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Howlett, Michael
- The Elements of Effective Program Design: A Two-Level Analysis
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, CA
2 Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, SG
3 Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, CA
1 Department of Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, CA
2 Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, SG
3 Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, CA
Source
Politics and Governance, Vol 2, No 2 (2014), Pagination: 1–12Abstract
Policy and program design is a major theme of contemporary policy research, aimed at improving the understanding of how the processes, methods and tools of policy-making are employed to better formulate effective policies and programs, and to understand the reasons why such designs are not forthcoming. However while many efforts have been made to evaluate policy design, less work has focused on program designs. This article sets out to fill this gap in knowledge of design practices in policy-making. It outlines the nature of the study of policy design with a particular focus on the nature of programs and the lessons derived from empirical experience regarding the conditions that enhance program effectiveness.Keywords
Policy Design, Program Design, Public Policy.Full Text
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Abstract Views :435 |
PDF Views:180
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, CA
2 Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, SG
1 Department of Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, CA
2 Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, SG
Source
Politics and Governance, Vol 2, No 2 (2014), Pagination: 57-71Abstract
Public policies are the result of efforts made by governments to alter aspects of behaviour - both that of their own agents and of society at large - in order to carry out some end or purpose. They are comprised of arrangements of policy goals and policy means matched through some decision-making process. These policy-making efforts can be more, or less, systematic in attempting to match ends and means in a logical fashion or can result from much less systematic processes. "Policy design" implies a knowledge-based process in which the choice of means or mechanisms through which policy goals are given effect follows a logical process of inference from known or learned relationships between means and outcomes. This includes both design in which means are selected in accordance with experience and knowledge and that in which principles and relationships are incorrectly or only partially articulated or understood. Policy decisions can be careful and deliberate in attempting to best resolve a problem or can be highly contingent and driven by situational logics. Decisions stemming from bargaining or opportunism can also be distinguished from those which result from careful analysis and assessment. This article considers both modes and formulates a spectrum of policy formulation types between "design" and "non-design" which helps clarify the nature of each type and the likelihood of each unfolding.Keywords
Non-Design, Policy Design, Public Policy.Full Text
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, CA
2 Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B8, CA
1 Department of Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, CA
2 Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B8, CA
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Politics and Governance, Vol 1, No 2 (2013), Pagination: 170–182Abstract
Thinking about policy mixes is at the forefront of current research work in the policy sciences and raises many significant questions with respect to policy tools and instruments, processes of policy formulation, and the evolution of tool choices over time. Not least among these is how to assess the potential for multiple policy tools to achieve policy goals in an efficient and effective way. Previous conceptual work on policy mixes has highlighted evaluative criteria such as "consistency" (the ability of multiple policy tools to reinforce rather than undermine each other in the pursuit of individual policy goals), "coherence" (or the ability of multiple policy goals to co-exist with each other in a logical fashion), and "congruence" (or the ability of multiple goals and instruments to work together in a uni-directional or mutually supportive fashion) as important design principles and measures of optimality in policy mixes. And previous empirical work on the evolution of existing policy mixes has highlighted how these three criteria are often lacking in mixes which have evolved over time as well as those which have otherwise been consciously designed. This article revisits this early design work in order to more clearly assess the reasons why many existing policy mixes are sub-optimal and the consequences this has for thinking about policy formulation processes and the practices of policy design.Keywords
Planning, Policy Design, Policy Instruments, Policy Layering, Policy Mixes, Policy Portfolios.Full Text