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Yacob, Abdul Rahim
- Detection of Sildenafil Analogues in Coffee Powder by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS/MS)
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi, MY
2 Department of Chemistry, Johor Branch, Jalan Abdul Samad
1 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi, MY
2 Department of Chemistry, Johor Branch, Jalan Abdul Samad
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Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Vol 7, No 2 (2013), Pagination: 139-143Abstract
The active ingredient in Viagra is Sildenafil which is used for the treatment of impotency or erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil has become one of the most commonly prescribed pharmaceutical drugs to cure sexual deficiency. In recent years, the use of this drug had been widely expended towards consumption for negative activities. Local authorities and media have reported the abuse of this drug such as taken in drinks, beverages or sweets. That was adulterated. To avoid detection, this erectile dysfunction drug was modified chemically and therefore known as Sildenafil Analogues. These analogues have slight difference in chemical structure, but they have almost the same effect as the original drug. In this study, five (5) local brands of coffee powder suspected to be adulterated with Sildenafil were analyzed. All the coffee samples were extracted with methanol and identified using LC-MS/MS. Each sample was qualitatively analyzed followed by confirmation analysis using two Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) transitions selection, parent and daughter ions for Sildenafil Analogues. The expected chemical structure for parent and daughter ions in this study was also proposed.Keywords
Sildenafil, Sildenafil Analogues, Coffee, LC-MS/MSReferences
- Oxford A-Z of Medical Drugs (2010), 2nd ed.; Press Inc, United State.
- Lai, K.C., Liu, Y.C., Tseng, M.C, Lin, Y.L., Lin, J.H. (2007), Isolation and Identification of a Verdenafil Analogues in a Function Food Marketed for Penile Erectile Dysfunction, Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 15, 133-138.
- Yin, H. L., Wing, T. P., Chi, K. L., Albert, Y. W. C., Tony, W. L. M. (2008), Identification of a Novel Vardenafil Analogues in Herbal Product, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 46(4), 804-807.
- Bhoir, I. C., Bhoir, S. I., Bari, V .R., Bhagwat, A .M. & Sundaresan, M. (2000), An Assay Method for the Determination of Sildenafil in Human Plasma Using RP-HPLC, Indian Drugs 37 (7).
- Martin, D., Miloslav, S., Petr, Cuhra., Sona, B. (2006), Simultaneous LC-MSMS Determination of Sildenafil and Related Analogues Added Illegally to Herbal Product Intended for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction, Czech Republic.
- John, C. R., Jeffery, T. W. (2006), Identification of a Sildenafil Analogue Adulterated in Two Herbal Food Supplements, Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 14(3).
- Detection and Characterization of Children's Soft Toy for Phthalate Esters
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, MY
2 Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Sungai Buluh, 47000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, MY
3 Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, MY
1 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, MY
2 Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Sungai Buluh, 47000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, MY
3 Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, MY
Source
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Vol 7, No 2 (2013), Pagination: 210-214Abstract
On November 19, 2009, the European Union regulated three phthalates esters; Benzyl Butyl Phthalate (BBP), DiButyl Phthalate (DBP), and DiEthylHexyl Phthalate (DEHP) to a limit of less than 0.1% in all imported toys and articles. However, the U.S regulation strongly prohibited BBP, DBP and DEHP and at any concentrations more than 0.1%. These regulations thus indicate how serious phthlate esters and their effect on health. In the current study, five (5) imported samples of soft toys were obtained from local markets and analyzed for six (6) types of phthalate esters of BBP, DBP, DEHP, Din- Octyl Phthalate (DnOP), DiIsoNonyl Phthalate (DINP) and DiIsoDecyl Phthalate (DIDP) respectively. The method used was established by Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) Malaysia while characterization performed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). This study found all the samples to contain high percentage of DEHP while two (2) contained acceptable levels of DBP. Other phthlate esters were however not detected or below the detection limit of GC-MS.Keywords
Phthalate Esters, Soft Toy, Safety Regulation, Health EffectsReferences
- Wilkinson, C. F., and Lamb, J. C., The Potential Health Effects of Phthalate Esters in Children’s Toys: A Review and risk Assessment. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 1999; 30;140-155.
- Biedemann-Brem, S., Biedermann, M., Pfenninger, S., Bauer, M., Altkofer, W., Rieger, K., Hauri, U., Droz, C., and Grob, K., Plasticizers in PVC Toys and Childcare Products: What Succeeds the Phthalates? Market Survey 2007 J. Chromatographia 2008; 68; 227-234.
