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Anand, I. S.

Novel Approaches in Erythropoietin: A Review

Abstract Views :224 | PDF Views:1

Authors

Angad J. Nayak ¹, I. S. Anand ¹, C. N. Patel ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana- 384001, Gujarat, IN

Source

Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 2 (2010), Pagination: 103-110

Abstract

Erythropoietin, or EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production. It is a cytokine for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. Also called hematopoietin or hemopoietin, it is produced by the peritubular capillary endothelial cells in the kidney, and is the hormone that regulates red blood cell production. The existence of a hormone that controls RBC production was first suggested by the experiments of Paul Carnot in 1906, who created anemic rabbits and then transfused their serum into recipient rabbits. EPO is produced by peritubular cells in the adult kidney, and in hepatocytes in the fetus. In adults, a small amount is also produced by the liver. The rate of Epo synthesis and secretion depends on local oxygen concentrations; hypoxia is the main stimulus for Epo production. Although the use of erythropoietin has been studied in critically ill patients, erythropoietin has not been shown to be effectice in this setting. In a randomized controlled trial, erythropoietin insignificantly reduced mortality among critically ill patients. In 1983, the gene coding for EPO was identified, leading to its synthesis as epoetin-alfa by American genetic research corporation, Amgen, who patented the drug under the name Epogen. In 1989, another company, Ortho Biotech, a subsidiary of Johnson and Johnson, began marketing the drug under license as Procrit in the US, and Eprex in the rest of the world.

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Stopping of Clopidogrel after Stent Implantation Causes Death/Mi

Abstract Views :256 | PDF Views:1

Authors

Jatin Patel ¹, Jigna Shah ¹, I. S. Anand ¹, C. N. Patel ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Near Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384 001, IN

Source

Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 2 (2010), Pagination: 117-125

Abstract

Clopidogrel is an oral antiplatelet agent (thienopyridine class) to inhibit blood clots in coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease. Clopidogrel keeps the platelets in your blood from coagulating (clotting) to prevent unwanted blood clots that can occur with certain heart or blood vessel conditions and is used to prevent blood clots after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.

Here from the research article we found a clustering of death and MI events in the initial 90-day period after clopidogrel cessation, compared with subsequent follow-up intervals. Findings were consistent among subgroups of patients who received shorter or longer durations of clopidogrel therapy, patients with or without diabetes, and ACS patients who underwent PCI. The rate of adverse events in the initial 90-day interval after stopping clopidogrel was higher than the rate of adverse events following hospital discharge while patients were still taking clopidogrel. These findings support the hypothesis of a rebound hyperthrombotic period after clopidogrel cessation. They also highlight the need for additional studies to confirm these findings and to gain a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of this phenomenon as well as allowing identification of strategies to attenuate this effect.

We observed a clustering of adverse events in the initial 90 days after stopping clopidogrel among both medically treated and PCI-treated patients with ACS, supporting the possibility of a clopidogrel rebound effect.

Keywords

Clopidogrel, MI (Myocardial Infraction), PCI (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ) ,ACS (Acute Coronary Syndrome).

Full Text

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Toxicogenomics: A Review

Abstract Views :218 | PDF Views:1

Authors

V. D. Patel ¹, M. B. Patel ¹, I. S. Anand ¹, C. N. Patel ¹, P. A. Bhatt ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana- 384001, IN
2 L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, IN

Source

Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 2 (2010), Pagination: 131-140

Abstract

Toxicogenomics is a rapidly developing discipline that promises to aid scientists in understanding the molecular and cellular effects of chemicals in biological systems. This field encompasses global assessment of biological effects using technologies such as DNA microarrays or high throughput NMR and protein expression analysis.

Toxicogemomics is the evolving science which measures the global gene expression changes in biological samples exposed to toxic agents and investigates the complex interaction between the genetic variability and environmental exposures on toxicological effects. DNA microarrays have become most popular and important method to measure the expression of mRNA level offering great potential for environmental or toxicological studies. Gene expression changes can possibly provide more sensitive, immediate, comprehensive maker of toxicity than typical toxicological endpoints such as morphological changes, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity. In this regards, toxicogenomics includes genomicscale mRNA expression (transcriptomics), cell and tissue-wide protein expression (proteomics), metabolite profiling (metabonomics), and bioinformatics. These studies can be grouped as ''-omics'' study, which could be applied to various kinds of samples and species.

Keywords

Toxicogenomics, Microarray, Proteomics.

Full Text

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Novel Approaches for Diabetes Mellitus: A Review

Abstract Views :254 | PDF Views:1

Authors

S. M. Bhanushali ¹, K. M. Modh ², I. S. Anand ², C. N. Patel ², J. B. Dave ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Nr. Arvind Baug, Mehsana - 384 001 Gujarat, IN
2 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Nr. Arvind Baug, Mehsana - 384 001, Gujarat, IN

Source

Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 2 (2010), Pagination: 141-147

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a major and growing public health problem of the developed country. Diabetes mellitus is also associated with disease like hypertension, chronic heart disease, blindness etc.. Now days drug that are available in the market are just to control the diabetes. There are several novel approaches which might cure the diabetes. Defective glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by pancreatic islet β cells could be cured with recombinant glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) or agonists of the GLP-1 receptor. Alternatively, decrease in GLP-1 clearance can be achieved with inhibition of Dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DP-IV) to reduce insulin resistance, enhanced insulin action. The role of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR γ) in the regulation of lipid metabolism, insulin and triglycerides leads to the rationale design of several PPAR agonists. Gene therapy also generates greater hope for possible cure of diabetes. Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter Inhibitor is also one of the novel target for lowering plasma glucose and improving insulin resistance by increasing renal glucose excretion. Under diabetic conditions, induced oxidative stress also activates the JNK pathway, which is involved in deterioration of pancreatic β-cell function found in diabetes. Treatment with antioxidants and/or suppression of the JNK pathway protect β-cells from some of the toxic effects of hyperglycemia could be the one of novel target therapy of diabetes mellitus.

