ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Aerodynamic Effect on Stability and Lift Characteristics of an Elevated Sedan Car


Affiliations
1 PES University, Bangalore-560085, Karnataka, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


There is a strong interaction between air and vehicle components. Aerodynamics plays a significant role in a vehicle's fuel efficiency. The contact patch load between the tire and road is directly related to the vehicle load. In this research, the lift forces generated due to the additional wing attached to the car model with different spans and heights of the wing location from the car body is considered for study. The loads due to change in Angle of Attack (AOA) and their effect on the tire loads are studied. The upward vertical force produced from aerodynamic loads reduces the wheel load of the car virtually. A tire's coefficient of friction would decrease with upward vertical force. This balance load implies that a lightweight car would make more efficient use of its tires than a heavier car. ANSYS Fluent is used for the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study. The validation of airflow characteristics, lift and drag forces from simulations are done with wind tunnel testing data. Varying the angle of attack, wingspan, height between the car and the wing's lower surface, one can increase the capacity of the pa06yload by 10% or fuel efficiency by 10% to 20%.

Keywords

Aerodynamics,,Navier Stoke equation, Nozzle effect, Car-wing, Drag, Lift.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • Ahmed, S., Ramm, G., & Faltin, G. (1984). Some Salient Features Of The Time-Averaged Ground Vehicle Wake. SAE Technical Paper Series, 473– 503. https://doi.org/10.4271/840300

  • Baffet, G., Charara, A., & Lechner, D. (2009). Estimation of vehicle sideslip, tire force and wheel cornering stiffness. Control Engineering Practice, 17(11), 1255–1264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2009.05.005

  • Bayındırlı, C., & Çelik, M. (2018). The Experimentally and Numerically Determination Of The Drag Coefficient Of A Bus Model. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 7(3), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.486409

  • Department of Automatic Control Lund Institute of Technology, & Gerard, M. (2006). Tire-Road Friction Estimation Using Slip-based Observers (ISRN LUTFD2/TFRT--5771--SE). http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downlo adFile&recordOId=8847816&fileOId=8859385

  • Dominy, R. G. (1992). Aerodynamics of Grand Prix Cars. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 206(4), 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_18 7_02

  • Gaylard, A., Kabanovs, A., Jilesen, J., Kirwan, K., & Lockerby, D. (2017). Simulation of rear surface contamination for a simple bluff body. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 165, 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.02.019

  • Gillespie, T. D. (1992). Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics. SAE International.

  • Guilmineau, E. (2014). Numerical Simulations of Flow around a Realistic Generic Car Model. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems, 7(2), 646–653. https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-0607

  • Guilmineau, E. (2018). Effects of Rear Slant Angles on the Flow Characteristics of the Ahmed Body by IDDES Simulations. SAE Technical Paper Series, 001–0010. https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0720

  • Hucho, W., & Sovran, G. (1993). Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 25(1), 485–537. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.25.010193.00 2413

  • Huminic, A., Huminic, G., & Soica, A. (2012). Study of aerodynamics for a simplified car model with the underbody shaped as a Venturi nozzle. International Journal of Vehicle Design, 58(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2012.045927

  • Katz, J. (2006). AERODYNAMICS OF RACE CARS. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 38(1), 27–63. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304. 092016

  • Kim, I., & Chen, H. (2010). Reduction of aerodynamic forces on a minivan by a pair of vortex generators of a pocket type. International Journal of Vehicle Design, 53(4), 300. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2010.034103

  • Mansour, H., Afify, R., & Kassem, O. (2020). Three-Dimensional Simulation of New Car Profile. Fluids, 6(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6010008

  • Matsumoto, D., Kiewat, M., Haag, L., & Indinger, T. (2018). Online Dynamic Mode Decomposition Methods for the Investigation of Unsteady Aerodynamics of the DrivAer Model (First Report). International Journal of Automotive Engineering, 9(2), 64–71. https://doi.org/10.20485/jsaeijae.9.2_64

  • Menter, F. R. (1994). Two-equation eddyviscosity turbulence models for engineering applications. AIAA Journal, 32(8), 1598–1605. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.12149

  • Nabil, T., Helmy Omar, A. B., & Mohamed Mansour, T. (2020). Experimental Approach and CFD Simulation of Battery Electric Vehicle Body. International Journal of Fluid Mechanics & Thermal Sciences, 6(2), 36. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfmts.20200602.11

  • Milliken, W. F. (1995). [Race Car Vehicle Dynamics (Premiere Series)] [Author: William F. Milliken] [December, 1995]. SAE International.

