Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Year
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Horak, Martin
- Comparison of Training Programmes and Activities for Cluster Managers in Europe with Respect to their Focus on Skills Development
Abstract Views :358 |
PDF Views:135
Authors
Affiliations
1 Tomas Bata University in Zlín, CZ
1 Tomas Bata University in Zlín, CZ
Source
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, Vol 6, No 1 (2018), Pagination: 16-29Abstract
The role of cluster manager and his/her development is an essential element in order to gain a competitive advantage and to ensure sustainability of cluster organisation. Nevertheless, research on cluster management has hardly studied the scope of offered trainings with areas of developed skills for this position. Hence, the main objective of the paper is to analyze and evaluate content of current training programmes for cluster managers in Europe with respect to their focus on the development of hard and soft skills. Analyzed training programmes were chosen based on the consultations with members from National Cluster Association operating in the Czech Republic. Regarding the defined criterion, hard skills included terms related to specific cluster knowledge (tools/methods for cluster setting/development; cluster policy), knowledge in management area. Meanwhile, we understood soft skills as terms related to intrapersonal skills (one’s ability to manage oneself) and interpersonal skills (how one handles one’s interactions with others). The article was processed via desktop research involving collection of relevant information from secondary sources. The paper explores ten international programmes done across Europe. Based on the gathered data, we claim that analyzed programmes are overwhelmingly focused on developing hard skills (mainly specific knowledge and abilities required for success in the cluster manager position – such as knowledge about identifying cluster, tools and methods for development of clusters). However, based on the literature, it is clear that soft skills (intrapersonal and interpersonal skills) are crucial for sustainable development of organisation. Considering implications for the practice, our findings provide valuable point for organisations/initiatives offering training programmes for cluster managers.Keywords
Cluster, Cluster Organisation, Cluster Management, Cluster Manager, Training Programmes.Full Text
References
- Alipour, M., Salehi, M., & Shahnavaz, A. (2009). A study of on the job training effectiveness: Empirical evidence of Iran. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(11), 63.
- Alvesson, M., & Sveningsson, S. (2003). Managers doing leadership: The extra-ordinarization of the mundane. Human relations, 56(12), 1435-1459.
- Armstrong, M., 2007. Řízení lidských zdrojů – Nejnovější trendy a postupy. 10. vyd. Praha: Grada Publishing, a.s. 800 s. ISBN 80247-1407-3.
- Balcar, J. (2016). Is it better to invest in hard or soft skills? The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 27(4), 453-470.
- Balcar J, Homolová E, Karásek Z, et al. (2011) Transferable Competences across Economic Sectors: Role and Importance for Employment at European Level. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union (version without appendices).
- Barry, D. (1991). Managing the Bossless Team: Lessons in Distributed Leadership. Organizational dynamics, 20(1), p. 31-47. doi: 10.1016/0090-2616(91)90081-J.
- Belizón, M. J., Morley, M. J., & Gunnigle, P. (2016). Modes of integration of human resource management practices in multinationals. Personnel Review, 45(3), 539-556.
- Brodsky, Z., 2009. Rízení lidských zdrojů pro managery: pro kombinované studium studijního programu Ekonomika a management. Pardubice: Univerzita Pardubice, Ekonomicko-správní fakulta, 113 s. ISBN 978-80-7395-155-9.
- Břusková, P., Hudeckova, E., Poledník, J., Sarlej, M., & Ochodek, T. (2013). Podstata a fungování klastrových iniciativ. Retrieved from: http://partnerstvi-energetiky.msek.cz/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/06-Podstata-a-fungovani-klastrovych-iniciativ.pdf.
- Cloe: Clusters Linked over Europe. (2006). Cluster Management Guide – Guidelines for the Development nad Management of Cluster Initiatives. Linz: TMG. Dostupné z: http://www.interreg4c.eu/uploads/media/pdf/2_Cluster_Management_Guide_CLOE.pdf.
