismically induced softsediment deformation structures (seismites) around Sumdo in the lower Spiti valley (Tethys Himalaya). Sedimentary Geol., v.101, pp.69-83.
- MONTENAT, C., BARRIER, P., D'ESTEVOU, P.O. and HIBSCH, C. (2007) Seismites: An attempt at critical analysis and classification. Sedimentary Geol., v.196, pp.5-30.
- MUKUL, M. (2000) The geometry and kinematics of the Main Boundary Thrust and related neotectonics in the Darjeeling Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt, West Bengal, India. Jour. Structural Geol., v.22, pp.1261-1283.
- MUKUL, M. (2010) First-order kinematics of wedge-scale active Himalayan deformation: Insights from Darjiling-Sikkim-Tibet (DaSiT) wedge. Jour. Asian Earth Sci., v.39, pp.645-657.
- MUKUL, M., JAISWAL, M. and SINGHVI, A.K. (2007) Timing of recent out-of-sequence active deformation in the frontal Himalayan wedge: Insights from the Darjeeling sub-Himalaya, India. Geology, v.35(11), pp.999-1002.
- NAGTEGAAL, P.J.C. (1963) Convolute lamination, metadepositional ruptures and slumping in an exposure near Pobla de Segur (Spain). Geologie en Mijnbouw, v.42, pp.363-374.
- NAGTEGAAL, P.J.C. (1965) An approximation to the genetic classification of non-organic sedimentary structures. Geologie en Mijnbouw, v.44, pp.347-352.
- NAKAYAMA, K. and ULAK, P.D. (1999) Evolution of fluvial style in the Siwalik Group in the foothills of the Nepal Himalaya. Sedimentary Geol., v.125, pp.205-224.
- NANDA, A.C. (2002) An introduction to the Mammalian fauna of the Siwalik system: Biodiversity of the Siwalik fauna. Prasad, K.N. 2001, Prasad Publication. Chennai, India. Curr. Sci., v.83(6), pp.771. (Book Review)
- NEMEC, W. and POSTMA, G. (1993) Quaternary alluvial fans in southern Crete: sedimentation process and geomorphic evolution. In: M. Marzo and C. Puigdefabregas (Eds.), Alluvial Sedimentation. Int. Assoc. Sedimentologists Spec. Publ., v.17, pp.235-276.
- NEUWERTH, R., SUTER, F., GUZMAN, C.A. and GORIN, G. E. (2006) Soft-sediment deformation in a tectonically active area: The Plio-Pleistocene Zarzal Formation in the Cauca Valley (Western Colombia). Sedimentary Geol., v.186, pp.67-88.
- NEVES, M. A., MORALES, N. and SAAD, A. R. (2005) Facies analysis of tertiary alluvial fan deposits in the Jundiai region, Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Jour. South Amer. Earth Sci., v.19, pp.513- 524.
- NICHOLS, G. J. and FISHER, J.A. (2007) Processes, facies and architecture of fluvial distributory system deposits, Sedimentary Geol., v.195, pp.75-90.
- NILSEN, H. (1982) Alluvial fan deposits. In: P.A. Scholle and D. Spearing (Eds.), Sandstone Depositional Environments. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Mem., v.31, pp.49-86.
- OBERMEIER, S.F. (1996) Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis. Eng. Geol., v.44, pp.1-76.
- OPDYKE, N.D., JOHNSON, N.M., JOHNSON, G.D., LINDSAY, E.H. and TAHIRKHELI, R.A.K. (1982) Paleomagnetism of the middle Siwalik Formations of northern Pakistan and rotation of the salt range decollement. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimateol., Palaeoecol., v.37, pp.1-15.
- OPLUSTIL. S., MARTINEK, K. and TASaRYOVa, Z. (2005) Facies and architectural analysis of fluvial deposits of the Nyoeany Member and the Tynec Formation (Westphalian D -Barruelian) in the Kladno-Rakovnik and Pilsen basins. Bull. Geosci., v.80(1), pp.45-66.
- ORD, D.M., CLEMMEY, H. and LEEDER, M.R. (1988) Interaction between faulting and sedimentation during Dinantian extension of the Solway basin, SW Scotland. Jour. Geol. Soc., v.145, pp.249-259.
- OWEN, G. (1995) Soft-sediments deformation in Upper Proterozoic Torridonian Sandstones (Applecross Formation) at Torridon, Northwest Scotland. Jour. Sedimentary Res., v.65, 495-504.
- OWEN, G. (1996) Experimental soft-sediment deformation: structures formed by liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancient examples. Sedimentology, v.43, pp.279-293.
