A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Tsegay, Aynom
- Sero-prevalence of Rubella Infection
Authors
1 Asmara College of Health Sciences, Asmara, ER
Source
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, Vol 3, No 1 (2012), Pagination: 87-90Abstract
Background
The burden of rubella infection in most of the developing countries especially in Africa is not well documented because of limited epidemiological studies. Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the newborn is one of the important complications of rubella infection. Many countries have introduced MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine to control CRS. Measles has been successfully controlled in many countries by vaccination centered measles control program. However, most of the African countries have not included MMR vaccine in their national immunization program. Objective The exact magnitude of Rubella cases in this geographic area is not known. The availability of an effective vaccine to prevent Rubella infection and therefore CRS, has made it necessary to evaluate the burden of disease in a country where MMR vaccine is not covered in the immunization schedule or in vaccination strategy. A retrospective study was undertaken to find out the seroprevalence of rubella infection in Eritrea.
Material and Methods
This study was done in the Immunoserology section of National Health Laboratory of Eritrea which is also National Reference Laboratory. The results of earlier years were collected from the National Measles reference Laboratory and this data is primary and reliable. Rubella specific IgM kit was used using Dade-Behring, Germany ELISA kit. Specimen collection, handling, transport and processing were done as per the instructions given by the manufacturer.
Results
The seroprevalence of rubella cases (69) were high in the year 2006, when compared to other years. Like in most of the studies, the distribution of Rubella cases was maximum in children of below 14 years. Seasonal distribution of the rubella cases shows, 96% were recorded in January to May 2006 with highest number occurring in the month of April.
Conclusion
The results analysis indicate the prevalence of Rubella virus in this geographic area and in the absence of MMR vaccine in the immunization schedule there is every possibility of acquiring Rubella infection during pregnancy and therefore CRS.
Keywords
Rubella, Seroprevalence, Congenital Rubella Syndrome
References
- Robert F.B. Basic Medical Microbiology, 1995 by Little, Brown & Company 5thedition.
- Cutts FT, Vynnycky E. Modelling the incidence of congenital Rubella Syndrome in developing countries.1999 Int.J.Epidemiology 28(6):1176-84.
- Gregg NM, Congenital cataract following German Measles in the mothe Transactions of the Opthalmological Society of Australia, 1941;3:35-46.
- Robertson SE, Featherstone DA, Gacic-Dobo M, Hersh BS. Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome: global update. Pan American Journal of public Health, 2003; 14:306-15.
- Cooray S, Warrener L, Jin L. Improved RT-PCR for diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of Rubella.Virus, J Clin Virol. 2006, Jan;35(1):73-80.
- Deorari AK, Broor S, Maitreyi RS, Agarwal D, Kumar H, Paul VK, Singh M Incidence, clinical spectrum, and outcome of intrauterine infections in neonates. J Trop Pediatr. 2000 Jun;46(3):155-9.
- Kaneko M, Sameshima H, Ikenoue T, Minematsu T, Kusumoto K, Ibara S, Kamitomo M, Maruyama Y. Rubella outbreak on Tokunoshima Island in 2004: serological and epidemiological analysis of pregnant women with rubella. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2006 Oct;32(5):461-7.
- Lanzieri TM, Segatto TC, Siqueira MM, de Oliviera Santos EC, Jin L, Prevots DR. Burden of congenital rubella syndrome after a community-wide rubella outbreak, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, 2000 to 2001. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 Apr;22(4):323-9.
- Das S, Ramachandran VG, Arora R Cytomegalovirus and Rubella infection in children and pregnant mothers – a hospital based study.
- Tolfvenstam T, Enbomb H, Ghebrekidan H, Rudénb UA, Lindeb, Grandienb M and Wahrenb B. Seroprevalence of viral childhood infections in Eritrea J Clin Virol, 2000: Feb(16:1), 49-54
- Broor S, Kapil A, Kishore J, Seth P. Prevalence of rubella virus and cytomegalovirus infections in suspected cases of congenital infections. Indian J Pediatr. 1991 Jan-Feb;58(1):75-8.