- Cluster Development. (2016). Cluster Training. In: Cluster Development [online]. Dostupné z: http://www.cluster-development.com/cluster/en/Cluster_training.
- Cluster Navigators. (2016). Cluster Development - Training Workshops. In: Cluster Navigators [online]. Dostupné z: http://www.clusternavigators.com/workshops.cfm.
- Cooke, P. (2001). Regional innovation systems, clusters, and the knowledge economy. Industrial and corporate change, 10(4), 945-974.
- Cosh, A., Duncan, J. and Hughes, A. (1998) Investment in Training and Small Firm Growth and Survival. Department for Education and Employment, Research Report RR 36, Sheffield.
- Crosbie, R. (2005). Learning the soft skills of leadership. Industrial and commercial training, 37(1), 45-51.
- Darling, J. R., & Heller, V. L. (2009). Organization development in an era of socioeconomic change: A focus on the key to successful management leadership. Organization development journal, 27(2), 9.
- Doronina, I. I., Kulikova, N. N., Razzhivin, O. A., Kostyukhin, Y. Y., Silnov, D. S., & Sadovnikova, N. A. (2016). Human resource management features of an innovative cluster. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(6S).
- Drucker, P. F. (2012). To nejdůležitější z Druckera v jednom svazku. 1. vyd. Praha: Management press, 300 s. ISBN 978-807261-242-0.
- Du Plessis, A., Frederick, H., & Maritz, A. (2013). Education and training deficits in industrial clusters: Empirical evidence that managers can use to rectify the skills gap in Auckland precinct. Actual Problems of Economics, 2(3), 12-20.
- Elmuti, D., Minnis, W., & Abebe, M. (2005). Does education have a role in developing leadership skills?. Management Decision, 43(7/8), 1018-1031.
- European Foundation for Cluster Excellence. (2016a). Train-the-Trainers. In: Towards Excellence in Cluster Management [online]. Dostupné z: http://www.clusterexcellence.org/trainthetrainers/.
- European Foundation for Cluster Excellence. (2016b). Competitiveness Summer School For Leading Regions, Clusters and Cities Barcelona, Autumn 2016. In: Towards Excellence in Cluster Management [online]. Dostupné z: http://www.clusterexcellence.org/summer-school/.
- European Foundation for Cluster Excellence. (2016c). The Essence of Cluster Excellence Management. In: Towards Excellence in Cluster Management [online]. Dostupné z: http://www.clusterexcellence.org/essence/.
- European Foundation for Cluster Excellence. (2016d). Gold Cluster Excellence Manager. In: Towards Excellence in Cluster Management [online]. Dostupné z: http://www.clusterexcellence.org/gold/.
- Folwarczná, I., 2010. Rozvoj a vzdělávání manažerů. 1. vyd. Praha: Grada. 240 s. ISBN 978-80-247-3067-7.
- Fraser, S., Storey, D., Frankish, J. and Roberts, R. (2002). The Relationship between Training and Small Business Performance: An Analysis of the Barclays Bank Small Firms Training Loan Scheme. Environment and Planning C, 20(2): 211–34.
- Freeman, W. J. (2007). Moral maturity and the knowledge management firm. Nova Southeastern University: ProQuest. 142 s. ISBN 978-0-549-20287-5.
- Gebhardt, C., & Pohlmann, M. C. (2013). Managing the organisation 2.0: Entrepreneurial spirit and general management competences as early indicators for cluster success and sustainable regional development: Findings from the German Entrepreneurial Regions Programme. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 24(2), 153-160.
- Günther, J., & Meissner, D. (2017). Clusters as Innovative Melting Pots?—the Meaning of Cluster Management for Knowledge Diffusion in Clusters. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-14.
- Henville, N. (2012). Hard vs soft skills training. Training Journal, 21(2), 41-44.
- Hunt, J. W., & Baruch, Y., 2003. Developing Top Managers: the Impact of Interpersonal Skills Training. Journal of Management Development, 22(8), p. 729-752. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02621710310487882.
