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Saxena, A. K.

• Seed Size Variation and its Effect on Germination and Seedling Growth of Jatropha curcas L.

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Authors

Nidhi Singh , A. K. Saxena

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 135, No 8 (2009), Pagination: 1135-1142

Abstract

Jatropha curcas was evaluated for its seed size variability and effect of seed size on germination, seedling growth and dry weight. Among the three seed size classes viz. small (13-15 mm), medium (15-17 mm) and large (17-19 mm), maximum proportion of seeds by number (62%) and dry weight (63%) was recorded in the medium seed size class. Germination and related parameters were positively correlated with seed size in laboratory as well as in nursery conditions. Large seeds showed remarkable increment in germination per cent (50%), germination value (210%), germination speed (100%) and germination energy (72%) over the small seeds in the laboratory. This increment in germination and related parameters for large seeds over the small seeds was even greater in nursery condition. Significant variations due to seed size were also observed for the growth and dry weight of J. curcas seedlings. Seed size showed a positive relation with growth and dry weight of seedling. Maximum height, collar diameter, number of leaves and total dry weight was found in the seedlings raised from large seeds, hence large seeds of J. curcas should be preferred to get better and uniform germination and quality seedlings.

Keywords

Jatropha curcas, Dry Weight, Germination, Seed Size, Seedling Growth

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• The Value of the Indian Gazelle (Gazella gazella) : a Case Study in Haryana, India

Abstract Views :249  |  PDF Views:1

Authors

A. K. Saxena , N. S. Bisht , C. J. Singh

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 134, No 10 (2008), Pagination: 1289-1295

Abstract

A study was undertaken in three villages of Bhiwani District in Haryana to assess the value of habitat function of planted forests. These villages were located at varying distance from a Blackbuck (Gazella gazella) Breeding Farm, which is a planted forest. Contingent valuation method was by asking the people to reveal their willingness to pay, both in terms of money as well as mandays, for the protection and improvement of the habitat for continued habitat function benefits. The total value of habitat functions provided by the farm was Rs. 15,71,641 per year for three villages out of which Rs. 12,24,112 per year came from the WTP in the form of labour mandays.

Keywords

Indian Gazelle (Gazella gazella), Habitat Function, Value, Haryana, India

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• Albino Seedlings in Dalbergia sissoo Roxb

Abstract Views :336  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Verma , A. K. Saxena

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 137, No 4 (2011), Pagination: 525-527

Abstract

no abstract

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• Agroforestry Research on Sodic Wasteland in Eastern Part of Uttar Pradesh

Abstract Views :297  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

B. S. Rana , A. K. Saxena , S. K. Verma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 137, No 12 (2011), Pagination: 1410-1422

Abstract

This paper deals with certain studies viz., plantation methods, nursery, growth and dry matter dynamics of Multipurpose Tree Species (MPTS) plantations, soil position and productive potential of agroforestry systems in sodic wasteland. In nursery studies, growth responses of one-year old seedlings of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. and Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Willd. ex. Del. seedlings showed that growth and dry weight decreased as the level of sodicity and salinity increased in both species. The response breadths in case of both species were comparatively higher under sodicity levels than under salinity levels. Amongst MPTS plantations, the stand biomass for different species ranged from 81 to 171 tha^-1 (Populus deltoides vs Casuarina equisetifolia). Total annual litter fall in different plantations ranged from 217 to 609 gm^-2 yr^-1. Under different agri-silviculture systems the grain yields of wheat and paddy were lower than that of open field condition. In case of 9-12 year old agroforestry systems, total carbon storage in biomass (above and blow ground components of trees and crops) ranged from 46.1 t C ha^-1 (P. deltoides based agri-silvicultural system) to 51.9 t C ha^-1 (C. equisetifolia based agri-silvicultural system). Carbon storage under C. equisetifolia- Psidium guajava based agri-silvi-horticultural system was 54.2 t C ha^-1, which was highest amongst all AF systems. Amongst grasses, Pennisetum purpureum showed maximum herbage yield under Dalbergia sissoo based silvipastoral system. In a mixed tree stand, the total herbage net primary production for Brachiaria mutica was greater than that of open area. On both stands, the production was maximum during rainy season and minimum during summer. In C. equisetifolia based agri-silvi-horticultural system the fresh rhizome yield for turmeric was 8.6 t ha^-1, which was greater than the yield (7.6 t ha^-1) obtained in open area. There was an overall improvement in soil physico-chemical properties under agroforestry systems.

