Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Jyothi, Y.
- An Overview on the Methods of Screening Antiobesity Activity
Abstract Views :183 |
PDF Views:67
Authors
Danilae George
1,
Y. Jyothi
2
Affiliations
1 Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, No 12/1, Carmelaram Post, Chikka Bellandur, Varthur Hobli, Bengaluru - 560035, Karnataka, IN
2 Dept. of Pharmacology, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, Bangalore - 560 035, IN
1 Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, No 12/1, Carmelaram Post, Chikka Bellandur, Varthur Hobli, Bengaluru - 560035, Karnataka, IN
2 Dept. of Pharmacology, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, Bangalore - 560 035, IN
Source
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 15, No 2 (2016), Pagination: 38-44Abstract
Purpose: The incidence of obesity around the world continues to increase and is considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality through various diseases. Various animal models can be used for the study of various compounds for the discovery of a novel treatment for the obesity. It can range from food intake studies in lean rodents to studies in obese animals due to high fat diet. The use of these animals helps us to determine whether the weight loss is due to fat loss or due to changes in other parameters. Various behavioral models can be used to study the food intake pattern and the effect of the drug on that pattern. These animal models have very good predictive validity as the effect of the drug on the animal models form the basis for the effect of the drug in humans. The drug induced weight loss in humans can be predicted to an extent from the studies carried out on these animal models.
Approach: The published articles from Pubmed and other standard resources are used to study, review and compile the overview on screening methods used in Anti-obesity activity.
Findings: The animal models of obesity can be used to study about the effects of parameters like insulin level, resistance and leptin levels in obesity. Acute and chronic feeding studies can be carried out. While studying about anti-obesity drugs the factors that lead to weight gain has to be considered.
Conclusion: The obesity can be genetic or may be due to some other reason. The common cause for obesity is food intake with high calories and fat. So diet induced obese animal models are an important part of the studies. The animal models for the drug induced weight gain helps in the study of the effect of antiobesity drugs on the drug induced weight gain. All these models have been found to have utility in predicting the weight loss in obesity in man.
Keywords
Obesity, Animal Models, High Fat Diet, Drug Induced Obesity, Genetically Modified Models.Full Text
References
- National institute of health: Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in adults- The Evidence Report.Ode Res.1998;6(2):2209-51.
- Li S, Zhang HY, Hu CC, Lawrence F, Gallagher KE, Surapaneni A,Estrem ST, et al. Assessment of diet-induced obese rats as an obesity model by comparative functional genomics. Obesity. 2008 April;16(4):811-8.
- Apfelbaum M, Vague P, Ziegler O, Hanotin C, Thomas F, Leutenegger E. Long-term maintenance of weight loss after a very-lowcalorie diet: a randomized blinded trial of the efficacy and tolerability of sibutramine.Am J Med. 1999 Feb;106(1):179-84.
- Clapham JC, Arch JRS. Thermogenic and metabolic antiobesity drugs: rationale and opportunities. Diabetes ObesMetab. 2007 May;9(3):259-75.
- Bradbury MJ, Campbell U, Giracello D, Chapman D, King C, Tehrani L et al. Metabotropic glutamate receptor mGlu5 is a mediator of appetite and energy balance in rats and mice. J PharmacolExpTher.2005;313:395-402.
- Benoit SC, Air EL, Wilmer K, Messerschmidt P, Hodge KM, Jones MB et al.Two novel paradigms for the simultaneous assessment of conditioned taste aversion and food intake effects of anorexic agents.PhysiolBehav.2003;79:761-6.
- Elangbam CS. Review paper: current strategies in the development of anti-obesity drugs and their safety concerns. Vet Pathol. 2009 Jan;46(1):1024.
- Halford JCG, Boyland EJ, Blundell JE, Kirkham TC, Harrold JA.Pharmacological management of appetite expression in obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol.2010 May;6(5):255-69.
- Clegg DJ, Benoit SC, Fisher ME, Barrera JG, Seeley RJ, Woods SC. Sex hormones determine body fat distribution and sensitivity to adiposity signals.Appetite.2003 Sep;52(1)324-40.
- Clegg DJ, Riedy CA, Smith KA, Benoit SC, Woods SC. Differential sensitivity to central leptin and insulin in male and female rats. Diabetes. 2003 Mar;52(3):682-7.
- Buettner R., Scholmerich J. and Bollheimer L.C. High-fat diets: modelingthe metabolic disorders of human obesity in rodents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007 April;15(4):798-808.
- Warden CH, Fisler JS.Comparisons of diets used in animal models of high-fat feeding. Cell Metab. 2008;7(4):277.
- Fisas A, Codony X, Romero G, Dordal A, Giraldo J, Merce R et al. Chronic 5-HT6 receptor modulation by E-6837 induces hypophagia and sustained weight loss in diet-induced obese rats. Br J Pharmacol.2006;148(1):973-83.
- Jackson HC, Pleasance IM, Mitchell JM, Heal DJ. Observational analysis of the effects of sibutramine, phentermine and aminorex on food intake in rats.Obes.2000;8(1):95.
- Jackson HC, Cheetham SC, Gregory PC, Antel J. Effect of chronic administration of topiramate and phentermine, alone and in combination, in an animal model of dietary-induced obesity. 629.15. Neuroscience. 2007 Program No 629.15 Neuroscience Meeting Planner, Society for Neuroscience:San Diego, CA.Online.
- Moore BJ. Cafeteria diet-an inappropriate tool for studies of thermogenesis. J Nutr1987 Feb;117(2):227-31.
- Kris-Etherton PM, Dietschy J. Design criteria for studies examining individual fatty acid effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors: human and animal studies.Am J ClinNutr.1997;165(1):15906.
- Harrold JA, Widdowson PS, Clapham JC, Williams G. Individual severity of dietary obesity in unselected Wistar rats: relationship with hyperphagia. Am J PhysiolEndocrinolMetab. 2000;279(2):340-7.
- Mutch DM, Clément K. Unraveling the genetics of human obesity. PloS Genet. 2006 Dec;2(12):188.