- Ingstrup, M. B., & Damgaard, T. (2013). Cluster Facilitation from a Cluster Life Cycle Perspective. European Planning Studies, 21(4), p. 556-574. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2012.722953.
- Jarjabka, Á., & Weiner, J. (2012). The Importance and Aspects of Training in EU Cluster Development. Közgazdász Fórum, 15(109), p. 29-47.
- Kars-Unluoglu, S. (2016). How do we educate future innovation managers? Insights on innovation education in MBA syllabi. Innovation, 18(1), 74-98.
- Kergel, H., zu Köcker, G. M., & Nerger, M. (2014). New Approaches to Improve the Performance of Cluster Management Organisations in Europe. Berlin: European Secretariat for Cluster Analysis (ESCA). Dostupné z: http://www.cluster-analysis.org/downloads/Newapproachestoimprove.pdf.
- Kitching, J. & Blackburn, R. (2002). The Nature of Training and Motivation to Train in Small Firms. Research Report RR 330, Sheffield: Department for Education and Skills.
- Knorringa, P., & Meyer-Stamer, J. (1998). New dimensions in local enterprise cooperation and development: from clusters to industrial districts. New Approaches to Science and Technology Cooperation and Capacity Building. New York, Geneva: United Nations (atas XI).
- Krippendorff, K. (1980), Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Laker, D. R., & Powell, J. L. (2011). The differences between hard and soft skills and their relative impact on training transfer. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(1), 111-122.
- Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2003). Deconstructing clusters: chaotic concept or policy panacea?. Journal of economic geography, 3(1), 5-35.
- Mazilu, M., & Sava, C. (2011). New ways of Innovation in Tourism Economy: implementing Clusters, in Recent Researches in Economics, Proceedings of the 2-nd 669 International Conference on Business Administration (ICBA’2011), Montreux, Switzerland. Retrieved from: http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2011/Montreux/ICICIC/ICICIC-11.pdf.
- McGurk, P. (2013). Management and leadership development in public service organizations. Human resource management in the public sector.
- McKenna, J. F., & Yeider, R. A. (1991). Management Development for an Organisation in Transition. Journal of Management Development, 10(1), 54-63.
- Menu, S. (2012). The role of cluster policy on leadership: evidence from two Pôles de compétitivité. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 30(5), 816-834.
- Millar, C., & Gitsham, M. (2013). The role of management development in achieving a culture change towards sustainability in the organisation. Journal of Management Development, 32(3).
- Mühleisen, S. Oberhuber, N. (2008). Komunikační a jiné měkké dovednosti. Soft skills v praxi. 1. vyd. Praha: Grada Publishing.
- Nguyen, N., & Hansen, J. Ø. (2016). Becoming a leader-manager: a matter of training and education. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, 30(6), 10-12.
- Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and Practice. 6 vyd. Los Angeles: Sage, 481 s. ISBN 978-1-4522-0340-9.
- Pavelkova, D., Friedel, L., Jirčíkova, E., Knápkova, A., Skokan, K., & Škodakova, P. (2009). Klastry a jejich vliv na výkonnost firem. 1. vyd. Praha: Grada Publishing, a.s. 268 s. ISBN 978-80-247-2689-2.
- Porter, M. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. New York: The Free Press.
- Porvazník, J. (2014). Celostní management. Třetí přepracované a doplněné vydání. Bratislava: IRIS. ISBN 978-80-8153-030-2.
- Pro Inno Europe Initiative. (2009). CMQ – Cluster Manager Qualification: Results of a Comprehensive Survey on Tasks, Skills & Training Needs of European Cluster Managers. INNO-Net project CEE-Cluster Network. Dostupné z: http://www.clusterplattform.at/fileadmin/user_upload/clusterbibliothek/624_CMQ-summary-report_CEE-CN_090428.pdf.
- Quercus Group. (2016). Training - How to make your cluster a success [online]. In: Quercus Group. Dostupné z: http://www.quercus-group.com/#!Signup-for-training-how-to-make-your-cluster-a-success-2–4-March-2016/c7a5/566a050f0cf2391068761d63.
