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- Metallacarboranes: Boron-Based Compounds Inhibit Key HIV Enzyme
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1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN
1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN
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Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 3 (2010), Pagination: 205-210Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus family) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. The four major routes of transmission are unsafe sex, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth. Metallacarboranes derived from the transition metals represent a large family of aromatic borane derivatives which, when equipped with a radiometal, are potentially useful in radioimaging and radiotherapy of tumors. The radiometallacarborane may be localized in tumor by a tumor cell-selective antibody molecule to which it is attached or by other means (biomolecule, liposome). A particular advantage of radiometallacarboranes in these applications is their extraordinarily great kinetic stability and invisibility to enzyme systems which normally degrade organic radiometal carriers (chelates) with release of the radiometal in an unwanted way.
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- Novel Approaches in Erythropoietin: A Review
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana- 384001, Gujarat, IN
1 Department of Pharmacology, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana- 384001, Gujarat, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 2 (2010), Pagination: 103-110Abstract
Erythropoietin, or EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production. It is a cytokine for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. Also called hematopoietin or hemopoietin, it is produced by the peritubular capillary endothelial cells in the kidney, and is the hormone that regulates red blood cell production. The existence of a hormone that controls RBC production was first suggested by the experiments of Paul Carnot in 1906, who created anemic rabbits and then transfused their serum into recipient rabbits. EPO is produced by peritubular cells in the adult kidney, and in hepatocytes in the fetus. In adults, a small amount is also produced by the liver. The rate of Epo synthesis and secretion depends on local oxygen concentrations; hypoxia is the main stimulus for Epo production. Although the use of erythropoietin has been studied in critically ill patients, erythropoietin has not been shown to be effectice in this setting. In a randomized controlled trial, erythropoietin insignificantly reduced mortality among critically ill patients. In 1983, the gene coding for EPO was identified, leading to its synthesis as epoetin-alfa by American genetic research corporation, Amgen, who patented the drug under the name Epogen. In 1989, another company, Ortho Biotech, a subsidiary of Johnson and Johnson, began marketing the drug under license as Procrit in the US, and Eprex in the rest of the world.References
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- Stopping of Clopidogrel after Stent Implantation Causes Death/Mi
Abstract Views :256 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Near Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384 001, IN
1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Near Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384 001, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 2 (2010), Pagination: 117-125Abstract
Clopidogrel is an oral antiplatelet agent (thienopyridine class) to inhibit blood clots in coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease. Clopidogrel keeps the platelets in your blood from coagulating (clotting) to prevent unwanted blood clots that can occur with certain heart or blood vessel conditions and is used to prevent blood clots after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.
Here from the research article we found a clustering of death and MI events in the initial 90-day period after clopidogrel cessation, compared with subsequent follow-up intervals. Findings were consistent among subgroups of patients who received shorter or longer durations of clopidogrel therapy, patients with or without diabetes, and ACS patients who underwent PCI. The rate of adverse events in the initial 90-day interval after stopping clopidogrel was higher than the rate of adverse events following hospital discharge while patients were still taking clopidogrel. These findings support the hypothesis of a rebound hyperthrombotic period after clopidogrel cessation. They also highlight the need for additional studies to confirm these findings and to gain a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of this phenomenon as well as allowing identification of strategies to attenuate this effect.
We observed a clustering of adverse events in the initial 90 days after stopping clopidogrel among both medically treated and PCI-treated patients with ACS, supporting the possibility of a clopidogrel rebound effect.
Keywords
Clopidogrel, MI (Myocardial Infraction), PCI (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ) ,ACS (Acute Coronary Syndrome).References
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- Toxicogenomics: A Review
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana- 384001, IN
2 L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, IN
1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana- 384001, IN
2 L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 2 (2010), Pagination: 131-140Abstract
Toxicogenomics is a rapidly developing discipline that promises to aid scientists in understanding the molecular and cellular effects of chemicals in biological systems. This field encompasses global assessment of biological effects using technologies such as DNA microarrays or high throughput NMR and protein expression analysis.
Toxicogemomics is the evolving science which measures the global gene expression changes in biological samples exposed to toxic agents and investigates the complex interaction between the genetic variability and environmental exposures on toxicological effects. DNA microarrays have become most popular and important method to measure the expression of mRNA level offering great potential for environmental or toxicological studies. Gene expression changes can possibly provide more sensitive, immediate, comprehensive maker of toxicity than typical toxicological endpoints such as morphological changes, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity. In this regards, toxicogenomics includes genomicscale mRNA expression (transcriptomics), cell and tissue-wide protein expression (proteomics), metabolite profiling (metabonomics), and bioinformatics. These studies can be grouped as ''-omics'' study, which could be applied to various kinds of samples and species.