- Hegsted, DM, McGandy, RB, MyersML, StareFJ. Quantitative effects of dietary fat on serum cholesterol in man. Am J ClinNutr1965 Nov;17(5):281-95.
- Plump AS, Smith JD, Hayed T. Severe hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice created by homologous recombination in ES cells. Cell, 1992 Oct 16;71(2):343-53.
- Warden CH., Fisler JS. Comparisons of diets used in animal models of high-fat feeding. Cell Metab2008 April;7(4):277.
- Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM.Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its humanhomologue. Nature 1994 Dec 1;372(6505):425–32.
- Mohapatra J, Sharma M, Singh S, Pandya G, Chatterjee A, Balaraman R et al. Involvement of adipokinesinrimonabant-mediated insulin sensitivityinob/obmice.JPharmPharmacol2009 Nov;61(11):1493-8
- Vickers SP, Webster LJ, Wyatt A, Dourish CT, Kennett GA. Preferential effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, SR141716, on food intake and body weight gain of obese (fa/fa) compared to lean Zucker rats. Psychopharmacology (Ber l) 2003 Mar 11;167:103-11.
- Su W, Guo Z, Randall DC, Cassis L, Brown DR, Gong MC.Hypertension and disrupted blood pressure circadian rhythm intype 2 diabetic db/db mice. Am J Physiol Heart CircPhysiol2008 Oct;295(4):1634-41.
- Heal et al. Metabolic consequences of antipsychotic therapy: preclinical and clinical perspectives on diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis, and obesity. In: Current Antipsychotics, HandbExpPharmacol, G Gross and MA Geyer (Eds), Springer,2012;212:135-64.
- Maffei M, Halaas J, Ravussin E, Pratley RE, Lee GH, Zhang Y et al. Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasmaleptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nat Med1995 Nov;1(11):1155-61.
- Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, Soos MA, Rau H, Wareham NJ et al. Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature. 1997 Jun 26;387(6636):903-8.
- Harrold JA, Widdowson PS, Clapham JC, Williams G. Individual severity of dietary obesity in unselected Wistar rats: relationship with hyperphagia. Am J PhysiolEndocrinolMetab 2000;279(2):340-7.
- Halford JCG, Boyland EJ, Blundell JE, Kirkham TC, Harrold JA.Pharmacological management of appetite expression in obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol2010 May;6(5):255-69
- Hansen DL, Toubro S, Stock MJ, Macdonald IA, AstrupA. The effect of sibutramine on energy expenditure and appetite during chronic treatment without dietary restriction. Int J ObesRelatMetabDisord1999 Oct 23;23(10): 1016-24
- Halford JC, Wanninayake SC, Blundell JE. Behaviouralsatiety sequence (BSS) for the diagnosis of drug action on food intake. PharmacolBiochemBehav1998 Oct;61(2):15968.
- Antin J, Gibbs J, Holt J, Young RC, Smith GP.Cholecystokinin elicits the complete behavioral sequence of satiety in rats. J Comp PhysiolPsychol1975 Sep;89(7):784-90.
- Takeda N, Hasegawa S, Morita M, Matsunaga T. Pica in rats is analogous to emesis: an animal model in emesis research. PharmacolBiochemBehav1993 Aug;45(4):817-21.
- Takeda N, Hasegawa S, Morita M, Horii A, Uno A, Yamatodani A, et al. Neuropharmacological mechanisms of emesis. I. Effects of antiemetic drugs on motion- and apomorphine-induced pica in rats. Methods Find ExpClinPharmacol. 1995;17(9):589-96.
- Zlot A, Newell A, Silvey K, Arail K. Addressing the obesity epidemic: a genomics perspective. Prev Chronic Dis 2007;4:1-6.
- Mao P. Recent advances in obesity: genetics and beyond. ISRN Endocrinology 2012 march 5;2012.
- Paquot N, De Flines J, Rorive M.Obesity:a model of complex interactions between genetics and environment]. Revue médicale de Liège 2012;67(5-6):332-36.
- Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Takahashi M, Maeda K, Miyagawa J-i, et al.Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. BiochemBiophys Res Commun 1999 April 2;257(1):79-83.
- Bouchard L, Tchernof A, Deshaies Y, Marceau S, Lescelleur O, Biron S. ZFP36: a promising candidate gene for obesity-related metabolic complications identified by converging genomics. ObesSurg 2007 Mar;17(3):372-82.
- Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Kim DH, Woods SC, Seeley RJ. Expression of new loci associated with obesity in diet induced obese rats: from genetics to physiology.Obesity 2012 Feb;20(2):306-12.
- Rask-Andersen M. Obesity Genetics: Functional of Four Genetic Loci Associated with Obesity and Body Mass [Dissertation]. ActaUniversitatisUpsaliensis. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 2013;921:48.
- Ores ie M. Obesity and psychotic disorders: uncovering common mechanisms through metabolomics.Dis Model Mech 2012;5:614-20.
- Zhang A, Sun H, Wang X.Power of metabolomics in biomarker discovery and mining mechanisms of obesity.Obes Rev 2013;14:344-49.
- Welthagen W, Shellie RA, Spranger J, Ristow M, Zimmermann R, Fiehn O. Comprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography–time-offlight mass spectrometry (GC× GC-TOF) for high resolution metabolomics: biomarker discovery on spleen tissue extracts of obese NZO compared to lean C57BL/6 mice.Metabolomics 2005;1:65-73.
- Kirkwood JS, Legette LL, Miranda CL, Jiang Y, Stevens JF.A metabolomics driven elucidation of the anti-obesity mechanisms of xanthohumol. J Biol Chem.2013 jun;288(26):19000-13.
- Wahl S, Holzapfel C, Yu Z, Breier M, Kondofersky I, Fuchs C, et al. Metabolomics reveals determinants of weight loss during lifestyle intervention in obese children. Metabolomics 2013:1-11.
- Renes J, Mariman E. Application of proteomics technology in adipocyte biology. MolBioSyst 2013 jun;9(6):1076-91.