- Robinson, S., & Stubberud, H. A. (2014). Teaching creativity, team work and other soft skills for entrepreneurship. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 17(2), 186.
- Salas, E., Wildman, J. L., & Piccolo, R. F. (2009). Using simulation-based training to enhance management education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 8(4), 559-573.
- Schretlen, J.H., Dervojeda, K., Jansen, W., & Schaffmeister,, B. (2011). Uncovering excellence in cluster management. Price waterhouse Coopers Accountants N.V. Dostupné z: http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/psrc/pdf/cluster_management.pdf.
- Sölvell, Ö., Lindqvist, G., & Ketels, C. (2003), The Cluster Initiative Greenbook. Stockholm: Ivory Tower Publishers. ISBN 91-974783-1-8. Dostupné z: https://www.hhs.se/contentassets/f51b706e1d644e9fa6c4d232abd09e63/greenbooksep03.pdf.
- Statt, D. A. (1998). The concise dictionary of psychology. Taylor & Francis US. ISBN 0-203-45052-3.
- Steiner, M., & Hartmann, C. (2006). Organizational learning in clusters: A case study on material and immaterial dimensions of cooperation. Regional Studies, 40(5), 493-506. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343400600757494.
- Storey, D.J. (2002). Education, Training and Development Policies and Practices in Medium and Small Sized Enterprises in the UK: Do They Really Influence Firm Performance?. Omega, 30:249–64. Storey, D. J. (2004). Exploring the link, among small firms, between management training and firm performance: a comparison between the UK and other OECD countries. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(1), 112-130.
- Swann, P., & Prevezer, M. (1996). A comparison of the dynamics of industrial clustering in computing and biotechnology. Research Policy, 25(7), 1139–1157. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(96)00897-9.
- Sydow, J., Lerch, F., Huxham, C., & Hibbert, P. (2011). A silent cry for leadership: Organizing for leading (in) clusters. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), p. 328-343. doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.008.
- Tannenbaum, S. I., & Yukl, G. (1992). Training and development in work organizations. Annual review of psychology, 43(1), 399-441.
- Ulčín, P. (2014). Ryba smrdí od hlavy. Jak firma přijde o milion. In: Moderní řízení. Měsíčník vydavatelství Economia. 4(10), p. 32-34. ISSN 0026-8720.
- Urban, J., 2004. Výkladový slovník řízení lidských zdrojů: s anglickými ekvivalenty. Praha: ASPI. ISBN 807357019X.
- Veber, J. (2014). Management: základy, moderní manažerské přístupy, výkonnost a prosperita. 2.vyd. Praha: Management Press, 736 s. ISBN 978-80-726-1274-1.
- Weber, R. P. (1990), Basic Content Analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Woods, R. (1995). Human Resources Management. AHMA, Michigan.
- Zagorsek, H., Svetina, A. C., & Jaklic, M. (2008). Leadership in clusters: Attributes of effective cluster leader in Slovenia. Transformations in Business and Economics, 7(2), p. 98-113.