- Bos P, Steele D, Alexander J. Prevalence of antibodies to rubella, herpes simplex 2 and cytomegalovirus in pregnant women and in neonates at Ga-Rankuwa. Cent Afr J Med. 1995, Jan;41(1):14-7.
- Reef SE, Frey TK, Theall K, Abernathy E, Burnett CL, Icenogle J, McCauley MM, Wharton M. The changing epidemiology of rubella in the 1990s: on the verge of elimination and new challenges for control and prevention. JAMA. 2002 Jan 23- 30;287(4):464-72.
- MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome—United States, 1994-1997.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1997 Apr 25;46(16):350-4.
- Bakshi SS, Cooper LZ. Rubella and Mumps vaccines. Pediatr Clin North Am 1990; 37: 651-68.
- MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome--United States and Mexico, 1997-1999. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2001 Feb 23;50(7):125.
- Robertson, S. Background Document: Data on Rubella Vaccination Schedules, Report of a meeting on preventing CRS, WHO. 2000.
- Aytac N, Yucei A, Yapicioglu H, Kibar F, Karaomerlioglu O, Akbaba M. Rubella seroprevalence in children in Dogankent, Italy Euro Surveill, 2009 ; 14(50): 40-44.
- Caidi H, Bloom S, Azilmaat M, Benjouad A, Reef S and El Aouad R Rubella seroprevalence among women aged 15-39 years in Morocco. East Mediterr Health J, 2009; 15(3): 526-31.
- Seneze C, Haus-Chemyol R, Hanslik T. Rubella seroprevalence in 234 military young women aged 19-31 years. Presse Med, 2008; 37(12):1717-22.
- Giambi C, Rota MC, Bella A, Filia A, Gabutti G, Guido M, De Donno A, Ciofidegli Atti ML. Rubella epidemiology in Italy in Years 1998-2004. Ann Ig, 2007; 19(2): 93-102.
- Kombich JJ, Muchai PC, Tukei P, Borus PK. Rubella seroprevalence among primary and pre primary school pupils at Moi’s bridge location, Uasin Gishu District, Kenya. BMC Public Health, 2009; 29(9): 269.
- Sero-prevalence of Rubella Infection
Authors
1 Asmara College of Health Sciences, Asmara, ER
Source
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, Vol 3, No 3 (2012), Pagination: 46-50Abstract
Background: The burden of rubella infection in most of the developing countries especially in Africa is not well documented because of limited epidemiological studies. Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the newborn is one of the important complications of rubella infection. Many countries have introduced MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine to control CRS. Measles has been successfully controlled in many countries by vaccination centered measles control program. However, most of the African countries have not included MMR vaccine in their national immunization program.
Objective: The exact magnitude of Rubella cases in this geographic area is not known. The availability of an effective vaccine to prevent Rubella infection and therefore CRS, has made it necessary to evaluate the burden of disease in a country where MMR vaccine is not covered in the immunization schedule or in vaccination strategy. A retrospective study was undertaken to find out the seroprevalence of rubella infection in Eritrea.
Material and Methods: This study was done in the Immunoserology section of National Health Laboratory of Eritrea which is also National Reference Laboratory. The results of earlier years were collected from the National Measles reference Laboratory and this data is primary and reliable. Rubella specific IgM kit was used using Dade-Behring, Germany ELISA kit . Specimen collection, handling, transport and processing were done as per the instructions given by the manufacturer. Results: The seroprevalence of rubella cases (69) were high in the year 2006, when compared to other years. Like in most of the studies, the distribution of Rubella cases was maximum in children of below 14 years. Seasonal distribution of the rubella cases shows, 96% were recorded in January to May 2006 with highest number occurring in the month of April.
Conclusion: The results analysis indicate the prevalence of Rubella virus in this geographic area and in the absence of MMR vaccine in the immunization schedule there is every possibility of acquiring Rubella infection during pregnancy and therefore CRS.
Keywords
Rubella, Seroprevalence, Congenital Rubella SyndromeReferences
- Robert F.B. Basic Medical Microbiology, 1995 by Little, Brown & Company 5th edition.
- Cutts FT, Vynnycky E. Modelling the incidence of congenital Rubella Syndrome in developing countries.1999, Int. J. Epidemiology 28(6): 1176-1784.