- Hittel DS, Hathout Y, Hoffman EP.Proteomics and systems biology in exercise and sport sciences research.Exerc Sport Sci.2007;35(1):5-11.
- Peral B, Camafeita E, Fernández-Real J-M, López JA. Tackling the human adipose tissue proteome to gain insight into obesity and related pathologies. Expert Rev Proteomics 2009;6:35361.
- Kim OY, Shin M-J, Moon J, Chung JH. Plasma ceruloplasmin as a biomarker for obesity: a proteomic approach. ClinBiochem 2011;44:35156.
- Tvarijonaviciute A, Gutierrez A, Miller I, RazzaziFazeli E, Tecles F, Ceron J.A proteomic analysis of serum from dogs before and after a controlled weightloss program. DomestAnimEndocrin 2012;43(4):271-77.
- Moest H, Frei AP, Bhattacharya I, Geiger M, Wollscheid B, Wolfrum C. Malfunctioning of adipocytes in obesity is linked to quantitative surfaceome changes. BiochimBiophysActa 2013;1831(7):1208-16.
- Kigelia Pinnata:Exploration of Potential Medicinal Usage in Human Ailments
Abstract Views :283 |
PDF Views:80
Authors
Affiliations
1 Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, 12/1 Chikkabellandur, Carmelaram Post Bangalore-35, IN
1 Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, 12/1 Chikkabellandur, Carmelaram Post Bangalore-35, IN
Source
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 15, No 4 (2016), Pagination: 138-146Abstract
Purpose : The usage of medicinal herbs in the treatment or cure of various human ailments has been reported since past many centuries. Due to less toxicity of herbs when compared with allopathic drug, these are utilized in the development of formulations to increase efficacy. This review explores the various chemical constituents of the plant Kigelia pinnata, commonly called as Sausage tree, and their therapeutic effects in various human ailments.
Findings : Kigelia pinnata has been proven to contain many secondary metabolites like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, sterols, fatty acids, naphthaquinones, etc. The plant possesses many traditional uses such as anticancer, antileprotic, antimalarial, antibacterial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory, antiurolithiasis, antidiarrhoeal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, etc.
Conclusion : Kigelia pinnata is an important plant bearing significant medicinal values in human. This review thus helps the researcher to evaluate and establish the use of plant in various conditions as a curative or as a prophylactic agent and it also highlights the potential of the plant as therapeutic agents in different human ailments.
Keywords
Kigelia Pinnata, Bignoniaceae, Traditional Uses, Medicinal Properties, Chemical Constituents.Full Text
References
- Sikder MA, Hossain AK, Parvez MM, Kaisar MA, Nimmi I, Rashid MA. Antioxidant behaviour of two Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants: Kigelia pinnata and Mesua nagasarium. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal. 2011;8(2): 195-197
- Siddiqui K, Mazumder A, Chakraborthy G. A Review on Phytopharmacological Profile of Kigelia pinnata ( Jacq .). International Journal of Pharma Research & Review. 2015;4 (9):34–8.
- Gabriel O, Olubunmi A. Comprehensive scientific demystification of Kigelia africana : A review. Pure Appl Chem. 2009;3(9):158–64.
- Herbal Gram: Sausage Tree Kigelia Pinnata: An Ethnobotanical and Scientific Review. http://cms.herbalgram.org/herbalgram/issue 94/FEAT_sausagetree.html?ts=1454514790 &signature=60634067d4425f1c6efba03afee b2763 (accessed 10.11.2016)
- Fredrick AC, Ebele OP, Chioma Obi, Utoh–Nedosa UA. Analgesic, Phytochemical and Toxicological investigations of ethanol extract of the leaves of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth (family Bignoniaceae )-Sausage Tree. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2014;04(07):588-595.
- Kigel ia af r i cana - Sausage Tree. http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/ Sausage Tree.html (accessed 10.11.2016)
- Bhramaramba R, Babu IS, Teja KR, Kumari EK, Rathna KVP. Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Investigation of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Fruits. International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives. 2012;3(6):1278–82.
- Gouda YG, Abdel-baky AM, Mohammed KM, Darwish FM, Kasai R Yamasaki K. Phenylpropanoid and phenylethanoid derivatives from Kigelia pinnata DC. Fruits, Nat Prod Res. 2006;20(10):935-39.
- Atolani O, Olatunji AG. Epicuticular Wax and Volatiles of Kigelia pinnata Leaf Extract. Ethnobotan Leafl. 2010;14:797-806.
- Saini S, Kaur H, Verma B, Ripudaman, Singh S. Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. An overview. Nat Prod Rad. 2009;8(2):190-97.
- Neelam B, Shailendra S, Fermida N, Amir A. Isolation and in vitro anti amoebic activity of iridoids isolated from Kigelia pinnata. General papers. Arkivoc(x). 2006;69-76.
- Akah PA. Antidiarrheal activity of Kigelia africana in experimental animals, J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 1998;31-38.
- Akunyili DN. Houghton PJ. Monoterpenoids and naphthoquinones from Kigelia pinnata bark, Phytochem. 1993;1015-18.
- Kitagawa I, Fukuda Y, Taniyama T, Yoshikawa M. Chemical studies on crude drug processing. Part 8. On the constituents of Rehmannniae Radix. Part 2. Absolute stereostructures of rehmaglutin C and glut inoside isolated f rom Chinese Rehmanniae Radix, the dried ischolar_main of Rehmannia glutinoasa Libosch. Chem Pharm Bull 1995;43:1096–100.
- Govindachari TR, Patankar SJ, Viswanathan N. Isolation and structure of two new dihydroisocoumarins from Kigelia pinnata. Phytochemistry 1971;10:1603–6.
- Haruji O, Inouye H. Iridoids glycosides of Rehmania glutinosa. Pytochemistry 1981;21: 133–8.
- Sha'aban F, El-Naggar, RaymondWD. Specioside: a new iridoid glycoside from Catalpa speciosa. J Nat Prod 1980;43:524–6.
