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Bhatt, Parloop A.
- Interlinking Between Altered Thyroid State and Development of Insulin Resistance: A Review
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Authors
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1 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana-384001, IN
2 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana, IN
3 L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, IN
1 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana-384001, IN
2 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana, IN
3 L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 3, No 5 (2011), Pagination: 234-240Abstract
It has long been recognized that thyroid hormones have marked effects on glucose homeostasis. Glucose intolerance is associated with hyperthyroidism and most recently it was shown that hypothyroidism is characterized by insulin resistance (IR). The interaction between thyroid function and insulin sensitivity is an important contributor to diabetic dyslipidemia. Effect of thyroid status on insulin sensitivity is of great interest but despite various studies reveal conflicting data on this subject. Thyroid disorders, including both hypo- and hyperthyroidism, may be associated with IR due to a plethora mechanism like, increased FFA, accumulation of intramyocellular lipids (IMCLs), increase in (Tumor Necrosis Factor)TNF-α, altered peripheral glucose disposal, altered blood flow, impaired GLUT4 translocation, decreased glycogen synthesis, down regulated intracellular glucose catabolism, decreased muscle oxidative capacity and many more contributing factors.Keywords
Insulin Resistance, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Thyroid Hormones.
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- P-Glycoprotein - A Unique Transporter Pump
Abstract Views :257 |
PDF Views:2
Authors
Affiliations
1 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana, Gujarat, IN
2 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana, IN
3 L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, IN
1 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana, Gujarat, IN
2 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana, IN
3 L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 3, No 5 (2011), Pagination: 241-245Abstract
P-Glycoprotein (P-gp)/MDR1 is the 170-kDa ABC drug transporter protein. It is a member of the ABC(ATP Binding Cassette)super family.It is involved in limiting the harmful exposure of toxins, drugs, and xenobiotics to the body by extruding them into the gastrointestinal tract, bile and urine. Drugs or substrates can cross into the cell membrane by simple diffusion, filtration, or by specialized transport. The first step in drug efflux is drug recognition by P-gp followed by ATP-binding and subsequent hydrolysis. Finally, the generated energy is utilized to efflux substrate outside the cell membrane through central pore. P-gp acts as a rate limiting step during various stages of pharmacokinetic of drug but mainly on the absorption. Different drugs have different impact on P-gp expression. Some drugs are substrate of p-gp while some are inducers or inhibitors of P-gp. Altered P-gp/MDR1 activity due to induction and/or inhibition can cause drug-drug interactions with altered drug pharmacokinetics and response of drug. P-gpmayshow gender basis differences and so drug effect in individuals.References
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- Significance of Estrogen in Acute Coronary Syndrome
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN
2 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana, IN
3 L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, IN
4 Care Institute of Medical Sciences, Ahmedabad, IN
1 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN
2 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana, IN
3 L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, IN
4 Care Institute of Medical Sciences, Ahmedabad, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 3, No 4 (2011), Pagination: 210-214Abstract
Estrogen, a cardioprotective agent, potentiates acetylcholine-induced increase in coronary blood flow, decreases coronary endothelin-1 levels, reduces ischemia, enhances fibrinolysis, shifts markers of coagulation toward hypercoagulability, and increases blood levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9, involved in plaque disruption and inflammatory markers like interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein. Rates of cardiovascular disease in women tend to rise during menopause, when estrogen level decreases. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) provides exogenous estrogen to encounter the deficiency of estrogen into body, which demonstrates favorable cardioprotective effects, if initiated few years within the onset of menopause. However, use of HRT is controversial in preventing progression of the diseases at the later stages; since it cannot repair the damage already occurred. The therapy reduces the progression rate of atherosclerosis in post-menopausal women, who are not suffering from cardiovascular disease. However, in patients with cardiovascular disease or risk factors, estrogen therapy enhances cardiac events.Keywords
Estrogen, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Cardiovascular Disease, Menopause.References
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