- Implementation of the Smart City Concept in the EU:Importance of Cluster Initiatives and Best Practice Cases
Abstract Views :250 |
PDF Views:92
Authors
Affiliations
1 Tomas Bata University in Zlín, CZ
1 Tomas Bata University in Zlín, CZ
Source
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, Vol 6, No 1 (2018), Pagination: 30-51Abstract
The Smart City concept is a challenge for all levels of public administration. With a growing degree of urbanization socio-economic problems accumulate in urban agglomeration. The Smart City concept has the potential to effectively address those issues by implementing relevant projects. Our main objective is to analyze Smart City concept in EU with emphasize to Smart Governance. Specifically, we investigate four areas related to Smart City concept, such as: the importance of Smart City Governance including Smart City manager role, the position of Smart City concept in EU policies, tools for it's promotion among EU countries and good practices of municipalities in implementing Smart City concept. The article was processed using analysis of relevant information sources. Regarding our results, the paper brings in an useful insight into Smart City manager role, concerned EU policies (especially 5G, Big data, ICT innovation and Internet of Things), tools as Smart City Clusters, Smart City living labs and examples including comparison of municipalities representing good practices (Amsterdam, Helsinki, Barcelona, Copenhagen, Vienna). In addition, we claim that the current concept of the Smart City within the EU institutions as well as within identified Smart City clusters and cities as examples of best practice is predominantly technological. However, professional discourse has shifted in recent years to the dimension of municipalities as an organizational and management component which lead to the idea of Smart Governance. Gathered findings could provide an inspiration to municipalities and their management in order to face new challenges related to the Smart City area.Keywords
Smart City, Smart Governance, Smart City Clusters, Living Labs, European Union.Full Text
References
- Almirall, E. & Wareham, J. (2008). Living Labs and Open Innovation: Roles and applicability. The Electronic Journal for Virtual Organizations and Networks, Special Issue on Living Labs. eJOV, Vol. 10, pp. 21–46.
- Amsterdam Economic Board (AEB). (2017). Project on Amsterdam Innovation Motor. Available at: https://www.amsterdameconomicboard.com/.
- Amsterdam Smart City (ASC). (2013) Health-Lab’, Amsterdam Smart City, 2013b, available at: http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/label/Health-Lab.
- Amsterdam Smart Stories (ASS) (2011). Published by Amsterdam Smart City initiatives. Available at: https://issuu.com/amsterdamsmartcity/docs/smart_stories.
- Arnkil, R., Järvensivu, A., Koski, P., & Piirainen, T. (2010). Exploring quadruple helix outlining user-oriented innovation models.
- Belissent, J. (2010). Getting clever about smart cities: New opportunities require new business models. Cambridge, MA: Forrester Research.
- Bifulco, F., Tregua, M., & Amitrano, C. C. (2014). Living labs for smart innovation: a user-centric approach, The Human Side of Service Engineering, 1, 282-294.
- Bifulco, F., Tregua, M., & Amitrano, C. C. (2017). Co-Governing Smart Cities Through Living Labs. Top Evidences From EU, Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 13(50), 21-37.
- Bolívar, M., P., R. and Meijer, A. (2016). Governing the smart city: a review of the literature on smart urban governance, International Review of Administrative Sciences, Vol 82, Issue 2.
- Caragliu, A., C., Del Bo, and P. Nijkamp, (2011). Smart cities in Europe, Journal of Urban Technology, 18:2; 65-82.
- Carayannis, E. G., & Campbell, D. F. (2009). Mode 3 and Quadruple Helix: toward a 21st century fractal innovation ekosystém, International journal of technology management, 46(3-4), 201-234.
- Castelnovo, W., Misuraca, G., & Savoldelli, A. (2016). Smart cities governance: The need for a holistic approach to assessing urban participatory policy making, Social Science Computer Review, 34(6), 724-739.
- City of Amsterdam, (2011a). Amsterdam a different energy 2040 Energy Strategy, City of Amsterdam, Klimaatbureau, Amsterdam.
- City of Amsterdam. (2011). Economically strong and sustainable Structural Vision: Amsterdam 2040, PlanAmsterdam, No. 1-2011, City of Amsterdam, Dienst Ruimtelijke Ordening, Amsterdam.
- City of Copenhagen. (2009). Copenhagen Climate Plan The short version. The Technical and Environmental Administration City Hall.
- Climate and Energy Fund. (2013). eMORAIL, Integrated eMobility Service for Public Transport, available at: http://www.klimafonds.gv.at/assets/Uploads/Themenprojekte/Leuchttuerme/eMORAIL/22052012EMORAILBeschreibung-EN.pdf.
- Cohen B. (2012). The Top 10 Smart Cities on The Planet, available at: http://www.fastcoexist.com/1679127/thetop-10-smart-cities-on-the-planet.
- Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster (CCC) (2014). Copenhagen: Solutions For Sustainable Cities. Published by Copenhagen City Hall.