- Biedemann-Brem, S., Biedermann, M., Pfenninger, S., Bauer, M., Altkofer, W., Rieger, K., Hauri, U., Droz, C., and Grob, K., Plasticizers in PVC Toys and Childcare Products: What Succeeds the Phthalates? Market Survey 2007. J. Chromatographia 2008; 68; 227-234.
- Babich, M. A., Chen, S.B., Greene, M.A., Kiss, C.T., Porter, W.K., Smith, T.P., Wind, M.L. and Zamula, W.W., Risk Assessment of Oral Exposure to Diisononyl phthalate from Children’s Products. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2004; 40;151-167.
- Directive 2005/84/EC of The European Parliament and of the council of 14 December 2005. Official Journal of the European Union.
- Assembly Bill 319, California Legislature-2005- 06 Regular Session, 10 February 2005.
- CPSC. 2002. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Memorandum to Marilyn L. Wind from S.B. Chen. Screening of Toys for PVC and Phthalates Migration.
- Allsopp, M., Santillo, D., Kallee, U. and Hojsik, M., Our reproductive health and chemical exposure: a review of the evidence for links between declines in human reproductive health and our exposure to hazardous chemicals. Greenpeace Research Laboatories, Greenpeace International Technical Note 2006; 2;1-27.
- Zulfiqar, S. and Ahmad, S., Thermal degradation of blends of PVC with polysiloxane-1. Journal of Polymer Degradation and Stability 1999; 65;243-247.
- CPSC. 2002. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Memorandum to Marilyn L. Wind from S.B. Chen. Screening of Toys for PVC and Phthalates Migration.
- Beltran, M., Garcia, J.C., and Marcilla, A., Infrared spectral changes in PVC and plasticized PVC during gelation and fusion. J. Eur. Polym.1996; 33;453-462.
- Denizligil, S. and Schnabel, W., Photooxidation of poly (viny1 chloride) at 254 nm in the absence and presence of phthalate plasticizers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 1995; 229;73-92.
- Rastogi, S. C., Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Phthalate Esters in Plastic Toys. J. Chromatographia. 1998; 784;724-726.
- A.O. Earls, I.P. Axford and J.H. Braybrook, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of the migration of phthalate plasticisers from polyvinyl chloride toys and childcare. Journal of Chromatography A 2002; 983;237–246.
- Assembly Bill 319, California Legislature-2005- 06 Regular Session, 10 February 2005.
- Soudais, Y., Moga, L., Bazek, J. and Lemor, F., Coupled DTA—TGA—FT-IR investigation of pyrolytic decomposition of EVA, PVC and cellulose. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 2007; 78;46-57.
- Characterization Using Instrumentation of Local Glue Related Glue Sniffing Activity
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi of Malaysia 81310 Skudai, Johor, MY
1 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi of Malaysia 81310 Skudai, Johor, MY
Source
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Vol 3, No 2 (2009), Pagination: 58-64Abstract
Abused class substances use as inhalant which includes volatile solvents is endemic worldwide. Nowadays, glue sniffing is like disease to children in primary and secondary school and this problem is shown by media like a "time bomb" for our future generation. Glue is easily available and cheaper than drugs and because of that, more teenagers is using it to get 'high'. Children who abuse glue early in life are more likely to use other illicit drugs. Later, the method of delivery is inhalation of a solvent from its container, a soaked rag, or a bag. In this study the volatile substance in glue will be determined using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy Detector (GC-MSD) with headspace method. This study proved from the results obtain that toluene is the one of the major substance this confirmed by GC-MSD with head space method. FTIR analysis of glue showed that strong absorption peak of C = C (aromatic) bending at 700 cm-1 and 693.8 cm-1, confirm that toluene and benzenes exist in glue sample. Furthermore heavy metal atoms such as Cadmium, Chromium, Iron, Zinc, Titanium, Argentum and Sodium had been detected in all glue samples using ICPOES.Keywords
Glue, Gas Chromatography-mass Spectroscopy Detector, Inductively Coupled Plasma-optical Emission Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infra RedReferences
- Ucapan Y.Bhg Dato’ Abd. Hakim Bin Borhan Datuk Bandar Kuala Lumpur merangkap pengerusi penyelaras PEMADAM Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur Sempena , “Majlis Perasmian Karnival Masyarakat Sinat dan Majlis Pelancaran Kempen Anti hidu Gam Peringkat Kebangsaan 2007”, “Ke arah Negara Merdeka Dadah”, 5 Ogos 2007.