Keywords
Toxicogenomics, Microarray, Proteomics.References
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- Recent Advancement Towards Treatment of Diabetes
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1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana, IN
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana, IN
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Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 1 (2010), Pagination: 12-22Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Diabetes can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. In 2030, the figure of diabetic patients is expected to rise to 366 million. Diabetes is the fourth leading cause of global death by disease. Each year diabetes accounts for 3.8 million deaths. This article deals with recent advancement to wards treatment of diabetes. First it reviews emerging targets for diabetes like PTP-1B inhibitors, GSK-3 inhibitors and DPP-4 inhibitors. Second it describes recent nanotechnology research in the detection of insulin and blood sugar by implantable sensor and microphysiometer. In addition latest stem cell research occurs in diabetes treatment. At last this article give idea about working of insulin pump, glossary of pump and how pump can reduce the risk of complication of diabetes.Keywords
Diabetes, PTP-1B Inhibitors, GSK-3 Inhibitors, DPP-4 Inhibitors, Nanotechnology, Insulin Pump, Stem Cell.References
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- Tuberculosis: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Antitubercular Activity of an Actinomycin Produced by a New Species of Streptomyces
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1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN
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Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 1 (2010), Pagination: 23-26Abstract
Tuberculosis is an infection caused by the rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, aerobic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Mycobacteria typically measure 0.5 im by 3 im, are classified as acid-fast bacilli, and have a unique cell wall structure crucial to their survival. The well developed cell wall contains a considerable amount of a fatty acid, mycolic acid, covalently attached to the underlying peptidoglycan-bound polysaccharide arabino galactan, providing an extraordinary lipid barrier. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is spread by small airborne droplets, called droplet nuclei, generated by the coughing, sneezing, talking, or singing of a person with pulmonary or laryngeal tuberculosis. These minuscule droplets can remain airborne for minutes to hours after expectoration. During the course of a systematic search for new antibiotics, an actinomycin complex was isolated from Streptomyces regensis sp. This actinomycin complex differs from other actinomycins described in literature in its amino acid composition and is very highly active against Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The strains of Staph. aureus highly resistant to penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclin and erythromycin are equally susceptible to its action.References
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- Biochemical Origins of Alzheimer's Disease with Treatment Techniques
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1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN
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Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 1 (2010), Pagination: 33-38Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by irregular protein formations in the brain leading to neuronal loss and ultimately affecting the patient's cognitive ability and memory. AD affects nearly 4.5 million Americans, and this number is expected to continue to rise. The pathological manifestations of AD occur in the neurons and are two-fold; the primary cause is the accumulation. β-amyloid (amyloid precursor protein) depositions, which aggregate into pathogenic plaques. The second is the accumulation of paired helical filaments that form into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Amyloid precursor protein plaques result from the sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase and γ-secretase. NFTs result from the hyperphosphorylation of tau, a stabilizing component of microtubules. Based on current understanding of the Amyloid precursor protein pathway, two major strategies will be discussed that aim at decreasing the deposition of Amyloid precursor protein plaques in the brain. In the first approach, non-streroidal anti-inflammatory drugs alter the APP cleavage site by β-secretase to produce less amyoidogenic plaques. A second method aims at inhibiting γ-secretase activity on APP through allosteric inhibition of ATP binding.References
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- Novel Approaches for Diabetes Mellitus: A Review
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1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Nr. Arvind Baug, Mehsana - 384 001 Gujarat, IN
2 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Nr. Arvind Baug, Mehsana - 384 001, Gujarat, IN
1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Nr. Arvind Baug, Mehsana - 384 001 Gujarat, IN
2 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Nr. Arvind Baug, Mehsana - 384 001, Gujarat, IN
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Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 2 (2010), Pagination: 141-147Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major and growing public health problem of the developed country. Diabetes mellitus is also associated with disease like hypertension, chronic heart disease, blindness etc.. Now days drug that are available in the market are just to control the diabetes. There are several novel approaches which might cure the diabetes. Defective glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by pancreatic islet β cells could be cured with recombinant glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) or agonists of the GLP-1 receptor. Alternatively, decrease in GLP-1 clearance can be achieved with inhibition of Dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DP-IV) to reduce insulin resistance, enhanced insulin action. The role of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR γ) in the regulation of lipid metabolism, insulin and triglycerides leads to the rationale design of several PPAR agonists. Gene therapy also generates greater hope for possible cure of diabetes. Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter Inhibitor is also one of the novel target for lowering plasma glucose and improving insulin resistance by increasing renal glucose excretion. Under diabetic conditions, induced oxidative stress also activates the JNK pathway, which is involved in deterioration of pancreatic β-cell function found in diabetes. Treatment with antioxidants and/or suppression of the JNK pathway protect β-cells from some of the toxic effects of hyperglycemia could be the one of novel target therapy of diabetes mellitus.Keywords
