Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing

Nirupama Bhuyan ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Psychology, Utkal University, Odisha, IN

Abstract

This present study was designed to study the age; children develop an understanding of deception. The sample consisted of 100 participants equally distributed into five age groups (3to4 years, 4to5 years, 6to7 years, 8to9 years, and 10to11 years old). Again 20 subjects from each age group are collected where 10 subjects with high SES and 10 subjects with low SES are also chosen. All the participants were provided two different story comprehension and two false belief tasks. In the false-belief task, two different sub-tasks (Unknown content and Unknown location) were presented before the subjects verbally. In the unknown content subjects were asked two questions and the questions were content oriented. As well as in unknown location, they were asked two questions again, where the questions were location oriented. In the comprehension tasks children were told stories. The difference between the two tasks is that in false belief task, children were asked to respond the sub-tasks by taking into account both the content and location. But in the story comprehension task, children were asked only to evaluate the context of deception so that they would be able to explore the person being deceived in that story. Analysis of variance performed on the scores of subjects revealed that there is a significant difference noticed among the five age groups with respect to their comprehension task, unknown content and unknown location are {F(9,90)=31.37, P<.01},{F(9,90)=38.0, P<.01}and{F(9,90)=2.5, P<.01} respectively. An associated result was found indicating socio economic status (SES) plays a major role in developing deception among children around their early age. The children with high SES performed better than the subjects with low SES. The specific findings obtained from this study reveal and concluded that around three to four years of age children are found to be able to understand deception in a complex way. Evaluation and exploration becomes the key objectives of children around that age.

Keywords

Deception, Comprehension, False-Belief, Unknown Content, Unknown Location, Evaluation and Exploration.

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Nirupama Bhuyan ¹, Tanmaini Das ²

Affiliations
1 Utkal University, Bhubaneswar Odisha, IN
2 M.D (Psychiatric), M.H.I. S.C.B Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, IN

Abstract

Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings and physical well-being. Depression hurts and it can be debilitating. This present study was designed to determine the proportion of depression among the Under Trial Prisoners (UTPs) of Puri District Jail, to find out the socio-demographic co-relates, to study different psychosocial factors related to depression, to find out the prevalence of depression with respect to their different educational status, to find out the prevalence of depression with respect to their different criminal records, to assess the clinical presentation, to find out the outcome of the illness, and to compare the different diagnostic entity of ICD-10 to above variables. Out of 665 samples, hundred consecutive cases of depression within the age group of 20 to 60 years were selected. Frequencies of symptoms were determined using the items in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale for depression and other symptoms if any. The findings so obtained were tabulated, statistically analyzed by using ANOVA and critically interpreted. It was found that among 100 UTPs, the percentage of men is higher than female. The UTPs belong to the age level of 18 to 30 years are more prone to depression as their future aspirations are more in them. The results of this study suggest that depression in male UTPs is more prevalent than female UTPs. It was also found that the inmate depressed population is more frequent among the persons educated up to intermediate level. The prevalence of depression is also found to be higher in middle socio economic status group. Again the UTPs staying more than 6 months and charged with theft cases are more prone to depression than their counterparts. According to the learning theory explanations, depressed UTPs receive fewer rewards and more punishment then the UTPs who don't feel depressed. Thus, we may conclude on this statement that, few things make a depressed prisoner

Keywords

Depression,thought,behaviour,feeling Diagnotic Entity,learning Theory,self Sustaining State

