A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Joshi, M C
- Analytical Study of Water Safety Parameters in Ground Water Samples of Uttarakhand in India
Authors
1 Deptt. of Pharmacology, Rohilkhand Medical College Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, IN
2 Deptt of Community Medicine, Rohilkhand Medical College Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, IN
3 Catalysis Conversion Process Division, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, Uttaranchal, IN
Source
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, Vol 4, No 3 (2013), Pagination: 185-189Abstract
Background: There is plenty of water available in hills, the main problem of the locality is the drinking water. These water resources are not exploited for drinking and irrigation purposes. Also, certain health problems are associated with people living in hills that are because of the presence of excess of heavy metals and other impurities.
Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to analyze the various parameters of ground water in uttarakhand, India and to check its fitness for drinking. It will also clarify the health hazards imposed on the population of this state.
Design & Setting: The present study was conducted in five regions of Uttarakhand, India (Haridwar, Vikasnagar, Mussoorie, Dehradun & Dakpathar) during 2006-2007. Ten samples of ground water were collected from each of the five regions during the pre-monsoon (Jan-Feb 2007) and post-monsoon (Sept-Oct 2006) seasons.
Materials & Method: The pH was estimated by pH meter and the alkalinity was determined by titration methods. The total suspended solid was calculated by the following formula: Total suspended solid (mg) / ltr = (A-B) x 1000 / sample vol. In litres. Where, A= weight of filter + dried residue, B=weight of filter paper. Total hardness was calculated by adding calcium and magnesium hardness derived by EDTA titration method. The chloride was estimated by silver nitrate titration method and sulphates were estimated by titration method. The different heavy metals (Mn, Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe and Pb) were determined in the ground water samples by ICP mass spectroscopy.
Results: The concentrations of heavy metals, pH, alkalinity, sulphate, chloride, TDS & Total Hardness (TH) were compared with the standards set by BIS for Drinking water (IS 10500:1991). The results show that water quality of all the five regions studied showed no remarkable variation from the BIS recommended value of pH (6.5-8.5). The alkalinity was above the BIS desirable level of 200mg/l in all the samples, but was less than the maximum permissible limit. The Drinking water of all the regions contains higher amounts of TDS than the desirable limits. The maximum TDS was detected in Haridwar (682.5 mg/L) and dehradun (610 mg/L) state. The ground water of mussoorie region shows total hardness to be above the BIS desirable level of 300mg/l. The chloride content was above the BIS desirable level of 250mg/l in dehradun only. The sulphate content was highest in haridwar (197.5mg/l) and dehradun (170mg/l) but it was below the desirable limit of 200mg/l. The cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) content of all the five regions of Uttarakhand showed higher the BIS permissible limits of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.05 mg/l respectively. The content of manganese (Mn), barium (Ba), Copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe) are within the permissible limit of BIS standards for drinking water.
Keywords
Ground Water, Hydro-Chemical Analysis, ICP Mass Spectroscopy
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- A Study of Inappropriate Dosing of Antibacterial Agents in Consideration with Estimated G.F.R Values
Authors
1 Deptt of Pharmacology, Rohilkhand Medical College Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, IN
Source
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, Vol 4, No 4 (2013), Pagination: 173-178Abstract
Background: Medication errors due to inappropriate doses are common in hospitalized patients especially in those patients where a dose adjustment is needed because of altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Aims & Objective: The study was conducted to estimate the medication errors because of inappropriate dosing of antimicrobial agents in renal impairment patients.
Design & Setting: The present study was conducted for a period of three months in the medical wards of tertiary care centre in India. The age, sex, clinical diagnosis, duration of hospitalization, parenteral antibacterial agent information (name, dose, route of administration and frequency) and serum creatinine values of those patients admitted during the study period were recorded.
Material and Method: The prescriptions of only those patients who had renal impairment were checked for any errors because of inappropriate dosing of antimicrobial agents. The definition of "Renal impairment" for the purpose of drug dose adjustment and cautions was obtained from the British National Formulary. The MDRD formula was used in our study to obtain the values of estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is as follows- GFR = 186.3 x (S. Creatinine) -1.154 x (age in years) - 0.203 x 1.212 x 0.742 (if female).
Results: Three hundred and ninety patients were prescribed anti-microbial agents during the three month study period in the medical wards. 182 patients were prescribed a single antibiotic, while 122 patients were prescribed two anti-microbial agents. 70 patients were prescribed 3 anti-microbial agents, while 4 anti-microbial agents were prescribed to 16 patients. The median duration of hospitalization was 5 days. The most common type of infection for which an antibiotic was prescribed was respiratory infections 44.87 % (175), followed by urinary tract infections (UTI) (56, 14.3 %) and abdominal infections (34, 8.72 %). Out of 390 patients, 78 patients had renal impairment (34 had mild renal impairment, 28 had moderate, and 16 patients had severe renal impairment). These patients were prescribed 2137 unit doses of antimicrobial agents (1119 in mild; 753 in moderate; and 265 in severe renal impairment). Inappropriate dosing errors were found in 183 unit doses of AMA (8.56%). Out of this, 78 (42.62%) errors occurred in mild, 91 (49.73%) in moderate and 14 (7.65%) in severe renal impairment patients. In all 183 dosing errors appropriate doses were suggested to the doctor in charge. About 83.6 % (153) of the recommendations were accepted and 16.39% (30) recommendations were not accepted by the physicians.
Keywords
Antimicrobial Agents, Dosing Errors, Inappropriate Dosing, Renal ImpairmentReferences
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