Keywords

Diabetes Mellitus, Incretin, DPP-IV Inhibitor, Gene Therapy, Novel Approach.

Full Text

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A Review on Novel Strategies for Pharmacotherapy of Depression

Abstract Views :246 | PDF Views:1

Authors

Manan A. Patel ¹, Chetan M. Patel ¹, Dipen B. Patel ¹, I. S. Anand ¹, C. N. Patel ¹

Affiliations
1 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Near Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384 001, IN

Source

Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 2 (2010), Pagination: 153-159

Abstract

Major depressive disorder is a mental disorder characterized by an allencompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Prevalence rate of major depression is markedly rising all over the world. Pathophysiology of depression is mainly focus on the three major monoamine systems- serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT), nor epinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA). The emerging new tools of molecular neurobiology and functional brain imaging have provided additional support for the involvement of these three systems. Popular conventional drugs for pharmacotherapy of Depression are Tricyclic anti-depressants, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and Selective Serotonin Re-uptake inhibitors. Major drawbacks of these drugs include suicide tendency and discontinuation syndrome and there is need of time to focus research at minimising side effects. In last two decades, many new drugs became available in market for pharmacotherapy of depression including novel Selective Serotinin Norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors and still reserves bright scope in research of anti-depressant. On the other hand, a number of alternative therapeutic strategies are now emerging, as exemplified by the first Substance P receptor antagonist, MK-0869, and several Corticotrophinreleasing factor antagonists now entering clinical trials. Preclinical models predict that some of these new drugs may have a faster onset of action and improved efficacy. It is clear to note that the next generation of drugs will need to tackle some of the unresolved problems of antidepressant therapy such as suicide tendency.

Keywords

SSRIs, Drawbacks of Antidepressants, Advantages of SNRIs, Novel Research in Antidepressants.

Full Text

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Antidiabetic Potential of Root Extract of Momordica cymbalaria, Fenzl in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Abstract Views :181 | PDF Views:0

Authors

K. M. Modh ¹, I. S. Anand ¹, B. Panigrahi ¹, C. N. Patel ¹, R. Badmanaban ¹, M. V. Patel ²

Affiliations
1 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Nr. Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384 001, Gujarat, IN
2 Visveswarapura Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NA, 24^th Main, 25^th Cross, BSK Stage II, Bangalore - 560 004 Karnataka, IN

Source

Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 1 (2010), Pagination: 89-93

Abstract

The effect of a aqueous extract of the ischolar_mains of Momordica cymbalaria Fenzl., (Cucurbitaceae) was evaluated with streptozotocin(65 mg/kg, i.p.) induced diabetic rats. Seventy-two hours after streptozotocin injection, the extract, at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, was administered orally for 30 consecutive days. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and In-vitro peripheral glucose uptake studies were also measured during this course of experiment. The extract was found to be potent antidiabetic as evidenced by significant (p < 0.001) reduction of serum glucose level of diabetic rats on 30^th day by both the doses (maximal effect of 45.95% reduction of serum glucose level, at 500 mg/kg, p < 0.001). Results demonstrated a significant reduction of serum lipids (maximal effect of 50.23 and 31.89% reduction of cholesterol and triglyceride, respectively, at 500 mg/kg, p < 0.001) and elevation of liver glycogen level (maximal effect at 300 mg/kg, p < 0.05) in diabetic rats, comparable to that of standard antidiabetic glibenclamide at 500 μg/kg, p.o. In OGTT, the extract at different doses showed significant reduction in serum glucose level (p < 0.05) from 30 min. onwards. The extract also revealed increase in In-vitro model for peripheral glucose uptake (not statistically significant). Improvement of body weight profile was also observed in extract-treated diabetic rats.

Keywords

Momordica cymbalaria, Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes, Antihyperglycemic, Antidiabetic Effect.

Full Text

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Physiological Activity of Phosphodiesterase

Abstract Views :249 | PDF Views:2

Authors

D. S. Patel ¹, I. S. Anand ¹, P. A. Bhatt ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana-384002, Gujarat, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat, IN

Source

Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 3, No 5 (2011), Pagination: 223-233

Abstract

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that regulate the cellular levels of the second messengers, cAMP and cGMP, by controlling their rates of degradation. There are 11 different PDE families, with each family typically having several different isoforms and splice variants. These unique PDEs differ in their three-dimensional structure, kinetic properties, modes of regulation, intracellular localization, cellular expression, and inhibitor sensitivities. Current literature suggests that individual isozymes modulate distinct regulatory pathways in the cell. These properties therefore offer the opportunity for selectively targeting specific PDEs for treatment of specific disease states. The clinical and commercial success of drugs like vinpocetine, nicardipine, cilostamide, milrinone, Cilostazol, rolipram, cilomilast, roflumilast, sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, zaprinast, dipyridamole, papaverine have increased interest from pharmaceutical companies and academic researchers to further explore the hidden activities of phosphodiesterase activity and development of specific inhibitors of phosphodiesterase enzymes. PDE inhibitors are currently available or in development for treatment of a variety of disease conditions like depression, neurological functioning, Alzheimer's disease, parkinsonism, schizophrenia, asthma, COPD, allergic rhinitis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory disease, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension. Thus PDEs serve as better drug target and current research advancements make them essential for the field of PDE research to develop more specific inhibitors at the level of different PDE sub-families and isoforms to overcome adverse effects nausea, headache, emesis, dizziness, flushing, dyspepsia, nasal congestion or rhinitis, vasodilation which are impediment for clinical approval.

Full Text

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