Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development

Harini Venkata Subbiah ¹, Usha Subbiah ¹, Athira Ajith ¹, Ramesh Babu Polani ²

Affiliations
1 Human Genetics Laboratory, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, IN
2 Department of Genetic Engineering, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease caused by periodontopathic bacteria and influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. In a healthy oral environment, there is a balance between symbiotic bacteria and when this balance is breached, inflammation appears and more immune cells are recruited to the site of infection. Neutrophils are the professional antimicrobial phagocytes that form the first line of defense against bacterial invasion in periodontal disease and connect innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. Neutrophils efficiently control pathogens by oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent antimicrobial mechanisms and by neutrophil extracellular traps.Some studies indicate that excessive neutrophils are responsible for tissue damage and disease progression in periodontitis whereas other studies indicate that neutrophil deficiencies in patients also result in the periodontal condition.

Keywords

Periodontitis, Neutrophil, Defensin, Neutrophil Extracellular Traps.

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Athira Ajith ¹, Usha Subbiah ¹, Harini Venkata Subbiah ¹

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Our genome plays a key role in odontogenesis and oral diseases. The dental tissues are unique and share many basic molecular mechanisms that are common to tissues throughout the body. Dental caries, periodontal diseases, malocclusion and oral cancer are the most common manifestation of genetic and environmental interaction and several genes have been primarily involved in human dentition. Consideration of genetic factors is essential for diagnosis that underlies virtually all orofacial anomalies. Common genes involved in orofacial genetic disorders are listed. It is important to identify the genetic factors that cause the existing dental problem, which may also influence the outcome in oral diagnosis. The application of the principles of genetic medicine to the diagnosis and treatment of dental diseases will fundamentally change the delivery of oral health care.

Keywords

Dental Diseases, Orofacial Disorders, Tooth Agenesis.

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Usha Subbiah ¹, Harini Venkata Subbiah ², Athira Ajith ², Sonaa Elango ³

Affiliations
1 Associate Professor and Head, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Research Assistant, Human Genetics Laboratory, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Professor, Department of Life Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Suwon, Wau-ri, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, KR

Abstract

Saliva, the "mirror of the body," is an ideal non-invasive source of complex genetic information. The complexity of the salivary peptidome is mainly due to the high number of genetic polymorphisms. This review shows an association between the genetic polymorphisms of salivary secretory proteins and the endangerment of several diseases. Different secretory protein single nucleotide polymorphisms whose genetic positions are related to oral and other diseases are listed from SNPedia deposits and tracked using a variety of techniques. Besides being circulating salivary biomarkers, single nucleotide polymorphisms of salivary secretory proteins acts as a possible genetic susceptibility factor and aids in the early detection and prevention of various oral and systemic diseases including cancer and rare syndromes in a quick and noninvasive manner. This would pave the way for the development of array-based technologies using saliva sample for genetic analysis.

Keywords

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, Saliva, Secretary Proteins, Oral Diseases.

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Usha Subbiah ¹, Harini Venkata Subbiah ², Athira Ajith ², Sonaa Elango ³

Affiliations
1 Associate Professor and Head, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Research Assistant, Human Genetics Laboratory, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Professor, Department of Life Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Suwon, Wau-ri, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, KR

Abstract

Saliva, the "mirror of the body," is an ideal non-invasive source of complex genetic information. The complexity of the salivary peptidome is mainly due to the high number of genetic polymorphisms. This review shows an association between the genetic polymorphisms of salivary secretory proteins and the endangerment of several diseases. Different secretory protein single nucleotide polymorphisms whose genetic positions are related to oral and other diseases are listed from SNPedia deposits and tracked using a variety of techniques. Besides being circulating salivary biomarkers, single nucleotide polymorphisms of salivary secretory proteins acts as a possible genetic susceptibility factor and aids in the early detection and prevention of various oral and systemic diseases including cancer and rare syndromes in a quick and noninvasive manner. This would pave the way for the development of array-based technologies using saliva sample for genetic analysis.

Keywords

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, Saliva, Secretary Proteins, Oral Diseases.

Full Text

     

Usha Subbiah ¹, Harini Venkata Subbiah ², Athira Ajith ², Sonaa Elango ³

Affiliations
1 Associate Professor and Head, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Research Assistant, Human Genetics Laboratory, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Professor, Department of Life Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Suwon, Wau-ri, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, KR

Abstract

Saliva, the "mirror of the body," is an ideal non-invasive source of complex genetic information. The complexity of the salivary peptidome is mainly due to the high number of genetic polymorphisms. This review shows an association between the genetic polymorphisms of salivary secretory proteins and the endangerment of several diseases. Different secretory protein single nucleotide polymorphisms whose genetic positions are related to oral and other diseases are listed from SNPedia deposits and tracked using a variety of techniques. Besides being circulating salivary biomarkers, single nucleotide polymorphisms of salivary secretory proteins acts as a possible genetic susceptibility factor and aids in the early detection and prevention of various oral and systemic diseases including cancer and rare syndromes in a quick and noninvasive manner. This would pave the way for the development of array-based technologies using saliva sample for genetic analysis.

Keywords

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, Saliva, Secretary Proteins, Oral Diseases.

Full Text

     

Athira Ajith ¹, Usha Subbiah ², Harini Venkata Subbiah ¹

Affiliations
1 Research Assistant, Human Genetics Laboratory, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Associate Professor and Head, Human Genetics Laboratory, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

The influence of genetic variation on gene expression appears to play a major role in the susceptibility of individuals to deep caries. Genotypic profile of an individual can manage disease treatment decisions and minimize adverse reactions. The type of inflammation in the tooth affected by a carious attack is determined by the permeability of dentin and the closeness of the carious lesion to the pulp. Generally polymorphisms in cytokines contribute to an individual’s susceptibility in response to deep carious lesions. In this review, we discuss single nucleotide polymorphism and gene expression of pain receptor genes such as transient receptor protein channels, proteinase-activated receptor, voltage-gated sodium channels, and cyclooxygenase 2 that are involved in inflamed pulp and deep caries. We conclude that our review on genetic variations and expressions in pain associated deep caries could aid in better understanding of genes involved in dental pain management.

Keywords

Polymorphism, Gene Expression, Pulpitis, Pain Receptor Channels.

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