Nature Environment and Pollution Technology

Amita Fotedar ¹, R. K. Verma ², B. K. Fotedar ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Environmental Sciences, Jammu University, Jammu, J&K, IN
2 Govt. Gandhi Memorial Science College, Canal Road, Jammu, J&K, IN
3 Modern Academy, Mohalla Dalpatiyan, Jammu-180 001, J&K, IN

Abstract

The waters of Shivkhori stream, Raunra Tawi khad and Thanna Tawi khad stream of Kalakot area, Rajouri district, J&K state were subjected to analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for elements Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr. All the elements except Si and Al were present within permissible limits in all the samples according to Bureau of Indian Standards and WHO. Aluminium is objectionable in four out of the 15 samples analysed, and silicon is present more than the permissible limits in all the samples. A good afforestation programme together with adopting Vetiver technology in the watershed areas of the region will screen out many of the elements including Al and Si not to enter the solution of the waters. Nitrates, sulphates, chlorides, bicarbonates, TDS and total hardness (TH) are all within the prescribed limits, and hence with respect to all these parameters, the waters are safe to be used for human consumption and also for agricultural use. SAR and SSP values of all the samples are within the prescribed limits, and hence the waters cannot be considered to create any harm as far as agricultural use is concerned. The waters of all the three streams are recommended to be subjected to chlorine/bromine disinfection to render the same safe for human consumption. Last, but not the least, attention needs to be paid towards bad sanitation prevailing near the banks of all the streams, which needs to be improved upon.

Keywords

Physico-Chemical Studies, Streams, Jammu Himalayas, Geological Sucession, Murree, SAR.

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Neelu Singh ¹, R. K. Verma ¹

Affiliations
1 Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur-482021, Madhya Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Environmental concerns associated with the use of synthetic chemicals/petrochemical based pesticides have emphasized the importance of developing eco-friendly products with lower mammalian toxicity and a lower persistence in the environment. Seed chemicals of Pongamia pinnata were isolated and modified into saponified and amide products. Products derived from P. pinnata protein were completely soluble in water and their aqueous solutions are clear at room temperature, while saponified products showed turbidity at higher concentrations. The surface tension and viscosity of saponified products were found to be changed with dilutions, 0.03-0.05 N/m, 0.45-1.35 mpa.s at 0.1 to 5% concentrations, respectively, while surface tension and viscosity of diethanolamide product ranged from 0.036 to 0.020 N/m and 0.023 mpa.s to 1.02 mpa.s at 0.1 to 10% concentration, respectively. The properties of both products showed better surface tension lowering ability and wetting power in comparison to water. Significant (P=0.01) fungal growth inhibition was recorded at higher dilution against the tested fungus, Flavodon flavus and Penicillium chrysogenum. The diethanolamide product showed complete fungal growth inhibition at 5.0% dilution even after 7 days against F. flavus and P. chrysogenum. The present study concludes that surfactant formulation of non edible oil seeds contains fungicidal activities. The different dilutions exhibited pronounced toxicity against the target fungal species.

Keywords

Pongamia pinnata, Seed Chemicals, Saponified Products, Fungicidal Activity.

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