- OWEN, G., MORETTI, M. and ALFARO, P. (2011) Recognising triggers for soft-sediment deformation: Current understanding and future directions. Sedimentary Geol., v.235, pp. 133-140.
- PETTIJOHN, F.J. (1984) Sedimentary Rocks, 3rd ed., (1st Indian ed.). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, India, 628p. PILGRIM, G.E. (1913) Correlation of the Siwalik with mammal horizons of Europe. Rec. Geol. Surv. India, v.43(4), pp.264- 326.
- POPE, M. C., READ, J.F., BAMBACH, R. and HOFMANN, H.J. (1997) Late Middle to Late Ordovician seismites of Kentucky, southwest Ohio and Virginia. Sedimentary recorders of earthquakes in Appalachian basin. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v.109, pp.489-503.
- PRASAD, K.N. (2001) An introduction to the Mammalian fauna of the Siwalik system: Biodiversity of the Siwalik fauna, Prasad Publication, Chennai, India, 295p.
- RAIVERMAN, V. (2002) Foreland sedimentation in Himalayan tectonic regime: a Reply: -look at the orogenic process. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, 378p.
- RAJCHL, M. (1999) Structures due to Synsedimentary Deformations in Sediments of the Bílina Delta (Miocene, Most Basin, Czech Republic). Geolines, v.8, pp.57.
- RANJAN, N. and BANERJEE, D.M. (2009) Central Himalayan crystallines as the primary source for the sandstone-mudstone suites of the Siwalik Group: New geochemical evidence. Gondwana Res., v.16, pp,687-696.
- REINECK, H.E. and SINGH, I.B. (1980) Depositional setimentary environments. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heideberg-New York, 439p.
- RICCI LUCCHI, F. (1995) Sedimentographica. A photographic atlas of sedimentary structures, 2nd Edition, Columbia University Press, New York, 255p.
- ROeE, S.L. (1987) Cross-strata and bedforms of probable transitional dune to upper-stage plane-bed origin from a Late Precambrian fluvial sandstone, northern Norway. Sedimentology, v.34(1), 89-101.
- ROeE, S.L. and HERMANSEN, M. (1993) Processes and products of large, Late Precambrian sandy rivers in Northern Norway. In: M. Marzo and C. Puigdefabregas (Eds.), Alluvial Sedimentation. Int. Assoc. Sedimentologists Spec. Publ., v.17, pp.151-166.
- ROeE, S.L. and HERMANSEN, M. (2006) New aspects of deformed cross-strata in fluvial sandstones: examples from Neoproterozoic formations in northern Norway. Sedimentary Geol., v.186, pp.283-293.
- ROeE, S.L. and HERMANSEN, M. (2007) New aspects of deformed cross-strata in fluvial sandstones: Examples from Neoproterozoic formations in northern Norway- Reply. Sedimentary Geol., v.198, pp.355-358.
- ROSSETTI, D. F. (1999) Soft-sediment deformation structures in late Albian to Cenomanian deposits, Sao Luis Basin, northern Brazil: evidence for palaeoseismicity. Sedimentology, v.46, pp.1065-1081.
- ROSETTI, D.F. and GÓES, A.M. (2000) Deciphering the sedimentological imprint of paleoseismic events and example from Aptian Codó Formation, northern Brazil. Sedimentary Geol., v.135, pp.137-156.
- RUST, B.R. (1968) Deformed cross-bedding in Tertiary-Cretaceous sandstone, Arctic Canada. Journal of Sedimentary Research, v.38(1), pp.87-91.
- RUST, B.R. (1975) Fabric and structure of glaciofluval gravels. In: A.V. Jopling and B.C. Mcdonald (Eds.), Glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine sedimentation. Soc. Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spec. Publ., v.23, pp.238-248.
- SADLER, S.P. and KELLY, S.B. (1993) Fluvial processes and cyclicity in terminal fan deposits: an example from the Late Devonian of southwest Ireland. Sedimentary Geol., v.85, pp.375-386.
- SAMAILA, N. K., ABUBAKAR, M.B., DIKE, E.F.C. and OBAJE, N.G. (2006) Description of softsediment deformation structures in the Cretaceous Bima Sandstone from the Yola Arm, Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria. Jour. African Earth Sci., v.44, pp.66-74.
- SANGODE, S.J., KUMAR, R. and GHOSH, S.K. (1996) Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of the Siwalik sequence of Haripur area (H.P.), NW Himalaya. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.47, pp.683- 704.
- SATI, S.P., SUNDRIYAL, Y.P. and RAWAT, G.S. (2007) Geomorphic indicators of neotectonic activity around Srinagar (Alaknanda basin), Uttarakhand. Curr. Sci., v.92(6), pp.824-829.