- Gregg NM, Congenital cataract following German Measles in the mothe Transactions of the Opthalmological Society of Australia, 194; 3: 35-46.
- Robertson SE, Featherstone DA, Gacic-Dobo M, Hersh BS. Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome: global update. Pan American Journal of public Health, 2003; 14:306-315.
- Cooray S, Warrener L, Jin L. Improved RT-PCR for diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of Rubella.Virus, J Clin Virol. 2006, Jan; 35 (1): 73-80.
- Deorari AK, Broor S, Maitreyi RS, Agarwal D, Kumar H, Paul VK, Singh M, Incidence, clinical spectrum, and outcome of intrauterine infections in neonates. J Trop Pediatr. 2000 Jun;46(3): 155-159.
- Kaneko M, Sameshima H, Ikenoue T, Minematsu T, Kusumoto K, Ibara S, Kamitomo M, Maruyama Y. Rubella outbreak on Tokunoshima Island in 2004: serological and epidemiological analysis of pregnant women with rubella. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2006 Oct;32(5): 461-467.
- Lanzieri TM, Segatto TC, Siqueira MM, de Oliviera Santos EC, Jin L, Prevots DR. Burden of congenital rubella syndrome after a communitywide rubella outbreak, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, 2000 to 2001. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 Apr; 22(4): 323-329.
- Das S, Ramachandran VG, Arora R Cytomegalovirus and Rubella infection in children and pregnant mothers – a hospital based study.
- Tolfvenstam T, Enbomb H, Ghebrekidan H, Rudénb UA, Lindeb, Grandienb, M and Wahrenb B. Seroprevalence of viral childhood infections in Eritrea, J Clin Virol, 2000: Feb(16:1), 49-54
- Broor S, Kapil A, Kishore J, Seth P. Prevalence of rubella virus and cytomegalovirus infections in suspected cases of congenital infections. Indian J Pediatr. 1991 Jan-Feb;58(1): 75-78.
- Bos P, Steele D, Alexander J. Prevalence of antibodies to rubella, herpes simplex 2 and cytomegalovirus in pregnant women and in neonates at Ga-Rankuwa. Cent Afr J Med. 1995, Jan;41(1): 14-17.
- Reef SE, Frey TK, Theall K, Abernathy E, Burnett CL, Icenogle J, McCauley MM, Wharton M. The changing epidemiology of rubella in the 1990s: on the verge of elimination and new challenges for control and prevention. JAMA. 2002 Jan 23- 30; 287(4): 464-472.
- MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome— United States, 1994-1997.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1997 Apr 25; 46(16): 350-354.
- Bakshi SS, Cooper LZ. Rubella and Mumps vaccines. Pediatr Clin North Am 1990; 37: 651-668.
- MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome—United States and Mexico, 1997-1999.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2001 Feb 23; 50(7): 125.
- Robertson, S. Background Document: Data on Rubella Vaccination Schedules, Report of a meeting on preventing CRS, WHO. 2000.
- Aytac N, Yucei A, Yapicioglu H, Kibar F, Karaomerlioglu O, Akbaba M. Rubella seroprevalence in children in Dogankent, Italy Euro Surveill, 2009 ; 14(50): 40-44.
- Caidi H, Bloom S, Azilmaat M, Benjouad A, Reef S and El Aouad R Rubella seroprevalence among women aged 15-39 years in Morocco. East Mediterr Health J, 2009; 15(3): 526-531.
- Seneze C, Haus-Chemyol R , Hanslik T. Rubella seroprevalence in 234 military young women aged 19-31 years. Presse Med, 2008; 37(12): 1717-1722.
- Giambi C, Rota MC, Bella A, Filia A, Gabutti G, Guido M, De Donno A, Ciofidegli Atti ML. Rubella epidemiology in Italy in Years 1998-2004. Ann Ig, 2007; 19(2): 93-102.
- Kombich JJ, Muchai PC, Tukei P, Borus PK. Rubella seroprevalence among primary and pre primary school pupils at Moi’s bridge location, Uasin Gishu District, Kenya. BMC Public Health, 2009; 29(9): 269.