- Von OS, Fatma U, Afifi-Yazar. Minecosid und Verminosid, zwei neue Iridoidglucoside aus Veronica officinalis L. (Scrophulariaceae) Helvitica Chim Acta 1979;62:535–9.
- Saraswathy A, Purushothaman KK, Patra A, Dey AK, Kundu AB. Shoreaphenol, a polyphenol from Shorea robusta. Phytochemistry 1992;31:2561–2.
- Anh-Tho N, Jeanine F, HuguesM, Magda C, Michel L, Pierre D. Asugar ester and an iridoid glycoside from Scrophularia ningpoensis. Phytochemistry 2005;66: 1186–91.
- Yinrong L, Yeap FL. Polyphenolics of Salvia — a review. Phytochemistry 2002;59:117–40.
- Khan MR, Mlungwana SM, ã-Sitosterol. A cytotoxic sterol from Markhamia zanzibarica and Kigelia africana, Fitoterapia. 1999,70(1): 96-97.
- Govindachari TR, Patankar SJ, Visananthan N. Isolation and structure of two new dihydroisocoumarins from Kigelia pinnata, Phytochemistry, 1971,10603-1606.
- Joshi KC, Singh P, Taneja S, Cox PJ. New terpenoid aldehydes from Kigelia pinnata: Crystal structure of pinnatal, Tetrahedron. 1982;38:2703-2708.
- Gouda YG, Abdel-baky AM, Darwish FM, Mohammed KM, Kasai R Yamasaki, K. Iridoids from Kigelia pinnata DC. Fruits, Phytochem. 2003;63(8):887-92.
- Moideen SVK, Houghton PJ, Rock P, Croft SL, Aboagye-Nyame F. Activity of extracts and naphthoquinones from Kigelia pinnata against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Planta Med. 1999;65(6): 536-540.
- Houghton PJ, Photiou A, Uddin S, Shah P, Browning M, Jackson SJ. Retsas, S. Activity of extracts of Kigelia pinnata against melanoma and renal carcinoma cell lines. Planta Med. 1994;60(5):430-433.
- Atolani O, Fabiyi OA, Olatunji GA. Nematicidal isochromane glycoside from Kigelia pinnata leaves. Acta Agric Slov. 2014; 104(1):25–31.
- Rawat M, Parmar N, Kumar T. Evaluation of Analgesic potential of Kigelia pinnata leaf extract in wistar rat. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 2011;2(10):87-89.
- Khan MA, Islam M. Analgesic and cytotoxic activity of Acorus calamus L., Kigelia pinnata L., Mangifera indica L. and Tabernaemontana divaricata L. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2012; 4(2):149
- Bole S, Dhritiv V, Chowdhary P, Rahul J, Vishank G. Free radical scavenging and antidiabetic activity of Kigelia pinnata. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2014;3(4):1249-62.
- Rawat M, Parmar N, Kumar T. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory potential of Kigelia pinnata leaf extract in Wistar rat. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 2012; 5(1):96-97.
- Owolabi OJ, Omogbai EK (2007). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic stembark extract of Kigelia Africana (Bignoniacea). Afr. J. Biotechnol. 6(5): 582585.
- Carvalho LH, Rocha EMM, Raslan DS, Oliveira AB, Krettli AU (1988). In Vitro activity of natural and synthetic naphthoquinones against erythrocytic stages of the plasmodium falciparum. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 21: 485487.
- Emeka G, Emmanuel N, Victor N, Simeon I. Effect of Methanol Leaf and Fruit Extracts of Kigelia africana on Some Biochemical Parameters of Normal Albino Rats. World Appl Sci. 2014;31(10):1689–94.
- Olubunmi A, Adeyemi SO, Akpan E, Adeosun CB, Olatunji GA. Chemical composition and antioxidant potentials of Kigelia pinnata ischolar_main oil and extracts. EXCLI J. 2011;10:264–73.
- Road PM, Nadu T. Biological actions and mechanisms underpinning the Antiurolithiatic effectiveness of various natural herbal compounds. Int J Univers Pharm Bio Sci. 2013;4(6):535–47.
- Gupta AK, Kothiyal P, Pandey S. Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic potential of Kigelia africana fruits in albino rats. FABAD J Pharm Sci. 2011;36:197–205.
- Ravindra K, Tirath K, Virender K, Harish C. Pharmacological evaluation of ethanolic extract of Kigelia pinnata fruit against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research. 2012; 2 (1):63-72.
- Hussain T, Fatima I, Rafay M, Shabir S, Akram M, Bano S. Evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of leaves, fruit and bark of Kigelia africana. Pakistan J Bot. 2016;48(1): 277–83.
- Jeyachandran R, Mahesh A. Antimicrobial evaluation of Kigelia aricana (Lam). Research Journal of Microbiology. 2007; 2(8):645-49.
- Momekov G, Momekova D, Pencheva I, Konstantinov S. Antineoplastic activity of a methanolic extract from Kigelia pinnata DC stem bark. J Cancer Ther Res. 2012;1(1):17.
- Houghton PJ, Photiou A, Uddin S, Shah P, Browning M, Jackson SJ, Retsas S (1994). Activity of extracts of Kigelia pinnata against melanoma and renal carcinoma cell lines. Planta med. 60(5): 430-433.
- Sainadh NS, Pkm N, C VK, Kulkarni SC. Evaluation of Anti-Cancer Activity of Kigelia africana on EAC Induced Breast Tumors . J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013;2(3):78–84.
- Abhishek S, Umesh KS, Umashankar S, Niranjan S, Vimlesh M, Garima Y. Anticonvulsant activity of Kigelia pinnata bark extract. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2010; 2(4):147-9.
- Peter AA. Antidiarrheal activity of Kigelia africana in experimental animals. Journal of Herbs Spices & Medicinal Plants. 1996; 4(2):31-38.
- Owolabi OJ, Omogbai EKI. Studies on the antidiarrhoeal properties of the ethanolic extract of Kigelia africana (bignoniaceae). Pharmacologyonline. 2009; 1:243-51
- Lal SD, Yadar BK (1983). Folk Medicines of Kurukshetra district (Haryana), India Econ. Bot. 37: 299-305.