- SCHNEIDERHAN, E.A., BHATTACHARYA, H.N., ZIMMERMANN, U. and GUTZMER, J. (2005) Archean seismites of the Ventersdorp Supergroup, South Africa. South African Jour. Geol., v.108, pp.343-348.
- SCHERER, C.M.S. and LAVINA, E.L.C. (2006) Stratigraphic evolution of a fluvial-eolian succession: The example of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Guara and Botucatu formations, Parana Basin, Southernmost Brazil. Gondwana Res., v.9, pp475-484.
- SEED, H.B. and IDRISS, I.M. (1971) Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential. Jour. Soil Mech. Foundations Div. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, v.97, pp.1249- 1273.
- SEHGAL, R.K. and NANDA, A.C. ( 2002) Age of the fossiliferous Siwalik sediments exposed in the vicinity of Nurpur, District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. Curr. Sci., v.82(2), pp.392- 395.
- SEILACHER, A. (1969) Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites. Sedimentology, v.13, pp.155-159.
- SEILACHER, A. (1984) Sedimentary structures tentatively attributed to seismic events. Marine Geol., v.55, pp.1-12.
- SELLEY, R.C., SHEARMAN, D.J., SUTTON, J. and WATSON, J. (1963) Some underwater disturbances in the Torridonian of Skye and Raasay. Geol. Mag., v.100, pp.224-243.
- SETH, A., SARKAR, S. and BOSE, P.K. (1990) Synsedimentary seismic activity in an immature passive margin basin (Lower Member of the Katrol Formation, Upper Jurassic, Kutch, India). Sedimentary Geol., v.68, pp.279-291.
- SHARMA, M., SHARMA, S., SHUKLA, U.K. and SINGH, I.B. (2002) Sandstone body achitecture and stratigraphic trends in the Middle Siwalik succession of the Jammu area, India. Jour. Asian Earth Sci., v.20, pp.817-828.
- SIMS, J.D. (1973) Earthquake-induced structures in sediments of Van Norman Lake, San Fernando, California. Science, v.182, 161-163.
- SIMS, J.D. (1975) Determining earthquake recurrence intervals from deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments. Tectonophysics, v.29, pp.144-152.
- SINGH, J., SHARMA, U. and KUMAR, R. (2007) Soft-sediment deformation in the Morni area, NW Sub-Himalaya. Curr. Sci., v.98(8), pp.1151-1155.
- SINGH, S. and JAIN, A.K. (2001) Palaeoseismicity: Geological evidence along the Kaurik Chago fault-zone and other related areas in Lahaul-Spiti and Ladakh Himalaya. In: O.P. Varma, (Ed.), Research Highlights in Earth System Science. DST, India, Spec. Vol., v.2, pp.205-225.
- STEWART, K.G., DENNISON, J.M. and BARTHOLOMEW, M.J. (2002) Late Mississippian paleoseismites from southeastern West Virginia and southwestern Virginia. Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper, v.359, pp.1-18.
- SUKHIJA, B.S., RAO, M.N., REDDY, D.V., NAGABHUSHANAM, P., HUSSAIN, S., CHADHA, R. and GUPTA, H. K. (1999) Timing and return period of major palaeoseismic events in the Shillong Plateau, India. Tectonophysics, v.308, pp.53-65.
- TASGIN, C.K. and TURKMEN, I. (2009) Analysis of soft-sediment deformation structures in Neogene fluvio-lacustrine deposits of Caybaoy Formation, Eastern Turkey. Sedimentary Geol., v.218, pp.16-30.
- TAUXE, L. and OPDYKE, N.D. (1982) A time framework based on magnetostratigraphy for the Siwalik sediments of the Khaur area, northern Pakistan. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimateol., Palaeoecol., v.37, pp.43-61.
- THOMAS, J.V., PARKASH, B. and MOHINDRA, R. (2002) Lithofacies and palaeosol analysis of the Middle and Upper Siwalik Goups (Plio-Pleistocene), Haripur-Kolar section, Himachal Pradesh, India. Sedimentary Geol., v.150, pp.343-366.
- TURNER, B.R. (1981) Possible origin of low angle cross-strata and horizontal lamination in Beaufort Group sandstones of the southern Karoo Basin. Trans. Geol. Soc. South Africa, v.84, pp.193-197.
- ULAK, P.D. (2005) Paleohydrological reconstruction of Siwalik Group in Surai khola section of west Nepal Himalaya. Jour. Nepal Geol. Soc., v.31, pp.33-42.
