Nature Environment and Pollution Technology

K. Srinivasa Reddy ¹, M. Sudheer Kumar ²

Affiliations
1 Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Santoshnagar, Hyderabad-500 059, A. P., IN
2 Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), Southern Region, Hyderabad-500 059, A. P., IN

Abstract

Principal component analysis (PCA) is an appropriate tool for water quality evaluation and management. In the study area, PCA was used for multivariate factor analysis of hydrogeochemical variables of pH, EC, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, HCO₃^-, SO₄^2-, Cl^-, NO₃^-, F^-, TH and TDS. Influence on chemical composition of groundwater quality and statistically characterize (Eigen value ≥ 1 and % of variance) two factors were extracted as well as identified, principal component-I and II. The principal component-I accounts for 36.62 and 39.80% of variance and principal component-II accounts for 17.84 and 18.10% of variance in pre and post-monsoon seasons respectively. Graphical presentation of the principal component-I and II showed loading relationship between the variables EC, TDS and Ca²⁺ as high positive relation; and variables between TH, Mg²⁺, NO₃^- and F^- as low positive relation in pre-monsoon season. Principal component-I and II showed loading relationship variables between pH, as high positive relation; and variables between HCO₃^- and SO₄^2- as high positive relation in post monsoon seasons respectively. These two principal components results were predicted for hydrochemical process of rock water interaction, process of degradation products of the ions, process of alkalinity and process of anthropogenesis activity. It was concluded that hydrochemical process is controlled by geogenic and non-geogenic factors.

Keywords

Bhaskar Rao Kunta Watershed, Groundwater Quality, Principal Component Analysis, Hydrogeochemical Process.

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K. Srinivasa Reddy ¹, M. Sudheer Kumar ², Ajay Babu Gangidi ³

Affiliations
1 Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Santoshnagar, Hyderabad-500 059, A. P., IN
2 Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), Southern Region, Hyderabad-500 059, A. P., IN
3 Debre Markos University, ET

Abstract

Semi-arid region of Bhaskar Rao Kunta watershed was studied to evaluate hydrogeochemical characteristics of the fractured, semi-confined and water-stressed aquifers. Twenty groundwater samples were collected from deeper bore wells during pre and post monsoon seasons in June and December 2009. The samples were analysed for concentration of physico-chemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, TH, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, HCO₃^-, SO₄^2-, Cl^-, NO₃^- and F^-). The results were interpreted with Piper, Gibbs and Wilcox diagrams. For interrelationships, the parameters were measured with correlation matrix and t-test methods. Bureau of Indian Standards specifications were used and verified for suitability of groundwater quality. The type of the groundwater quality was understood from the interpreted diagrams of Piper (85% magnesium bicarbonate and 15% mixed type of samples), Gibbs (100% evaporation type samples) and Wilcox (85% high salinity and 15% moderate salinity type of samples). The highest correlation was found between EC and TDS with a correlation coefficient of 0.98 and the t-test behaviour was not significance, therefore, the geogenic and rock water interaction was negligible with respect to seasonal variation. Due to high concentration of fluoride (<1.5mg/L) and salinity (750 ≤ 2250 μS/cm), the groundwater quality was not suitable for drinking, and special drainage system and crop practices are requisite for irrigation purpose in the study area.

Keywords

Bhaskar Rao Kunta, Watershed, Hydrogeochemistry, Piper Diagram, Gibbs Diagram, Wilcox Diagram.

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M. J. Krishna ¹, K. Srinivasa Reddy ², P. V. V. Krishna ³

Affiliations
1 IIC Technologies Limited, # C-302, S/2, Sachivalayanagar, Vanasthalipuram, Near E-Seva Centre, Hyderabad-500 070, A. P., IN
2 Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad-500 059, A. P., IN
3 Marine Technologies, Chennai, IN

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to monitor the growth of aquaculture over a decade during 2001 to 2011 in Buchireddipalem Mandal, SPSR Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh. The land resources used for aquaculture development were mapped from medium to high resolution multi temporal satellite data (Land sat ETM+, P6 LISS III, IV and Quick Bird images) and analysed using GIS to monitor the percent growth of land converted from different land types to aquaculture. It was observed that Buchireddipalem Mandal had recorded the growth of aquaculture to an extent of 25.74% in 2011 when compared to that of 6.4% in 2001, out of which 2004 accounts to major conversion of agricultural land to aquaculture to an extent of 25.02%, and thereafter the growth was very negligible due to various factors that include natural calamities like floods, outbreak of viral diseases, less market price at harvest time, brokerages, and poor infrastructure facilities such as cold storages and export agencies etc. Chellayapalem village stand first position with an extent of 62.31% in terms of land conversion from agriculture to aquaculture but when total land under aquaculture was considered with respective total village area, Kalayakogollu village stand first position with an area of 323.11 ha out of 392.46ha.

Keywords

Change Detection Studies, Buchireddipalem Mandal, Aquaculture Growth, Remote Sensing, GIS.

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