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Nirupama Bhuyan ¹

Affiliations
1 D.A.V Public School, Cuttack, Odisha, IN

Abstract

Autism is a brain disorder also known as social communicative disorder that typically affects a person's ability to communicate, form relationships with others, and respond appropriately to the environment. Some people with autism are relatively high-functioning, with speech and intelligence intact. Others are mentally retarded, mute, or have serious language delays. For some, autism makes them seem closed off and shut down; others seem locked into repetitive behaviours and rigid patterns of thinking. Among other causal factors like vaccines, genetics, immunological disorders, environmental toxins, nature of delivery and maternal infections etc. etc., maternal aging is playing an important role in the development of autism. Older mothers are more likely to have a child who develops an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) than are younger mothers. The study was designed to find out the possible causal relationship between maternal aging and the development of autism. 200 subjects were taken for this study. The age range of the participants varied from 3 to 12 or 13 years. The samples were diagnosed through Autism Checklist (AC) and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Later the total participants were segmented into three groups according to their mothers' age levels such as 20 to 30 years, 30 to 35 and 35 to 40 years. All the mothers were compared with each other with respect to their prevailing ages at the time of conception, and any other complications such as illnesses, accidents or miscarriages if they had overcome during their gestation period. It was found from the result that 9 percent of autistic children were having mothers coming below the age of 30 years. The increase in autistic cases moved to 27 percent and 64 percent at 30-35 and 35-40 years of maternal age respectively. However, the risk of having a child with autism was not influenced by the fathers' age. The relationship with fathers' age was not clear. It was also noticed that fathers of 40 or above the age of 40 years only had an increased risk of having a child with autism when the mothers were under the age of 30 years. However, it was concluded that advanced maternal age is linked to a significantly elevated risk of having a child with autism, regardless of the father's age. Maternal age is just one risk factor that is interacting with other genetic and environmental factors that lead to a child developing autism.

Keywords

Autism Spectrum Disorder, Environmental Toxin, Childhood Autism, Gestation Period.

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Nirupama Bhuyan ¹, Sadasiba Mohapatra ²

Affiliations
1 D.A.V Public School, Cuttack, Odisha, IN
2 Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IN

Abstract

"Autism is a lifelong developmental disability that affects how a person communicates with, and relates to, other people. It also affects how they make sense of the world around them." Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life and affects a person's ability to communicate and interact with others. It is believed that the syndrome of autism probably begins before birth. That is why it is considered a congenital birth defect. Autism is also known as the tri-impaired disorder: social impairment, language/communication impairment and repetitive/restrictive behaviour. Autism occurs more frequently in males. The sex ratio is approximately 3.5 to 1 which are similar to other developmental disabilities. The prevalence of autism is generally estimated as l case per l000 population. Mudur (2004) found out that one in 500 Indian infants has autism. Gardner (2008) found out that children who are born underweight or early have more than double the risk of developing autism and the risk was especially pronounced among low-birth-weight girls. Park et al. (2014) suggested that males are more severely affected than autistic females in major symptoms. Many other studies have indicated a number of key factors related with autism, but the association between family types and the development of autism has not been discussed anywhere despite its' significance. The present study was conducted with the objectives to assess different cognitive deficits in autistic children and to find out the effect of joint family and nuclear family on autism. The study comprised of 60 autistic children within the age group of 3 to 5 years belonging to different socioeconomic background. They were selected randomly and diagnosed through administration of Autism Checklist (AC) and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Their performances were tested with the help of Hema Pandey's scale "Pandey's Cognitive Development Test for Pre-schoolers (PCDTP)", which consists of six sub-tests (Concept Formation, Information, Comprehension, Visual Perception, Memory and Object Vocabulary). The data found in Hema Pandey's test along with the demographic scores analyzed statistically by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). In the result, it was found that family types have more or less significant effect in determining cognitive deficits of autistic children. As regards Concept Formation, it is found that children in nuclear family have significantly more deficits than those coming from joint families, whereas in Information process, though not significant the nuclear family children indicated more deficits than those from joint families. As regards Visual Perception scores, it is found that the autistics belonging to nuclear families have more deficits than those belonging to joint families. Analysis of Variance performed on Object Vocabulary indicates that children from nuclear families have more cognitive deficits than the children from joint families. Regarding Memory scores, the children from joint families performed significantly better than the children from nuclear families. Overall, the findings of the above study strongly establish the fact that the types of families have significant contribution towards cognitive functioning in autism. The subjects with joint family had higher cognitive scores than the subject with nuclear family.

Keywords

Congenital, Tri-Impaired, Cognitive, Concept Formation, Visual Perception, Memory, Object Vocabulary.

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