- Barry Levine, AACC Press, “Principles of Forensic Toxicology Revised and Updated Second Edition” (2006). Part III, Analytes, Inhlants. 373-380.
- Arif, A.E.; and Navaratnam, V., eds. Abuse of Volatile Solvents and Inhalants: Papers Presented at a WHO Advisory Meeting. International Monograph Series No. 1. Penang, Malaysia: Drug Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1988. pp. 16-23.
- Sharifah, M.T.F. “Report on the Inhalant Abuse Problem in Sarawak, East Malaysia.” Paper presented at the Twelfth IFNGO Conference, Singapore, November 12-16, 1990.
- Jasmine S, “Powerless to act on glue sniffing” , New Straits Times, Monday, 6th June 2005.
- J Lalaa, Published Feb 13, Health and wellness, Drugs and Medication, Glue Sniffing Explained.
- Inhalant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm “Electrochemical behaviour of electrodeposited Ni-WC composite coatings”. Surface & Coatings Technology. Article in press.
- Carrie.E. Anderson, M.D. and Glenn A. Loomis, M.D, “Recognition and Prevention of Inhalant Abuse, St. Francis Hospital and Health Centers, Beech Grove, Indiana.
- Nicholas K, Zili Sloboda, Maria De La Rosa. (1995). Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An International Perspective, U.S Department of Health and Human Service, Public Health Service, National Institute of Health. Journal of Inhalant abuse, Page 2-3.
- Spectrophotometry Semiquantitation Method Hippuric Acid in Urine for Demostration of Toluene Abuse
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi of Malaysia 81310 Skudai, Johor, MY
1 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi of Malaysia 81310 Skudai, Johor, MY
Source
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Vol 4, No 1 (2010), Pagination: 68-70Abstract
Toluene abuser as known as glue sniffer has been growth like drug abuser nowadays in Malaysia. Toluene can entered human body and metabolite in kidney to form benzoic acid which is then conjugated with glycine to form hippuric acid. The purpose of this research is to develop a fast and accurate screening method of toluene presence in urine sample of glue sniffer. However, urine is a complex mixture of thousand chemicals thus it is difficult to carry out qualitative analysis unless proper sample treatment and instrument with high sensitivity is applied. Urine samples were mixed with pyridine and benzenesulphonyl chloride with addition of distill water. The change color from yellow to red indicates the presence of hippuric acid in the urine samples. This technique was found successfully create a simple, fast and accurate screening method available. Quantitative analysis of toluene in urine samples was done using UV-Visible spectrometer at wavelength 417 nm and presented in this paper. The successfully of this research will be useful to help National Anti Drug Agency and Royal Police of Malaysia to overcome this problem.Keywords
Glue, Hippuric Acid, Benzoic Acid, Color Test, Ultra Violet VisibleReferences
- Hippuric Acid – Wikipedia the free encyclopedia.htm.
- Serap A.A, Pembe O, Yusuf K., Huseyin.K, Suheyla.E, “Medicolegal Aspects of Blood-Urine Toluene and Urinary Ortho-Cresol concentration in Toluene Exposure”. Journal Medical Science. 31: 415-419, 2001.
- Arif, A.E.; and Navaratnam, V., eds. Abuse of Volatile Solvents and Inhalants: Papers Presented at a WHO Advisory Meeting. International Monograph Series No. 1. Penang, Malaysia: Drug Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1988. pp. 16-23.
- Sharifah, M.T.F. “Report on the Inhalant Abuse Problem in Sarawak, East Malaysia.” Paper presented at the Twelfth IFNGO Conference, Singapore, November 12-16, 1990.
- Jasmine S, “Powerless to act on glue sniffing” , New Straits Times, Monday, 6th June 2005.
- Inhalant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm “Electrochemical behaviour of electrodeposited Ni-WC composite coatings”. Surface & Coatings Technology. Article in press.
- International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) (1986). Chemical. Environmental Health Criteria 52: Toluene. WHO. Geneva.
- World Health Organisation (WHO) (2000). Air quality guidelines for Europe. WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 91. 2nd edition. WHO Regional Office for Europe. Copenhagen.
- Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and Environment Agency (EA) (2004). Contaminants in soil: Collation of toxicological data and intake values for humans. Toluene. R&D Publications TOX 14. Environment Agency. Bristol.
- Carrie.E. Anderson, M.D. and Glenn A. Loomis, M.D, “Recognition and Prevention of Inhalant Abuse, St. Francis Hospital and Health Centers, Beech Grove, Indiana.