- Grace OM, Davis SD (2002). Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Record from protabase. Oyen LPA, Lemmens RHMJ Wageningen, Netherlands. Inmagic DB/Text Webpublisher PRO: 1 records (http://database.prota.org/ search.htm).
- Owolabi OJ, Amaechina FC, Eledan AB (2008). Central nervous system Stimulant effect of the ethanolic extract of kigrlia Afr. J. Med. Plant Res. 2(2): 20-23.
- Kumar S, Kumar V, Prakash OM. Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activities of Kigelia pinnata flower extract in streptozocin induced diabetic rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012;2(7):543-546.
- Rai D, Sharma U, Singh A, Kumar M, Agrahari P. Wond healing activity of Kigelia pinnata bark extract Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 2010;3(4):74-75.
- Kigelia Gel- Fast, effective relief for very dry skin conditions. http://www.kigeliagel.com/ other-kigelia-products.html (accessed 10.11.2016).
- An Overview on Anxiety:Etiology and Therapy
Abstract Views :220 |
PDF Views:82
Authors
Affiliations
1 Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, 12/1 Chikkabellandur, Carmelaram Post, Bangalore - 35, IN
1 Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, 12/1 Chikkabellandur, Carmelaram Post, Bangalore - 35, IN
Source
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 16, No 1 (2017), Pagination: 32-37Abstract
Purpose: Anxiety disorders have turned out to be the most common mental health conditions prevailing all over the world. The symptoms of anxiety are very common in the community, not only affecting the younger generations but also the elderly. There have been a number of advances in the pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders in recent decades. Normal anxiety is a kind of emotion that mainly helps to face the threats and problems awaiting an individual. But when this emotion exceeds a certain limit, it causes harm to the same individual. Thus, this paper gives an overall review on what exactly anxiety is, how is it caused and the different treatment methods used so far for anxiety. Apart from this the future aspects has also been covered in this paper.
Approaches: The data were collected from various sources like journal articles, textbooks, internet, related materials in library and databases such as pubmed, google scholar and so on.
Findings: New developments are forthcoming in the field of alternative strategies for managing anxiety and for treatment-resistant cases.
Conclusion: As a word, anxiety may seem very small to read but when it comes to a person's life it can be life threatening. There are varieties of conventional treatment methods available for anxiety and many promising therapies are yet to come.
Keywords
Anxiety Disorders, Epidemiology, Psychological Treatments, Psychotherapy, Antidepressants.Full Text
References
- Spinella M. The Psychopharmacology of Herbal Medicine: Plant Drugs That Alter Mind, Brain and Behaviour. Cambridge, MA: The MIT press. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2003 Jul; 28(4): 300–301.
- Seligman, Walker EF, Rosenhan DL. Abnormal psychology. 4th Edition. New York: WW Norton & Company. 2001, chapter 7.
- Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 ;280(18):1569-1575.
- Wittchen HU, Jacobi F. Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe: a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. Eur. Neuropsycho-pharmacol.2005; 15,357-376.
- Cates M, Wells BG. Anxiety Disorders. Textbook of Therapeutics: Drug and Disease Management.1996: 1073-1093.
- Pies RW. Clinical manual of psychiatric diagnoses and treatment: a biopsychosocial approach. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC; Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 1999; 1(5): 166.
- Hettema JM, Neale MC, Kendler KS. A review and meta analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(10):1568-78.
- Torgersen S. Genetic Factors in Anxiety Disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1983;40(10): 1085-1089.
- Tocchetto A, Salum GA. Evidence of association between Val66Met polymorphism at BDNF gene and anxiety disorders in a community sample of children and adolescents. Sep 2011;502(3): 197–200.
- Sandford J J, Argyropoulos SV, Nutt DJ. The psychobiology of anxiolytic drugs Part 1: basic neurobiology. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000;88: 197-212.
- Eysenck MW. Approaches to Abnormality. In MW Eysenck, Psychology: An International Perspective. New York: Psychology Press. 2004: 794-853.
- Sarason IG, Sarason BR. The problem of maladaptive behavior. Abnormal Psychology. 8th Edition. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India; 2000: 180-207.
- Providing best care for anxiety disorders in general practice. NPS Prescribing Practice Review. NPS MedicineWise; 2009.
- Barbotte E, Guillemin F, Chan N. Prevalence of impairments, disabilities, handicaps and quality of life in the general population: a review of recent literature. The International Journal of Public Health. 2001;79: 1047-1055.
- Majcher D, Pollack MH. Childhood anxiety disorders: Do they grow out of it? Long-term outcomes of childhood disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. 1996: 139-169.
- Offord DR, Boyle MH, Campbell D, Goering P, Lin E, Wong M et al. One-year prevalence of psychiatric disorder in Ontarians 15 to 64 years of age. Can Journal of Psychiatry 1996;41:559-563.
- Eaton WW, Kessler RC, Wittchen HU, Magee WJ. Panic and panic disorder in the United States. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:413-420.
- Lepine JP. The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: prevalence and societal costs. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002;14, 14-18.
- Lisa B, Rivas-Vazquez, Rafael A. Assessment and treatment of social anxiety disorder. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2003: 396-405.
- Whittal ML, Thordarson DS, McLean PD. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: cognitive behavior therapy vs. exposure and response prevention. 2005;43(12):1559-76.
- James D Herbert, Brandon A. Cognitive behavior therapy for generalized social anxiety disorder in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2009: 167–177.
- Knekt P, Lindfors O, Laaksonen MA. Psycho-therapy Study Group. Effectiveness of short-term and long-term psychotherapy on work ability and functional capacity: A randomized clinical trial on depressive and anxiety disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders.2008;107(1-3): 95-106.
- Feldman. American Psychological Association. 2004.
- Snyder BD, Polasek TM, Doogue MP. Drug interactions: principles and practice. AustPrescr 2012;35:85-88.
- Cassano, Giovanni B, Rossi, Nicolò Baldini. Psychopharmacology of anxiety disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2002;4(3): 271–285.