Keywords

Agro Forestry Research, Sodic Wasteland, Dalbergia Sissoo, Acacia Nilotica

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• Jaisalmer Earthquake of 1991; Its Effects and Tectonic Implications

Abstract Views :182  |  PDF Views:166

Authors

D. D. Joshi ¹, R. Dharman ¹, A. K. Saxena ¹, Mulkraj ¹

Affiliations
1 Geological Survey of India, Western Region, Jaipur, IN

Source

Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 49, No 4 (1997), Pagination: 433-436

Abstract

An earthquake having magnitude 5.6 (USGS) on Richter scale occurred in the Jalsalmer area on 8th November, 1991. Having maximum Intensity of VII+.

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• Physico-Chemical and Cooking Quality Characteristics of Different Chickpea {Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties of Punjab

Abstract Views :228  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. Sharma ¹, A. K. Saxena ¹, J. S. Sandhu ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana - 141 004, IN

Source

The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 46, No 1 (2009), Pagination: 28-32

Abstract

Chickpea is world's third most important grain legume after beans and peas with over 73 per cent of production coming from South-East Asia. It is a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, trace elements and its protein quality is similar to or better than other legumes such as pigeon pec, black gram and green gram.

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• A Complete Study of Low Power Register File Using Adiabatic Complementary Pass-transistor Logic

Abstract Views :338  |  PDF Views:1

Authors

D. Sreenu ¹, A. K. Saxena ², S. Dasgupta ³

Affiliations
1 Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, IN
2 Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, IN
3 Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, IN

Source

Programmable Device Circuits and Systems, Vol 1, No 3 (2009), Pagination: 39-46

Abstract

Register file is one of the most power hungry components in the processor consuming about 20% of the processor power, because it contains large capacitances on bit lines, word lines,address lines, and storage cell array and is frequently accessed. This paper presents a complete study of register file based on adiabatic logic at 90nm CMOS process. A 32 x 32 register file using adiabatic complementary pass-transistor logic (ACPL) has been designed. All the circuits expect for storage cell employ ACPL circuits and storage cell is based on conventional memory (SRAM cell). Since register file consists of large capacitances, the minimization of power consumption is made by choosing optimal size of ACPL circuits for driving large capacitances. For comparison, two other register file based on same organization were simulated using CPAL and conventional CMOS logics. Simulation results shows that adiabatic CPL register file achieves power saving of 30% with CPAL and 91% to 95% with conventional CMOS logic for clock frequencies ranging from 50 to 500MHz. Since power consumption is a function of output load capacitance and supply voltage, we have also simulated these register file for various supply voltages and load capacitances.

Keywords

Adiabatic Logic, ACPL, Low Power, Register File, SRAM.

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• Evaluation of Different Moongbean (Vigna radiata) Genotypes for Physico-Chemical and Cooking Quality Characteristics

Abstract Views :175  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. Sharma ¹, A. K. Saxena ¹, A. K. Bakhshi ¹, J. S. Brar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Breeding, Genetics & Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana - 141004, IN

Source

The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 44, No 3 (2007), Pagination: 197-202

Abstract

Pulses are considered as a rich source of dietary protein for majority of people in the world. India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world and accounts for 33 and 22 per cent of the global area and production of pulses as reported by Singh et al. Moongbean is an important food legume of many tropical and sub-tropical parts of world. It is very rich in high quality protein (25%), least producer of intestinal gas or flatulence and is most easily digestible among all the pulses. Preparations such as snacks (deep fried crunchies, cookies, breakfast buns), sprouts, noodles, biscuits, pinnies etc. are prepared from it, however it is primarily used as dhal (whole, split or husked).

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• Nutritional and Antinutritional Attributes of Promising Chickpea {Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivars

Abstract Views :170  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

A. K. Saxena ¹, Monika Chadha S. Sharma ¹, G. Soni ¹

Affiliations
1 Quality Section, Department of Plant Breeding, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, IN

Source

The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 39, No 9 (2002), Pagination: 391-395

Abstract

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) is an important food crop cultivated in parts of Asia and in the Mediterranean region of Africa and Europe. "Desi" chickpeas constitute about 85 per cent of total production and the remaining 15 per cent being "kabuli" types. Both these types show no appreciable difference in the protein and amino acid content but "desi" type contains more anti-nutritional factors than "kabuli" type and are nutritionally inferior as compared to "kabuli" varieties.

