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Badmanaban, R.
- Bioethanol Production from Brewer’s Spent Grain, Bread Wastes and Corn Fiber
Authors
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN
Source
Research Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 3, No 2 (2011), Pagination: 70-75Abstract
The production of ethanol from bread wastes, brewer's spent grain (BSG) and corn fibre using dried active baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was investigated. These items were considered industrial wastes and are readily dispose off as by-products thereby constituting environmental hazards and an economic waste. The milled brewer's waste and corn fibre were pre-treated with dilute acid prehydrolysis followed by delignification using NaOH. The pre-treated BSG was further fermented using the bakers' yeast. For the bread waste, it was fermented without pretreatment because it contains less lignocellulose. The reducing sugar concentration of the pretreated BSG was determined to access the extent of the pretreatment process. The result showed that the ethanol content of the acid- treated BSG and bread wastes were 1.90% and 0.5% respectively while the proof spirit were 4.3% and 1-5% respectively. Bioethanol yield of corn fibre and basetreated BSG were negligible.Keywords
Delignification, Bioethanol, Wastes, Lignocellolosics, Biofuel.
- Structure Activity Relationship Studies of Synthesised Schiff Bases and Mannich Bases of Substituted 5-Methyl-1, 2-Dihydro-3H-Pyrazol-3-One Derivatives Having Variable Electronegative Atoms for Antioxidant Screening
Authors
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN
Source
Research Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 3, No 2 (2011), Pagination: 99-110Abstract
The proposed project has been designed for structure activity relationship by the Schiff base and Mannich base of substituted 5-methyl-1,2-dihydro-3Hpyrazol- 3-one derivatives for antioxidant screening.
The scheme for synthesis has been designed to synthesise 5-methyl-1,2- dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one molecule is done by reacting ethyl acetoacetate with hydrazine and then by benzoylation in basic medium produced 1,2- dibenzoyl derivative of the heterocyclic ring. Further condensation with hydrazine with this heterocyclic ring produced Schiff base at three positions where free ketone group is present. This tri-Schiff base has been condensed with various ketone compounds to produce Schiff base of R1/R2 at three positions as well as the same tri-Schiff bas on condensation with benzaldehyde with urea/thiourea/guanidine produced Mannich bases ath three positions for X=O/S/NH. The synthesised compounds have been characterized by N% and UV, IR, NMR and Mass Spectra. The antioxidant screening is based on the iodine spot activity of synthesised compounds by zone diameter calculation. It has been observed that in Mannich bases derivatives guanidine derivative (Compound-7) showed maximum antioxidant activity. The profile for the antioxidant activity is: Compound- 7(X=NH)>Compound-6(X=S)>Compound-5(X=O). It happens due to the electronegativity: NH=3.1+2.2=5.3; S=2.4; O=3.5. Here "N" has one lone pair of electrons whereas "O" and "S" has two lone pair of electrons but the electronegativity of "NH" is maximum in comparison to "S" and "O" which both have two lone pair of electrons but the electronegativity of "S" is lower that "O" so the antioxidant profile showed a very good satisfactory result. In case of Schiff bases the butanone derivative (Compound-4) showed maximum antioxidant activity. The profile for the antioxidant activity is: Compound-4(R1=CH3,R2=C2H5)>Compound-1(R1=R2=CH3)>Compound- 3(R1=R2=C6H5)>Compound-2(R1=CH3,R2=C6H5). It happens due to the presence of CH3+C2H5=3 carbons in alipahtic chain in case of Compound- 4(R1=CH3,R2=C2H5) but in case of Compound-1(R1=R2=CH3), here CH3+CH3=2 carbons in aliphatic chain, in Compound-3(R1=R2=C6H5), here C6H5+C6H5=12 carbons in aromatic ring and in Compound- 2(R1=CH3,R2=C6H5), here CH3+C6H5=7 carbons in alipahtic and aromatic ring. Compound-4(R1=CH3,R2=C2H5) of Schiff base is more active than Mannich base of Compound-7(X=NH) in antioxidant activity.