- Barlow, David H, Durand, Mark V. Mood Disorders and Suicide. Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach. 2009;239.
- Koen N, Stein DJ. Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders: A c r i t i cal rev iew. Dialogues Cl inNeuros c i . 2011;13(4):423–437.
- Ravindran LN, Stein MB. The pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders: A review of progress. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(7): 839–854.
- Llorca PM, Spadone C, Sol O. Efficacy and safety of hydroxyzine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a 3-month double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002, November; 63 (11): 1020–1027.
- McDougle CJ. Update on pharmacologic management of OCD: Agents and augmen-tation. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58:11–17.
- Ravindran LN, Stein MB. The pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders: A review of progress. J Clin Psychiatry.
- Potential Effect of Asparagus racemosus Root Extract on Experimental Anemic and Thrombocytopenic Conditions in Rats
Abstract Views :203 |
PDF Views:71
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, Chikkabellandur Carmelaram Post, Bengaluru- 560035, Karnataka, IN
1 Department of Pharmacology, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, Chikkabellandur Carmelaram Post, Bengaluru- 560035, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 15, No 1 (2016), Pagination: 15-19Abstract
Purpose:To study the potential effect of Asparagus racemosus extract on experimental anemic and thrombocytopenic condition in rats.Approach: The anti-anemic and anti-thrombocytopenic activities of chloroform:methanol (2:1) extract of Asparagus racemosus was studied using phenylhydrazine and heparin-induced models, respectively. Three doses of Asparagus racemosus viz., 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg (p.o, daily for 10 days) were tested in rats, and observations such as levels of RBC count, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), WBC, bleeding time and clotting time were recorded. Ferrous sulphate and prednisolone were used as standard agents for anti-anemic and anti-thrombocytopenic activities, respectively.
Finding: The anti-anemic study indicated that Asparagus racemosusextract at 750 mg/kg (p<0.01) increase significantly the number of RBC, Hb and significantly decrease (p<0.01) MCH and WBC when compared with anaemic group. In anti-thrombocytopenic study, extract at 750 mg/kg decreased significantly (p<0.01) bleeding time and clotting time compared to heparin group. Our observations indicated that ischolar_main extract of Asparagus racemosuspossess exhibited anti-anemic and antithrombocytopenic properties and these could be related to the phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, triterpenoids, polyphenols, carbohydrate, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds and tannins present in the extract.
Originality: The present study is the first time evaluation of the anti-anemic and anti-thrombocytopenic effect of Asparagus racemosus.
Conclusion: from our study Asparagus racemosus possess exhibited anti-anemic and anti-thrombocytopenic properties.
Keywords
Asparagus racemosus, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Phenylhydrazine, Heparin.Full Text
References
- Perepu U, Rosenstein L.Maternal thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Proceedings in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2013;3(1):1-6.
- MintzerDM , Billet SN, Chmielewski L.DrugInduced Hematologic Syndromes, Advances in Hematology. 2009;2009:1-11.
- Naeshiro I, Yoshioka M, Chatani F, Sato S. Changes in the plasma erythropoietin level in rats following fasting, ageing, and anaemia. Comparative Haematology International.1998;8:87-93.
- Hill HAO and Thornalley PJ: Free radical production during phenylhydrazine-induced hemolysis. Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 1982;60:1528-31,
- Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: diagnosis an management. Circulation.2004;110:454-8.
- Gogte VM. Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal plants. Mumbai: SPARC; 2000.
- Frawley D. Ayurvedic healing-a comprehensive guide. Delhi:MotilalBanarsidass Publishers Private Limited; 1997.
- Thomson M. Herbal Monograph - Asparagus racemosus, Phytomedicine, NSW, Australia; 2002.
- Vol. 1. New Delhi: 1985. CSIR. The Wealth of India; pp. 468-71.
- Alok S, Jain SK, Verma A, Kumar M, Mahor A, Sabharwal M. Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari): A review, Asian Pacific Journalof Tropical Disease.2013;3(3):242-51
- Mitra SK, Prakash NS, Sundaram R. Shatavarins (containing Shatavarin IV) with anticancer activity from the ischolar_mains of Asparagus racemosus.Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2012;44(6):732-6
- Jayashree G.V, Rachitha P, Krupashree K, Kumar H, Khanum F. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of extract of ischolar_mains of Asparagus racemosus. International Journal of Pharmacyand Biological Science. 2013;4(4):250-4
- Ebuehi OAT, Mbara KC. Biochemical studies of iron fortified gari fed to Phenylhydrazine-induced anemic rats. American Journal of Food Technology. 2011;6(6):472-82
- Balasubramanian P, Malathi A. Comparative study of hemoglobin estimated by Drabkin's and Sahli's methods.Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1992;38(1):8-9.
- William J, Hrushesky MD. Subcutaneous Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia. JAMA Internal Medicine.1978;138(10):1489-91.
- McCrae K, Cines D. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and haemolytic uremic syndrome. In: Hoffman, R, Benz E, Shattil S, et al, eds. Hematology: Basic Principlesand Practice. New York, NY, Churchill Livingstone. 2000;2126-35.
- Abraham KA, Connolly G, Farrell J et al. The HELLP syndrome, a prospective study. Ren Fail 2001;23:705-13.
- Vigil-De Gracia P. Pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia-eclampsia with HELLP syndrome. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetircs. 2001;72:17-23.
- Verdy E, Bessous V, Dreyfus M, Kaplan C, Tchernia G, Uzan S. Longitudinal analysis of platelet count and volume in normal pregnancy. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1997;77:806-7.
- Douglas B, Robert M.Management of Adult Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Annual Review of Medicine. 2005;56:425-42
- Ahn Y, Bymes J, Harrington W, Cayer M, Smith D, Brunskill D, Pall M, The treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenia with Vinblastine-loaded platelets. New England Journal of Medicine. 1998; 298(20):1101-7.