- UPADHYAY, R. (2001) Seismically-induced soft-sediment deformational structures around Khalsar in the Shyok Valley, northern Ladakh and eastern Karakoram, India. Curr. Sci., v. 81, pp.600-604.
- VAN LOON, A.J. (2009) Soft-sediment deformation structures in siliclastic sediments: an overview. Geologos, v.15(1), pp.3- 55.
- VANNESTE, K., MEGHRAOUI, M. and CAMELBEECK, T. (1999) Late Quaternary earthquake-related soft-sediment deformation along the Belgian portion of the Feldbiss Fault, Lower Rhine Graben system. Tectonophysics, v.309, pp.57-79.
- VEIGA, G.D. and SPALLETTI, L.A. (2007) The Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) fluvial-aeolian systems of the southern Neuquen Basin, Argentina. Gondwana Res., v.11, pp.286-302.
- VISHER, G.S. and CUNNINGHAM, R. D. (1981) Convolute laminations - a theoretical analysis: example of a Pennsylvanian sandstone. Sedimentary Geol., v.28, pp.175-188.
- WANG, P., ZHANG, B., QIU, W. and WANG, J. (2010) Soft-sediment deformation structures from the Diexi paleo-dammed lakes in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, east Tibet. Jour. Asian Earth Sci., v.40(4), pp.865-872.
- WELLS, N.A., RICHARDS, S.S., PENG, S., KEATTCH, S.E., HUDSON J.A. and COPSEY, C.J. (1993) Fluvial processes and recumbently folded crossbeds in the Pennsylvanian Sharon Conglomerate in Summit County, Ohio, U. S. A. Sedimentary Geol., 85, pp.63-83.
- WHEELER, R.L. (2002) Distinguishing seismic from nonseismic soft-sediment structures: Criteria from seismic-hazard analysis. In: F.R. Ettensohn, N. Rast and C.E. Brett (Eds.), Ancient Seismites. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper, v.359, pp.1-11.
- WHITE, N.M., PARRISH, R.R., BICKLE, M.J., NAJMAN, Y.M.R., BURBANK, D. and MAITHANI, A. (2001) Metamorphism and exhumation of the NW Himalaya constrained by U-Th-Pb analyses of detrital monazite grains from early foreland basin sediments. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, v.158, pp.625- 635.
- YIN, A. (2006) Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation. Earth-Science Rev., v.76, pp.1-131.
- ZAVALA, C. (2008) Towards a genetic facies tract for the analysis of hyperpycnal deposits. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Hedberg Conference, March 3-7, Ushuaia- Patagonia, Argentina.
- ZIELINSKI, T. and VAN LOON, A.J. (1999a) Subaerial terminoglacial fans I: a semi-quantitative sedimentological analysis of the proximal environment. Neth. Jour. Geosci., v.77, pp.1-15.
- ZIELINSKI, T. and VAN LOON, A.J. (1999b) Subaerial terminoglacial fans II: a semi-quantitative sedimentological analysis of the middle and distal environments. Neth. Jour. Geosci., v.8, pp.73- 85.
- ZIELINSKI, T. and VAN LOON, A.J. (2000) Subaerial terminoglacial fans III: overview of sedimentary characteristics and depositional model. Neth. Jour. Geosci., v.79, pp.93-107.
- Submagmatic Fabric in the 2.6 Ga Bundelkhand Granitoid, India:Evidence from Microstructure
Abstract Views :263 |
PDF Views:99
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700 019, IN
2 Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, IN
1 Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700 019, IN
2 Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 112, No 02 (2017), Pagination: 348-354Abstract
Primary foliations in igneous rocks are the key to understanding processes within the magma chamber, cooling history, paleostress regime and strain during emplacement of granitoid plutons. In the 2.6 Ga Bundelkhand granitoid rocks, weak to moderately strong regional fabric is the result of submagmatic grainsupported flow during syn-kinematic emplacement of the magma. Microstructural and outcrop-scale evidences provide an excellent record for interpreting the significance of this fabric development vis-a-vis rheological state during fabric formation. Preferentially oriented tabular feldspar phenocrysts in the granitoid show deformation such as reformed shape, marginal fragmentation and recrystallization, whereas the finer interstitial grains of quartz remain undeformed or mildly deformed. On the basis of the characteristic foliated structure of the Bundelkhand granitoid and the specific contrasting deformation characteristics of feldspar and quartz grains, we propose that the fabric is submagmatic in origin and perhaps formed during syn-emplacement deformation environment of the granitoid.Keywords
Igneous Rocks, Microstructure, Submagmatic Fabric, Syntectonic Emplacement.Full Text