- Yamazaki K, Tanaka E, Misawa S. Urinary ortho-cresol concentrations as an indicator of toluene inhalation in glue sniffer. Journal Forensic Science. 32: 215-223, 1992.
- Gaffney, G.W, Schreier. K, DiFerrante.N, Altman.K. The quantitative determination of hippuric Acid. Journal Biochemistry. 206: 695-698, 1954.
- Charles J. Umberger, Frank. F. Fiorese. Colorimetric method of hippuric acid. Journal of clinical chemistry. 72: 91-96. (1960).
- Cresol from Toluene Metabolites in Head Space of Urine and Blood from Glue Sniffing Activity Using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrophotometry
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Johor, MY
1 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Johor, MY
Source
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Vol 6, No 2 (2012), Pagination: 1-5Abstract
Glue sniffing has been an addiction problem to countries all over the world since late nineteenth century. Back then, it is the adults who are mostly abusers but recently, the trend have shifted towards younger generations. More teenagers have been recorded to be glue sniffers. Most literatures indicated that it is the volatile solvent present in glue, the substance that gives the abusers 'high' or the intoxicating effects that they pursue. To study the metabolites of these substances, blood and urine samples from positive glue abusers obtained from local agencies were analyzed. The results showed that there were significant amount of para- cresol in the head space which is one of toluene's metabolites.Keywords
Glue, Toluene, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Detector, Head SpaceReferences
- Arif, A.E. and Navaratnam V., eds. Abuse of Volatile Solvents and Inhalants: Papers Presented at a WHO Advisory Meeting. International Monograph Series No. 1. Penang, Malaysia: Drug Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1988. pp. 16-23.
- Nicholas K, Zili Sloboda, Maria De La Rosa. (1995). Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An International Perspective, U.S Department of Health and Human Service, Public Health Service, National Institute of Health. Journal of Inhalant Abuse, Page 2-3.
- Sharifah, M.T.F. "Report on the Inhalant Abuse Problem in Sarawak, East Malaysia." Paper presented at the Twelfth IFNGO Conference, Singapore, November 12-16, 1990.
- Saad S. and Pakiam C. (2005). Screening for Volatile Solvents in Blood by Headspace Gas Chromatography. Department of Chemistry Method, JKM F0540. Pg 1-5.
- Serap A.A, Pembe O. Yusuf K, Huseyin K. and Suheyla E. (2001). Medicolegal Aspects of Blood- Urine Toluene and Urinary Ortho-Cresol Concentration in Toluene Exposure Turk J Med Sci. 31, 415-419.
- Yacob, A.R. Zainalibdin, M.R. (2009). Characterization using instrumentation of local glue related glue sniffing activity. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. Vol 3 (2): 58-64.
- Yacob, A.R. and Zainalibdin, M.R.(2010). G.S. Kit: Mobile test kit for glue sniffing screening. Advanced Management Science. 399-402.
- Yamazaki K., Tanaka E. and Misawa S. (1992). Urinary ortho-cresol Concentrations as an Indicator of Toluene Inhalation in Glue Sniffer J For Sci 32, 215-223.
- Flanagan, R.J. and Ives, R.J. (1994). Volatile substance abuse. Bull Narc. 46, 49-78.
- Bobae, K, Siwon, K, Sosun, K, Dong-Kye, L., Yu- Jin, P., Myung-Duck, K, Jae-Shin, L, and Suhkmann, K, (2011). 1H NMR spectroscopic identification of a glue sniffing biomarker. Forensic Science International. 209, 120-125.
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (2000).Toxicological profile for toluene. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
- Wilkins-Haug, L. (). Teratogen update: toluene. Teratology. 55 (2): 145-151.
- Tassaneeyakul, W., Birkett, D.J., Edwards, J.W., Veronese, M.E., Tassaneeyakul, W., Tukey, R.H. and Miners, J.O. (1996). Human cytochrome P450 isoform specificity in the regioselective metabolism of toluene and o-, m- and p-xylene. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 276 (1): 101-108.
- Chapman, D.E., Moore, T.J., Michener, S.R. and Powis, G. (1990). Metabolism and covalent binding of [14C]toluene by human and rat liver microsomal fractions and liver slices. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 18 (6): 929-936.
- Kawamoto, T Matsuno, K, Kodama, Y, Murata, K., Matsuda, S. (1994). ALDH2 polymorphism and biological monitoring of toluene. Archives of Environmental Health 49 (5): 332-336.