- Wang J, Xu J, Zhong J. Effect of Radix notoginsengsaponins on platelet activating molecule expression and aggregation in patient with blood hyperviscosity syndrome. Alternative Medicine Review. 2004;24(4):312-16
- ShiJ, Arunasalam K, YeungD, Kakuda Y, MittalG, Jiang Y.Saponins from edible legumes: chemistry, processing and health benefits. Journal of Medicinal Food.2004;7(1):67-78
- Jenon A , Yapi H, Gnahoue G , Yapo A, Ngvesson J Allico J. Anti-anemic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Entandrophragma angolense bark on phenylhydrazine induced anemic rats. Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2015;3(5):12-21.
- Effects of Anemia on Cognitive Function
Abstract Views :206 |
PDF Views:71
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, #12/1, Chikkabellandur, Carmelaram Post, Varthur Hobli, Bangalore - 560035, KA, IN
1 Department of Pharmacology, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, #12/1, Chikkabellandur, Carmelaram Post, Varthur Hobli, Bangalore - 560035, KA, IN
Source
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 16, No 2 (2017), Pagination: 134-142Abstract
Purpose: To establish the relation between Anemia and cognitive function.
Approach: Published articles from Pubmed and other Internet sources were used to establish the relation between anemia and cognition.
Finding: There are various factors like RBC, hemoglobin and iron content which affects cognition indirectly. Whereas some factors such as defect in gene, directly affects the cognition.
Conclusion: Anemia not only affects the physical health, but also affects the mental health like cognition. RBC, hemoglobin and iron contents affect the cognitive function while due to defect in gene, causes anemia, which also affects cognitive functions. Cognition of infant is also affected by maternal anemia.
Keywords
Anemia, Cognitive Function, RBC, Hemoglobin.Full Text
References
- Janz TG, Johnson RL. Anemia in the emergency department: evaluation and treatment. Emergency medicine practice.2013;15(11):1–15.
- Reid R, Burt A, Harrison D, David J, Levison DA, MacSween RN. Muir's textbook ofpathalogy. 14th edition. United Kingdom: Hodder Education;2008.
- Weiss G, Goodnough LT. Anemia of chronic disease. The NewEngland of Journal Medicine. 2005; 352(10):1011-1022.
- Criswell KA, Sulkanen AP, Hochbaum AF, Bleavins M R . Effects of phenylhydrazine or phlebotomy on peripheral blood, bone marrow and erythropoietin in Wistar rats Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2000;20(1):25-34.
- Charles M, Modibo D, Humphrey M, Alutu M, Erasto M, Seif S, Frank M, Jaffu C. Hematoprotective property of EremomastaxSpeciosa on experimentally induced anemic Wistar rats. Annals of Biological Research.2010;1(2):221-229.
- Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA. A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2095-128.
- SpivakJL.Polycythemia Vera: myths, mechanisms, and management. Blood 2002;100(13):4272-90.
- EngelfrietCP, Overbeeke MA, von dem Borne AE, Perrotta PL, Snyder EL. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia,Non-infectious complications of transfusion therapy. Blood Review 2001;15(2): 69-83.
- Symptoms and causes - Anemia - Mayo Clinic [Internet]. Mayoclinic.org. 2017 [cited 10 November 2016]. Available from: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- conditions/anemia/symptomscauses/ dxc-20183157.
- Cognition - definition of cognition in English | Oxford Dictionaries [Internet]. Oxford Dictionaries | English. 2017 [cited 24 October 2016]. Available from: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cognition.
- Michelon D. What are Cognitive Abilities and Skills, and How to Boost Them? [Internet]. SharpBrains. 2017 [cited 5 January 2017]. Available from: http://sharpbrains.com/blog/2006/12/18/what-are-cognitive-abilities.
- Dutta J. What are the Factors Affecting Cognitive Development of Children? [Internet]. Preservearticles.com. 2017 [cited 16 January 2017]. Available from: http://www.preservearticles.com/2011100714884/what-are-thefactorsaffecting-cognitive-development-of-children.html.
- McLeod S. Jean Piaget | Cognitive Theory | Simply Psychology [Internet]. Simplypsychology.org. 2017 [cited 10 January 2017]. Available from: http://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html.
- Hasher L, Zacks RT. working memory comprehension and aging.International journal of behavioral development. 1998;22(4):193-225.
- Janowsky JS. Testosterone and cognition. Trends in cognitive sciences. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research. 2006;10(2):77-82.
- Sherwin BB. Estrogen and cognitive function in women.endocrine review.2003; 24(2):133-151.
- Zaidi ZF. Gender difference in human brain. The open anatomy journal.2010; 24(2):37-55.1
- Anett N, Jianghong Li, Wendy H .The role of nutrition in children's neurocognitive development, from pregnancy through childhood. Frontier in HYPER LINK "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3607807/"HumHYPERLINK "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/ PMC3607807/"anHYPERLINK "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3607807/"Neuro science. 2013; 7: 97.
- Pollitt E. Iron deficiency and cognitive function.Annual Review of Nutrition. 1993;13: 521–537.
- Polich J. P300 in the evaluation of aging and dementia. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology Supplement.Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology. 1991;42:304–323.
- Harris WS, Thomas RM. Biological variability of blood omega-3 biomarkers. Clinical Biochemistry.Elsevier. 2010;43(3):338–340.
- Arab L. Biomarkers of fat and fatty acid intake. The journal of nutrition.2003;133(3):925S–932S.
- Brenna JT. Efficiency of conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to long chain n-3 fatty acids in man. Current opinionin clinical nutrition and metabolic Care. 2002;5(2):127–132.
- Heude B, Ducimetiere P, Berr C.Cognitive decline and fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes: the EVA Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003;77(4):803–808.
- Muskiet FA, Fokkema MR, Schaafsma A, Boersma ER, Crawford MA. Lessons from DHA status regulation, our ancient diet, epidemiology and randomized controlled trials. The journal of Nutrition. 2004;134(1):183–186.
- Yurko-Mauro K, McCarthy D, Rom D. Beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid on cognition in age-related cognitive decline. Alzheimer's and Dementia. The journal of the Alzheimer's association. 2010;6(6):456–464.
