SOCRATES

Aynul Haque ¹

Affiliations
1 Political Science, Guskara Mahavidyalaya, Guskara, Burdwan, West Bengal, IN

Abstract

During the last six decades, human rights have become a live and vibrant issue in the free world. Human rights as the recognition of inherent and basic individual worth and dignity are as old as human civilization. An individual attains by birth some rights as human being. Thus the idea of human rights is civilization as it is a political idea with moral base. The concern for and of human rights has been institutionalized after General Assembly of UN adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the mid twentieth century. The expression "human rights" suggests rights of all human beings. The moral foundation of human rights to universality has not been questioned yet at least in principle, though there are some instances of rejection to this aspect of universality, either manifest or disguised, are fairly large in all parts of the world. The idea of democracy has led to great expectations to the people. It has become a key point of political legitimacy. In fact it is producing the greatest disillusionment and frustration recently. From the late 19th Century democracy and capitalism appear to have moved along independent yet parallel paths. During the 20th Century they gained in strength, interacting mutually and establishing an interface. The result of which the concept of welfare state emerges, defines the role of the state in an interventionist manner. On representative democracy Benjamin Barber says, 'Representations destroys participation and citizenship even as it serves accountability and private rights.' Indian Constitution, the most right-based Constitution of the world, provides ethical foundation of human rights in its Preamble, while the legal expression of these found in Part-Ill and part-IV of the Constitution.

Keywords

Human Rights, Democracy, Constitution, Violence, Crime, Corruption and India.

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Aynul Haque ¹

Affiliations
1 Guskara Mahavidyalaya Guskara, Burdwan, WB, IN

Abstract

About 160 developing countries of the "Global South", also called under the name and style the third world, are facing major development challenges, while Global north refers to the so-called developed countries of the west Geographically, most of the countries of the "Global South' are in the Southern hemisphere, while the so called developed countries, with the exception of Australia and New Zealand, are in the northern hemisphere. The historical genesis of the term third world lies in an approach based on preclusion, that is, after the Second World War and the advent of the cold war the countries of the world could be categorized as: I. the first world which consists of western, industrialised, capitalist democracies (pre-dominantly Christian) II. the second world which consists of the Socialist countries in Central and Eastern Europe including the erstwhile Soviet Union; and the third world consists of the rest The problems to ameliorate the wretched condition of the four-fifth of the world population belonging to the South are diverse in nature. The South presents many drawbacks like mass poverty, paucity of capital, wealth, technology and other development resources that are essential ingredients in respect of self development Because of these handicaps the countries of the South are helplessly dependent on North in respect of economy, finance, technology etc. By the result of which North has been able to exert undue pressures on the South and MNCs based on the North are able to exploit the weak bargaining power of the South. Why is the North -South issue becoming so important today? First of all the income gap between the North and the South is increasing. Income per head is being raised in the countries of the North .At the same time the problem of development of the developing countries soars up day-by-day. Now the question arises how can the countries of the South come out of such a miserable situation and accelerate the pace of development of their economies, making better utilization of their resource potential? The South Commission was established in 1987, with Julius Nyerere (former President of Tanzania) as the Chairman, and Dr. Manmohan Singh as member and General Secretary, pursued the scope for the South-South cooperation in the context of major development problems faced by developing countries. South Commission observed the crucial challenge that the developing countries face collectively is how to strengthen and diversify South-South cooperation. The development challenges faced by the countries of the South can lead South-South Cooperation a much needed strategy. Growing integration of the developed nations and signifying prosperity of such cooperation the need for SSC is reinforced.

Keywords

North, South, Development, GDP, Poverty, Hungry, Technology, Revolution and South-South Cooperation.

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