Diabetes Mellitus, Incretin, DPP-IV Inhibitor, Gene Therapy, Novel Approach.References
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- A Review on Novel Strategies for Pharmacotherapy of Depression
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Authors
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1 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Near Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384 001, IN
1 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Near Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384 001, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 2 (2010), Pagination: 153-159Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a mental disorder characterized by an allencompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Prevalence rate of major depression is markedly rising all over the world. Pathophysiology of depression is mainly focus on the three major monoamine systems- serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT), nor epinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA). The emerging new tools of molecular neurobiology and functional brain imaging have provided additional support for the involvement of these three systems. Popular conventional drugs for pharmacotherapy of Depression are Tricyclic anti-depressants, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and Selective Serotonin Re-uptake inhibitors. Major drawbacks of these drugs include suicide tendency and discontinuation syndrome and there is need of time to focus research at minimising side effects. In last two decades, many new drugs became available in market for pharmacotherapy of depression including novel Selective Serotinin Norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors and still reserves bright scope in research of anti-depressant. On the other hand, a number of alternative therapeutic strategies are now emerging, as exemplified by the first Substance P receptor antagonist, MK-0869, and several Corticotrophinreleasing factor antagonists now entering clinical trials. Preclinical models predict that some of these new drugs may have a faster onset of action and improved efficacy. It is clear to note that the next generation of drugs will need to tackle some of the unresolved problems of antidepressant therapy such as suicide tendency.Keywords
SSRIs, Drawbacks of Antidepressants, Advantages of SNRIs, Novel Research in Antidepressants.References
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- Studies on Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Siddha Formulation (Thailam - Medicated Oil)
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Near Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, North Gujarat, IN
2 K.M. College of Pharmacy, Uthangudi, Melur Road, Madurai, Tamilnadu-625107, IN
1 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Near Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, North Gujarat, IN
2 K.M. College of Pharmacy, Uthangudi, Melur Road, Madurai, Tamilnadu-625107, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 1 (2010), Pagination: 83-88Abstract
Pongamia pinnata and Boerhaavia diffusa are well-known plants and a weed respectively plays in Indian traditional system of medicine. On the basis of its traditional use and literature references, these herbal plants are undertaken in a view to formulate milder and safer herbal topical formulations. It is prepared in the form of "Thailam" using sesame oil as base for bringing about the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs. To satisfy the desired characteristic of an ideal herbal formulation and also to prove its therapeutic potency, the following parameters like physical, chemical and biological evaluation have undertaken to fix the quality. For the antimicrobial studies strains used like S. aureus, B. substilis (Gram +ve), E. coli, P. aeruginosa (Gram-ve) and Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger (Fungi) were used. Antibacterial activity and antifungal activity of the formulated oil was comparatively lesser than that of the standard drug but formulated oil is significantly more than that of sesame oil base (**P<0.01). By using Carrageenin induced hind paw edema method the Anti inflammatory activity was employed and it was noticed that the Thailam had lesser activity than the standard Diclofenac sodium gel (**P<0.01). But significantly more than that of sesame oil base (*P < 0.05), the overall results revealed that it has effectiveness. In conclusion that the formulated oil in the form of Thailam as its own significant properties, hence it can be used as a safer formulation in near future.Keywords
Formulated Oil (Thailam), Sesame Oil (Base), Carrageenin, Antimicrobial Strains.References
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- Antidiabetic Potential of Root Extract of Momordica cymbalaria, Fenzl in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Nr. Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384 001, Gujarat, IN
2 Visveswarapura Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NA, 24th Main, 25th Cross, BSK Stage II, Bangalore - 560 004 Karnataka, IN
1 Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Nr. Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384 001, Gujarat, IN
2 Visveswarapura Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NA, 24th Main, 25th Cross, BSK Stage II, Bangalore - 560 004 Karnataka, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 1 (2010), Pagination: 89-93Abstract
The effect of a aqueous extract of the ischolar_mains of Momordica cymbalaria Fenzl., (Cucurbitaceae) was evaluated with streptozotocin(65 mg/kg, i.p.) induced diabetic rats. Seventy-two hours after streptozotocin injection, the extract, at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, was administered orally for 30 consecutive days. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and In-vitro peripheral glucose uptake studies were also measured during this course of experiment. The extract was found to be potent antidiabetic as evidenced by significant (p < 0.001) reduction of serum glucose level of diabetic rats on 30th day by both the doses (maximal effect of 45.95% reduction of serum glucose level, at 500 mg/kg, p < 0.001). Results demonstrated a significant reduction of serum lipids (maximal effect of 50.23 and 31.89% reduction of cholesterol and triglyceride, respectively, at 500 mg/kg, p < 0.001) and elevation of liver glycogen level (maximal effect at 300 mg/kg, p < 0.05) in diabetic rats, comparable to that of standard antidiabetic glibenclamide at 500 μg/kg, p.o. In OGTT, the extract at different doses showed significant reduction in serum glucose level (p < 0.05) from 30 min. onwards. The extract also revealed increase in In-vitro model for peripheral glucose uptake (not statistically significant). Improvement of body weight profile was also observed in extract-treated diabetic rats.Keywords
Momordica cymbalaria, Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes, Antihyperglycemic, Antidiabetic Effect.References
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