  • Olson, B., Shaw, S., & Ste'pa'n, G. (2003). Nonlinear Dynamics of Vehicle Traction. Vehicle System Dynamics, 40(6), 377–399. https://doi.org/10.1076/vesd.40.6.377.17905

  • Romijn, T., Hendrix, W., & Donkers, M. (2017). Modeling and Control of a Radio-Controlled Model Racing Car. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 50(1), 9162–9167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.1726

  • Ružinskas, A., & Sivilevičius, H. (2017). Magic Formula Tyre Model Application for a Tyre-Ice Interaction. Procedia Engineering, 187, 335– 341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.383

  • Strangfeld, C., Wieser, D., Schmidt, H. J., Woszidlo, R., Nayeri, C., & Paschereit, C. (2013). Experimental Study of Baseline Flow Characteristics for the Realistic Car Model DrivAer. SAE Technical Paper Series, 2342– 2350. https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-1251

  • Targosz, M., Skarka, W., & Przystałka, P. (2018). Model-Based Optimization of Velocity Strategy for Lightweight Electric Racing Cars. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2018, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3614025

  • Tunay, T., Sahin, B., & Ozbolat, V. (2014). Effects of rear slant angles on the flow characteristics of Ahmed body. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 57, 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2014.04. 016

  • Varney, M., Passmore, M., Wittmeier, F., & Kuthada, T. (2020). Experimental Data for the Validation of Numerical Methods: DrivAer Model. Fluids, 5(4), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040236

  • Varshney, H. (2017). Aerodynamic Drag Reduction of Tractor-Trailer using Wishbone Type Vortex Generators. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, V(IX), 1833–1846. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2017.9266

  • Viswanathan, H. (2021). Aerodynamic performance of several passive vortex generator configurations on an Ahmed body subjected to yaw angles. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 43(3), 25– 31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-021-02850-8

  • Wang, R., & Wang, J. (2013). Tire–road friction coefficient and tire cornering stiffness estimation based on longitudinal tire force difference generation. Control Engineering Practice, 21(1), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2012.09.009

  • Zhang, X., Toet, W., & Zerihan, J. (2006). Ground Effect Aerodynamics of Race Cars. Applied Mechanics Reviews, 59(1), 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2110263 Haslam, E. Shikimic Acid Metabolism and Metabolites, John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1993.

  • Techart for the Panamera models. (n.d.). Techart. https://www.techart.de/en/models/panamera/tec hart-for-970/

  • Porsche Panamera 4S. (n.d.). Porsche AG - Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG. https://www.porsche.com/international/models/p anamera/panamera-models/panamera-4s/


Abstract Views: 95

PDF Views: 0




  • Aerodynamic Effect on Stability and Lift Characteristics of an Elevated Sedan Car

Abstract Views: 95  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Amrutheswara Krishnamurthy
PES University, Bangalore-560085, Karnataka, India
Suresh Nagesh
PES University, Bangalore-560085, Karnataka, India

Abstract


There is a strong interaction between air and vehicle components. Aerodynamics plays a significant role in a vehicle's fuel efficiency. The contact patch load between the tire and road is directly related to the vehicle load. In this research, the lift forces generated due to the additional wing attached to the car model with different spans and heights of the wing location from the car body is considered for study. The loads due to change in Angle of Attack (AOA) and their effect on the tire loads are studied. The upward vertical force produced from aerodynamic loads reduces the wheel load of the car virtually. A tire's coefficient of friction would decrease with upward vertical force. This balance load implies that a lightweight car would make more efficient use of its tires than a heavier car. ANSYS Fluent is used for the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study. The validation of airflow characteristics, lift and drag forces from simulations are done with wind tunnel testing data. Varying the angle of attack, wingspan, height between the car and the wing's lower surface, one can increase the capacity of the pa06yload by 10% or fuel efficiency by 10% to 20%.

Keywords


Aerodynamics,,Navier Stoke equation, Nozzle effect, Car-wing, Drag, Lift.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.1.2.6