International Journal of Science, Engineering and Computer Technology

Sunil ¹, Poonam ¹

Affiliations
1 Research Scholars, Singhania University, Rajasthan, IN

Abstract

A multi-hop wireless network is a network of computers and devices (nodes) which are connected by wireless communication links. The links are most often implemented with digital packet radios. Because each radio link has a limited communications range, many pairs of nodes cannot communicate directly, and must forward data to each other via one or more cooperating intermediate nodes. We will often use ‘hop-count metric’ to mean the minimum hop-count metric. The PTC of a route is the total number of packet transmissions and retransmissions required to send a packet across the route, assuming that each link in the route retransmits the packet until it is successfully received across the link. PTC is designed for links with link-layer acknowledgments (ACKs) and retransmissions, as provided by IEEE 802.11 radios. The PTC metric for a route is calculated using measurements of the lossless of each link in the route. Routing protocols select routes with the minimum PTC. For short routes (up to and including 3-hop routes), the minimum- PTC route is the maximum-throughput route; for longer routes, the minimum- PTC route is still a high-throughput route. The design of the PTC metric does not depend on a particular routing protocol; PTC improves the throughput of both Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), an on-demand source routing protocol, and Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) routing, a proactive table-driven distance-vector routing protocol. We also present a set of design changes and implementation techniques that allow DSR and DSDV to work well with PTC.

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Pankaj Kumar ¹, Poonam ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Printing Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science technology, Hisar. Haryana, IN

Abstract

In universities there are many documents such as Degree, DMC and Award sheet, which requires higher degree of security features to provide sense of security to end user as well as society and at the same to build a reputation of the institution. Degree and DMC are the most important documents for students for compliance of their academic achievements. It is responsibility of university/ Educational institute to make the document secured enough so that it can't be easily counterfeited. Such type of documents requires high degree of security measures to keep them safe from counterfeiting and forgery. Traditionally universities/ Educational Institutes are printing their Degrees/ DMC on conventional papers with combination of conventional printing processes. Normally in degrees there is more number of security features in comparison with DMC. In this era of digitisation and ever growing reach of technology at lowest level, cases related with counterfeiting and forgery are reported higher in last decade specially in academic and financial world. Increase in forgery cases leads to rethink about existing security features in Degree, DMC and Education Certificate. In this research paper authors tries to evaluate and list down the security feature of Degree/ DMC in present Degree / DMC of prominent universities of Haryana and tried to recommend the their level best to some new security feature for Degree, DMC and Education certificate to make it difficult for counterfeit.

Keywords

Security Features, Degree And DMC.

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Poonam ¹, D. P. Singh ²

Affiliations
1 Om Institute of Technology and Management, Hisar, Haryana, IN
2 SNVP, Hisar, Haryana, IN

Abstract

Today the use of digital cell phones, the internet, and CD and DVD players is ubiquitous. In all of these cases, digitally represented data is either transmitted from one place to another or retrieved from a storage device when needed. For the proper functioning of these systems the transmitted or retrieved data must be sufficiently error free. This can be accomplished efficiently by using channel efficiently coding techniques. One such channel coding technique for achieving reliable data transmission or retrieval is to use convolutional codes. In convolutional coding input bits are stored in the fixed length shift register and they are com combined with the help of mod-2 adders. The output of convolutional code depends upon the connection of shift registers with mod-2 adder. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with regard to a given measure of quality (called particles). In this paper present the best convolutional encoder structure (connection of shift registers with output with the help of mod-2 adder)for code rate1/4 by using PSO.

Keywords

Convolutional Code, PSO, Mod-2 Adder, Shift Register.

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