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• Nutritional Quality Evaluation of Selected Improved Maize (Sea zays) Genotypes of Punjab

Abstract Views :160  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. Sharma ¹, A. K. Saxena ¹, V. K. Saxena ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Breeding Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana -141 004, IN

Source

The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 39, No 4 (2002), Pagination: 194-196

Abstract

In recent years, consumers have become more conscious about the nutritional quality of foods. High yielding varieties being developed in various crops have drawn the criticism from the consumers on their quality. Besides economic values, the stability and adoption of a food grain variety is determined by its physical, cooking, processing and organoleptic qualities.

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• Effect of Solar Cooking on Vitamin Contents and Sensory Attributes of Pulses

Abstract Views :182  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Akhilesh Shrivastava ¹, A. K. Rai ¹, A. K. Saxena ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chhindwara 480 001, MP, IN

Source

The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 33, No 2 (1996), Pagination: 38-42

Abstract

The nutritive value of any food stuff should be assessed on the state in which it is consumed. Gera et al, revealed that cooking methods have varied effect on the nutritional and organoleptic aspects of food. Due to increasing energy crisis, it has become necessary to explore new and economic energy sources.

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• Changes in Fat Acidities during Storage of Wheat Grains and wholemeal (Atta)

Abstract Views :150  |  PDF Views:1

Authors

A. K. Saxena ¹, A. K. Bakhsi ¹, A. K. Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 Quality Evaluation Section, Department of Plant Breeding, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, IN

Source

The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 30, No 10 (1993), Pagination: 285-289

Abstract

During the storage of cereal grains and their flours, titrable acidity of their lipid extracts increases and the grains undergo a deterioration in quality. Changes in titrable acidity of lipid extracts during storage of various cereal grains have been studied by several workers. India has now become self-sufficient in wheat, with the introduction of several high yielding, disease resistant varieties with better nutritional qualities. FCI is the chief agency, concerned with the surplus storage of wheat and its distribution. Wheat during storage is likely to undergo deterioration in quality. Very little work has been reported regarding these changes in grains and wholemeals of Indian wheat varieties during storage. The present study was therefore undertaken to find out the changes in fat acidity values of grains/whole meals over a period of eight months of storage using different storage conditions.

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• Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Make-Up of some Improved Varieties of Pearl Millet in Punjab

Abstract Views :169  |  PDF Views:4

Authors

A. K. Saxena ¹, A. K. Sharma ¹, K. L. Sehgal ¹, A. K. Bakhshi ¹

Affiliations
1 Quality Evaluation Section, Department of Plant Breeding, PAU, Ludhiana, IN

Source

The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 29, No 5 (1992), Pagination: 177-180

Abstract

Pearl millet is one of the important millets grown as foodgrains for human consumption and as green fodder for cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Asia and Africa Pearl millet is highly nutritious from point view of human's nutrition, containing high protein.

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• Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Bread Wheats, Durum Wheats and Triticale

Abstract Views :196  |  PDF Views:2

Authors

A. K. Bakhshi ¹, A. K. Saxena ¹, A. K. Sharma ¹, R. K. Raheja ¹, K. S. Sekhon ¹

Affiliations
1 Quality Evaluation Laboratories, Department of Plant Breeding, PAU, Ludhiana, IN

Source

The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 25, No 6 (1988), Pagination: 188-196

Abstract

Wheat serves as staple food for a large segment of world population. It is the second most important cereal of India. Bread wheat is the most extensively grown constituting nearly 90 per cent of the total wheat production. Durum wheat is a speciality wheat which is cultivated to the extent' of 7 percent. Triticale is a recently introduced man made cereal which has potential both as feed and food uses.

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• Effect of Storage of Winter Maize on Quality

Abstract Views :172  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

A. K. Bakhshi ¹, A. K. Saxena ¹, A. K. Sharma ¹, A. S. Khera ¹, B. S. Dhillon ¹, P. K. Srivastava ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Breeding, PAU, Ludhiana, IN

Source

The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 24, No 10 (1987), Pagination: 325-330

Abstract

Maize (Zea Mays L) is the third most important cereal crop of the world. In India, it ranks fourth in terms of area and production. Over 90 per cent of maize produced in India is consumed as food. Maize flour is most commonly consumed in the form of chapatis in the northern part of the country.

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• Effect of Storage on the Free Fatty Acid Content of Heated and Unheated Bengal Gram (Cicer arietinum L) Flour

Abstract Views :170  |  PDF Views:1

Authors

A. K. Sharma ¹, A. K. Saxena ¹, A. K. Bakhshi ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Breeding, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, IN
2 Quality Laboratories, Department of Plant Breeding, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana - 141004, Punjab, IN

Source

The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 22, No 8 (1985), Pagination: 233-235

Abstract

Several preparations from legumes i. e. soybean, Bengal gram etc. are most commonly used in several countries such as India, Africa, China and Japan. Bengal gram is mostly consumed in India, as split dal (fried) as well as in the form of gram flour.