- Corrigan, P., and Joyce, P. (1997). Reconstructing public management: A new responsibility for the public and a case study of local government, International Journal of Public Sector Management, 10:6; 417-432.
- Cosgrave, E., Arbuthnot, K., & Tryfonas, T. (2013). Living labs, innovation districts and information marketplaces: A systems approach for smart cities, Procedia Computer Science, 16, 668-677.
- Dameri, R. P. (2017). The Conceptual Idea of Smart City: University, Industry, and Government Vision. In Smart City Implementation (pp. 23-43). Springer International Publishing.
- Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (1995). The Triple Helix--University-industry-government relations: A laboratory for knowledge based economic development.
- European Commission. (2010). EUROPE 2020: A European strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Communication from The Commission, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eu2020/pdf/COMPLET%20EN%20BARROSO%20%20%20007%20-%20Europe%202020%20-%20EN%20version.pdf.
- European Commission. (2015). Perspectives for Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation (RIS3) in the wider context of the Europe 2020 Growth Strategy. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015. ISBN 978-92-79-49245-7 doi: 10.2777/872170.
- European Parliament. (2014). Mapping smart city in the EU. Brussels. Retrieved from http://www.europarl. europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference¼IPOL-ITRE_ET%282014%29507480
- European Union. (2011). Cities of tomorrow: Challenges, visions, ways forward. Communication, Information, Relations with Third Countries, Brussels. doi:10.2776/41803.
- Francesco B., Marco T. and Cristina C. (2017). Co-Governing Smart Cities Through Living Labs. Top Evidences From Eu, Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, No. 50 E/2017, pp. 21-37. DOI:10.24193/tras.2017.0002.
- FindAMasters.com. (2017). Find A Masters Degree Worldwide - Postgraduate MSc MA MBA MPhil MRes MBA & LLM Courses. [online] Available at: https://www.findamasters.com/ [Accessed 23 Oct. 2017].
- Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanovic, N. and Meijers, E. (2007). Smart Cities-Ranking of European Medium-sized Cities. [Online] available at http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_fi nal_report, accessed on March 15, 2016.
- Griffith, J. C. (2000). Smart governance for smart growth: The need for regional governments. Ga. St. UL Rev., 17, 1019.
- GSMA. (2012) ‘Finland: Forum Virium Helsinki’, GSMA Connected Living, Available at: http://www.gsma.com/connectedliving/wpcontent/uploads/2012/12/cl_forum_virium_12_12.pdf.
- Hannele A., Aapo H., Isabel P. and Miimu A. (2016). What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities?, Elsevier Ltd, Cities 60 pp 234–245.
- Helsinki Region Infoshare (HRI). (2013) ‘About Helsinki Region Infoshare’. Available at: http://www.hri.fi/en/about/.
- Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J.R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., Pardo, T.A. and Scholl, H.J. (2012). Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework. In System Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 2289-2297). IEEE.
- Kourtit, K., Macharis, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2014). A multi-actor multi-criteria analysis of the performance of global cities, Applied Geography, 49, 24-36.
- Le Boterf, G. (1994). De la compétence. Essai sur un attracteur étrange.Lee, J. H., & Hancock, M. G. (2012). Towards a framework for smart cities: A comparison of Seoul, San Francisco and Amsterdam. Stanford Program on Regions of Innovation and Entrepreneurshiphttp://iis-db.stanford.edu/evnts/7239/Jung_Hoon_Lee_final.pdf
- Leydesdorff, L., & Etzkowitz, H. (2001). The transformation of university-industry-government relations. Electronic journal of Sociology.
- Major Cities of Europe, ‘Barcelona Urban Habitat, The vision, approach and projects of the City of Barcelona towards smart cities’, Vienna, 6th June 2012.
- Maroula A., Diofantos H., Phaedon K. and Konstantinos S. (2016). "Smart City planning from a bottom-up approach: local communities' intervention for a smarter urban environment", Proc. SPIE 9688, Fourth International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation of the Environment. doi: 10.1117/12.2240762.
