Oriental Journal of Computer Science and Technology

Al-Busaidi Sayyid Samir ¹, Afaq Ahmad ¹, Medhat Awadalla ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, OM
2 Department of Communications and Computers, Helwan University, EG

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel design for Binary to Gray code encoders and/or counters using multiplexers and flip-flops. The proposed design are modular based, whereby other stages can be added as per the requirement of the desired applications. Moreover, the external clock timing signal drives only the first stage, while all remaining stages are linked to the outputs from preceding stages. The successive stages transitions at half the rate of the preceding stage thereby, makes the design power efficient since the dissipated power is quadratic frequency dependent. The proposed design can be modified to increase the counters duration or increase the counters resolution according to the applications need. Increasing the Gray counters time span by powers of two simply necessitates augmenting the design by more stages, while maintaining a constant clock rate. On the other hand, doubling the time resolution of the Gray counter over a constant time span can be achieved by adding another stage while subsequently doubling the clock rate.

Keywords

Gray Code, Reflected Binary Code, Encoder, Counter, D-FF.

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Neeraja Mohanan ¹, Afaq Ahmad ¹, Sayyid Samir Al-Busaidi ¹, Lazhar Khiriji Amir Abdulghani ¹, Muhammad Al Nadabi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 33, Zip code 123, Muscat, OM

Abstract

In the past couple of decades, the number of vehicles has increased radically. A statistic which presents the number of cars sold worldwide from 1990 through 2017, forecasts for 2018, some 81.6 million automobiles are expected to be sold by the end 2018. With this continuous increase, it is becoming very tedious to keep track of each vehicle for the purpose of security, law enforcement and traffic management. This phenomenon of rapidly increasing vehicles on the road highlights the importance for a vehicle number plate recognition system. By recognizing the car plates, the drivers of the vehicle can be identified from the database. Number plate detection system are used in various applications like traffic law maintenance, traffic control, automatic toll collection, parking systems, automatic gate openers. This paper presents a unique algorithmic procedure for detecting vehicle plate number which is based on the concept of mathematical morphology. The developed algorithm is simple, efficient and flexible. The algorithm is capable of working satisfactorily even in different constraints such as like rain, smoke and shadow. This user-friendly software tool is developed on MATLAB platform which is one of the common and efficient image processing analysis tools.

Keywords

Image Processing, Mathematical Morphology, Set Theory, Vehicle Number Plate Recognition, Algorithm, MATLAB.

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Pathuri Lavanya ¹, Penke Satyanarayana ¹, Afaq Ahmad ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah University, Vijayawada 522502, IN
2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Box 33, Zip code 123, OM

Abstract

Systematic pursuits are being developed to set forth the framework for the Fifth Generation (5G) wireless standards. This paper emphases on the most extensively deployed technology - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) that has outpaced other waveform aspirants for Fourth Generation (4G) communication standards. Irrespective of the beneficial features, it does possess a number of significant limitations that mark it as an incompatible candidate for the upcoming 5G standard. This paper highlights on its major drawback i.e high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). Results state that PAPR does cause sudden upsurge to the output signal envelope causing further other damages. There exists a need for more flexible waveforms to replace the conventional OFDM in order to address the unprecedented challenges. The future research directions in the domain are presented.

Keywords

Communication, Multi-carrier, OFDM, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, PAPR, Peak to Average Power Ratio, Wireless Technology, 5G.

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Shaik Mazhar Hussain ¹, Afaq Ahmad ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Middle East College, PO Box 79, Zip Code 124 Muscat, OM
2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 33, Zip Code 123, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, OM

Abstract

Continuous striving in the development of wireless mobile networks maximizes the possibility of user services and provides experience context rich and personalized services. In this way, for the development towards fully integrated 4G-all IP network architecture, the interoperability between future generation wireless networks and seamless vertical handover (VHO) has become a crucially important issue. The proposed work is mainly focusing on exploring interoperability issues in heterogeneous networks considering development towards 4G and emphasizing one merging IEEE 802.21 standard. Further, Simulation results were presented to showcase vertical handover (VHO) performance using IEEE 802.21. Simulation Analysis is done using Network Simulator (NS-2) with seamless mobility package extension.

Keywords

4G; 4G-all IP Architecture; IEEE 802.21; Interoperability; Vertical Handover (VHO).

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