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• Proximate Composition and Nutritive Value of some Improved Varieties of Maize of Punjab

Abstract Views :185  |  PDF Views:1

Authors

A. K. Saxena ¹, A. K. Sharma ¹, K. L. Sehgal ¹, A. K. Bakhshi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Breeding, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, IN

Source

The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 21, No 7 (1984), Pagination: 233-240

Abstract

Maize is primarily consumed in the form of chapaties in India. Therefore, there is a great significance in the improvement of nutritive value of this crop to the ordinary consumer, who depend wholly or partially for their daily requirement of protein, calorie and minerals.

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• Economic Analysis of Post-Harvest Loss and Marketing Efficiency in Guava (cv. Allahabad safeda) in Karnataka

Abstract Views :186  |  PDF Views:102

Authors

T. M. Gajanana ¹, D. Sreenivasa Murthy ¹, A. K. Saxena ², D. V. Sudhakar Rao ³, M. Sudha ¹, V. Dakshinamoorthy ¹

Affiliations
1 Section of Economics and Statistics, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru – 560 089, IN
2 Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru – 560 089, Karnataka, IN
3 Division of Post Harvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru – 560 089, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Horticultural Sciences, Vol 10, No 1 (2015), Pagination: 70-73

Abstract

Post-harvest losses (PHL) in guava (cv. Allahabad safeda) were estimated at the field and retail levels in Karnataka, and impact of this loss on marketing efficiency was studied. Results indicated that the total PHL was 13.29% consisting of field-level loss (9.17%) and retail level loss (4.12%). The producer's share was 51.52% and PHL, when included as an item of cost, reduced the share to 45.80%. PHL also reduced marketing efficiency index from 1.06 to 0.88, thereby indicating the importance of PHL and scope for minimizing it to improve the efficiency of the marketing system in guava.

Keywords

Guava, Post-Harvest Losses, Allahabad Safeda, Economic Analysis, Marketing Efficiency.

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References

• Acharya, S.S. and Agarwal, N.L. 2001. Agricultural marketing in India, Third Edition, Oxford & IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi
• Gajanana, T.M., Sreenivasa Murthy, D. and Sudha, M. 2011. Post harvest losses in fruits and vegetables in South India – A review of concepts and quantification of losses. Indian Food Packer, 65:178-187
• Jagtap, K.B. and Katrodia, J.S. 1998. Post harvest losses in packaging and transportation of sapota, Indian J. Hort., 55:48-51
• Sreenivasa Murthy, D., Gajanana T.M. and Sudha, M. 2004. Post harvest loss and its impact on marketing cost, margin and efficiency: a study on grapes in Karnataka, Indian J. Agril. Econ., 59:772-786
• Srinivas, R.N., Venkatesha Reddy, T., Ravi, P.C., Lalith Achoth and Chinnappa Reddy, B.V. 1997. Post Harvest Losses Assessment in Totapuri and Alphonso Mangoes. J of Food Sci. and Tech., XXXIV:70-71
• Wanjari,V., Ladaniya, M.S. and Gajanana, T.M. 2002. Marketing and Post harvest losses of acid lime in Andhra Pradesh, Indian J. Agril. Marketing, 16:32-39

• A Statistical Model for Ascertaining the Influence and Reliability of Weather Parameters on Incidence of Blossom Blight in Mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Abstract Views :308  |  PDF Views:152

Authors

R. Venugopalan ¹, R. D. Rawal ², A. K. Saxena ²

Affiliations
1 Section of Economics and Statistics, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore-560 089, IN
2 Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore-560 089, IN

Source

Journal of Horticultural Sciences, Vol 1, No 1 (2006), Pagination: 64-67

Abstract

A statistical model was developed to study the influence and reliability of weatlier parameters on incidence of blossom blight in Mango (Mangifera indica) and subsequently to predict their incidence. Results showed that preceding week's weather variables viz., maximum and minimum temperature, evaporation, rainfall, morning and evening relative humidity and wind speed were found to collectively predict blossom blight incidence to the extent of 94.3 per cent. Further, as a measure of goodness-of-fit, the coefficient of determination (R²) and mean squared error were used to evaluate the empirical model developed by using above variables. Validation test showed that the model developed using relative humidity at 07.30 h (X₃), evaporation (X₅) and wind speed (X₆) (Y = 883.4 - 8.065 X₃-11.506 X₅ -33.619 X₆) could predict the incidence to the extent of 75.7%. This model is useful in determining the role of climatic factors in disease appearance and progression and devising suitable management strategy.