- Michelucci, F. V., De Marco, A., & Tanda, A. (2016). Defining the Role of the Smart-City Manager: An Analysis of Responsibilities and Skills, Journal of Urban Technology, 23(3), 23-42.
- Mulder, I. (2014). Sociable smart cities: Rethinking our future through co-creative partnerships. In N. Streitz & P. Markopoulos (Eds.), Distributed, ambient, and pervasive interactions (pp. 566–574). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.
- Nalbandian, J., R., O'Neill, J. Michael Wilkes, and J. Kaufman, (2013). Contemporary Challenges in Local Government: Evolving Roles and Responsibilities, Structures, and Processes, Public Administration Review, 73:4; 567-574.
- Nam, T., & Pardo, T. A. (2011). Conceptualizing Smart City with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. In Proceedings of the 12th annual international digital government research conference: digital government innovation in challenging times (pp. 282-291). ACM.
- Odendaal, N. (2003). Information and communication technology and local governance: Understanding the difference between cities in developed and emerging economies, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 6(27), 585–607.
- Official webpage European Commission (2017 a). The Directorate‑General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology. https://ec.europa.eu/info/departments/communications-networks-content-and-technology_en.
- Official webpage European Commission (2017 b). European commission Mobility and transport Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/index_en.
- Official webpage European Commission (2017). European commission on Smart Cities. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/policies/smart-cities .
- Official webpage of ‘The Copenhagen Wheel’ (TCW). (2017). About the project Copenhagen Wheel. Available at: http://senseable.mit.edu/copenhagenwheel/index.html.
- Official webpage of Smart City Wien (SCW). (2017). Project ‘Smile – einfach mobil’, available at: https://smartcity.wien.gv.at/site/en/smile-2/.
- Porter, M. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. New York: The Free Press.
- Rychen, D. S., & Salganik, L. H. (Eds.). (2003). Key competencies for a successful life and well-functioning society. Hogrefe Publishing.
- Santoro, R., & Conte, M. (2009). Living labs in open innovation functional regions. In Technology Management Conference (ICE), 2009 IEEE International (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
- Shapiro, J. M. (2006). Smart cities: Quality of life, productivity, and the growth effects of human capital, Review of Economics & Statistics, 88, 324–335.
- Schaffers, H., & Turkama, P. (2012). Living Labs for cross-border systemic innovation, Technology Innovation Management Review, 2(9), 25.
- Scholl, H. J., & Scholl, M. C. (2014). Smart governance: A roadmap for research and practice. In M. Kindling & E. Greifeneder (Eds.), iConference 2014 Proceedings (pp. 163–176). Urbana-Champaign, USA: iSchools.
- Tan Y. (2016). Technology and the City: Systems, Applications and Implications. Published by Routledge. 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abington. ISBN 9781315739090.
- The Official Webpage of Amsterdam Smart City (ASC). (2017). Amsterdam Smart City initiatives. Available at: https://amsterdamsmartcity.com.
- Torfing JB, Peters G, Pierre J and Sorensen, E. (2012). Interactive Governance: Advancing the Paradigm. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Waart, van, P., Mulder, I., & de Bont, C. (2016). A participatory approach for envisioning a Smart City, Social Science Computer Review, 34(6), 708-723.
- Virtanen, T. (2000). Changing competences of public managers: tensions in commitment, International Journal of Public Sector Management, 13:4; 333-341.
- Wang, M. (2015). Smart cities of the future: Creating tomorrow’s education toward effective skills and career development today, Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal (KM&EL), 6(4), 344-355.
- YouTube. (2017). The Future is Smarter Cities by Jerry MacArthur Hultin. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgeZiCzQamA [Accessed 23 Oct. 2017].
- Zagorsek, H., Svetina, A. C., & Jaklic, M. (2008). Leadership in clusters: Attributes of effective cluster leader in Slovenia, Transformations in Business and Economics, 7(2), p. 98-113.