Keywords

Blossom Blight, Mango, Coefficient of Determination, Climatic Factors, Model.

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• Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Combretastatin Analogues

Abstract Views :191  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Sunil Kumar ¹, Surrinder Koul ², Ajay Kumar Meena ³, A. K. Saxena ⁴, O. P. Suri ⁵, K. L. Dhar ⁵

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, I. S. F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142 001,, IN
2 Department of Bio-organic Chemistry, IIIM, Jammu Tawi 180001, IN
3 National Institute of Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Research, Moti Bagh Road, Patiala, IN
4 Division of Pharmacology, IIIM, Jammu Tawi, 180001, IN
5 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, I. S. F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142 001, IN

Source

Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry, Vol 4, No 6 (2011), Pagination: 902-904

Abstract

Plants, source of various bioactive compounds have played crucial role in development of several clinically useful anticancer agents' viz., vincristin, vinblastin, camptothecin derivatives and taxol. Combretastatin, a potent anticancer molecule was first isolated from plant. In this continuation a series of combretastatin analogues has been synthesized on the basis of our butterfly model with two wings as aryl groups and connecting carbon chain as the body. In present study we have synthesized combretastatin analogues of different substitutions, showed potent anticancer activity against different cell lines in different fashion according to substitution. Compound 6 showed marked anticancer activity against colo-205 cell lines (colon cancer).

Keywords

Combretastatin, Antitumor, Phenyl Acetic Acid, Tubulin Inhibitor.

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• Automation for HF Impedance Measurement at National Physical Laboratory

Abstract Views :183  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Satish ¹, Rajbir Singh ¹, A. K. Goel ¹, A. K. Saxena ¹

Affiliations
1 LF, HF Impedance and DC Standard, National Physical Laboratory, (CSIR), New Delhi, IN

Source

Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 11, No 10 (2012), Pagination: 15-18

Abstract

Measurement automation is the essential requirement for metrology at present. It simply eases the measurement procedure and reduces the time to generate report/calibration certificate as well as in establishment of advanced techniques for measurement. Automation improves the measurement uncertainty as it eliminates the human error in measurement. An automation program has been developed for a High Frequency LCR Meter.

Keywords

Automation, LCR Meter, Report Generation, HF Impedance, Uncertainty.

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• Finite Element Modeling and Analysis of Light Weight Circular Surface Plates

Abstract Views :158  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

T. S. R. Murthy ¹, Y. V. Ramana Murthy ¹, A. K. Saxena ²

Affiliations
1 Department of CAE/CIM, Central Manufacturing Technology Institute, Bangalore, IN
2 Indian Institute of Astro Physics, Bangalore, IN

Source

Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 2, No 1 (2003), Pagination: 3-7

Abstract

Metrology applications require surface plates of high accuracy and stability Surface plates are made in different sizes, shapes and with different materials. The most common shape is rectangular and the most common material is steel or granite. The accuracy of the surface is obtained by repeated measurements and by lapping the non-flat regions. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the circular surface plates to reduce its weight and optimize the deflection by different support locations and different types of ribbing.

Keywords

Optimized Surface Plate, FEM Analysis of Surface Plates. Circular Surface Plates.

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• Weldability of Controlled Rolled Micro Alloyed Thick HSLA Steel Plates for Fabrication of Penstock Liners

Abstract Views :210  |  PDF Views:5

Authors

P. K. Ghosh ¹, A. K. Saxena ², K. Devakumaran ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee - 247667, IN
2 Department o f Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Indian Institute o f Technology Roorkee - 247667, IN

Source

Indian Welding Journal, Vol 38, No 1 (2005), Pagination: 56-65

Abstract

Weldability of a controlled rolled HSLA steel plates having thickness of 18, 25 and 34 mm has been studied by multipass SAW process with SMAW ischolar_main pass. The mechanical and metallurgical properties of the all weld deposit and axial weld joint have been studied. In 34 mm thick plate the weld metal microstructure has been found comparatively finer with more reheat refinement than 18 mm and 25mm thick plates, with improved properties. The weld joints are generally found to fracture from the region away from fusion line showing the strength of the weld higher than the base material. However, the presence of certain amount of inclusions may have lowered the mechanical properties of weld deposits up to certain extent. Reheat refining has been found to improve the toughness of weld metal. The toughness of HAZ mostly found comparable to that of the base metal as such the weldability of controlled rolled HSLA steel has been qualified for welding fabrication of penstock liner.

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