- Denny SD, Kuchibhatla MN, Cohen HJ. Impact of anemia on mortality, cognition, and function in community-dwelling elderly.The American journal of medicine. 2006;119(4):327–334.
- Chaves PH, Carlson MC, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Serba R, Fried LP. Association between mild anemia and executive function impairment in communitydwelling older women: the Women's Health and Aging Study II. Journal of the American Geriatric Society.2006;54(9):1429–1435.
- Michael WP. Bone Marrow Failure Disease and the Brain. Centre for Brain Health Neurologic Institute. http://w w w.aamds.org/sites default/files/AAMDS%20and% 20brain_MWP_2015_rev.pdf 2015
- Ballin A, Berar M, Rubinstein U. Iron state in the female adolescent. The American Journal of Diseases of Children. 1992;146(7):803–805.
- Groner N A, Holtzman N A, Charney E, Mellits D. A randomized trial of oral iron on tests of short-term memory and attention span in young pregnant women. Journal of Adolescent Health Care.1986;7(1):44–48.
- Walter T. Impact of iron deficiency on cognition in infancy and childhood. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993;47(5):307-316.
- Grantham M S, Ani C. A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children. Journal of Nutrition.2001;131(2S2):649–666.
- Deungria M. Perinatal iron deficiency decreases cytochrome c oxidase (CytOx) activity in selected regions of neonatal rat brain. Pediatric Research. 2000;48(2):169–176.
- Lozoff B, Georgieff M K. Iron deficiency and brain development. Seminar in Pediatric Neurology. 2006;13(3):158–165.
- Georgieff M K. Nutrition and the developing brain: nutrient priorities and measurement. The American journal of clinical Nutrition. 2007;85(2):614S–620S.
- Rioux FM., Bélanger PJ, Leblanc C P, Vigneau F. Relationship between maternal DHA and iron status and infants' cognitive performance. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research.2016;16 : 72-76.
- Jorgenson LA, Wobken JD, Georgieff MK. Perinatal iron deficiency alters apical dendritic growth in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Dev. Neurosci. 2003;25(6): 412–420.
- Nagalakshmi P, Santhosh H, Shobha C. A study of Correlation Between Hemoglobin Level and Cognitive Function in Children from Rural Area Staying in Residential School. Indian JounalPhysiology Pharmacology 2015;59(3):308–312.
- Walden H, Deans A J. "The Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway: Structural and Functional Insights into a Complex Disorder". AnnualHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann._Rev._Biophysics&acti on=edit&redlink=1" RevHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/i ndex.php?title=Ann._Rev._Biophysics&action=edit&redlink=1"iew HYPER LINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann._Rev._Biophysics&action=edit&redlink=1"of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann._Rev._Biophysics&acti on=edit&redlink=1"Biophysics. 2014;43(1):257–278.
- Sumpter R, Sirasanagandla S, Fernandez A, Dong X, Franco L, Zhongju Z et al. Fanconi Anemia Proteins Function in Mitophagy and Immunity. 2016;165(4):867-881.
- David C Y, Dean RT, Michael FM, David J H, Basil TD, Alon G et al.Hemolytic anemia and severe rhabdomyolysis caused by compound heterozygous mutations of the gene for erythrocyte/muscle isozyme of aldolase, ALDOA(Arg303X/Cys338Tyr)Blood. 2004;103(6):2401-2403.
- Steen RG, Xiong X, Mulhern RK, Langston JW, Wang WC. Subtle brain abnormalities in children with sickle cell disease: relationship to blood hematocrit. Annals of Neurology. 1999;45(3):279–286.
- Brown RT, Buchannan I, Doepke K. Cognitive and academic functioning in children with sickle cell disease. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 1993;22:207–218.
- Galanello R, Origa R. Beta-thalassemia. OrphanetJournal of Rare Diseases. 2010;5:11.
- Cakaloz B, Cakaloz I, Polat A, Inan M, Oguzhanoglu NK. Psychopathology in thalassemia major. Pediatric International: official journal of the Japan pediatric society. 2009; 51(6):825-828.
- Hajibeigi B, Azarkeyvan A, Alavian SM, Lankarani MM, Assari S. Anxiety and depression affects life and sleep quality in adults with beta-thalassemia. Indian JHematolBlood Transfus .2009;25(2):59-65.
- Pakbaz Z, Treadwell M, Yamashita R, Quirolo K, Foote D, Quill L. Quality of life in patients with thalassemia intermedia compared to thalassemia major. Annals of New York Academy of Science 2005;1054:457-461.
- Marsh JT, Brown WS, Wolcott D.rHuEPO treatment improves brain and cognitive function of anemic dialysis patients. Kidney International. Official Journal of The International Society Of Nephrology. 1991;39(1):155–163.
- Cold F, Health E, Disease H, Management P, Conditions S, Problems S et al. Folic Acid for Good Health [Internet]. WebMD. 2017 [cited 2 November 2016]. Available from: http://www.webmd.com/diet/supplement-guide-folicacid# 1.
- Martha D, Angela W, Christian W, Durig J, Martina BP, Dragano N, Moebus S, Jöckel KH, Erbel R, Eisele L. Anemia and Mild Cognitive Impairment in the German General Population. Journal of Alzheimer's disease. 2016;49(4):1031-42.
- Lozoff B, Klein NK, Nelson EC, McClish DK, Manuel M, Chacon ME. Behavior of infants with iron-deficiency anemia. Child Development. 1998; 69(1):24–36.
- http://www.pinsdaddy.com/cognitive-part-of- thebrain_7qI Wy W0G37iinqAWYbiTGA9lHpcEA1QLgBc7wWCl8h4/
- Coel CL, Lubach GR, Schneider ML. Neuromotor and socio-emotiional behaviour in the young monkey are presaged by prenatal conditions. In: Lewis M. Ramsey D, editors, Stress and Soothing. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1999. 19-38.
- Golub MS, Hogrefe CE, Widaman KF, Capitanio JP, Iron deficiency anemia and affective response in rhesus monkey infants. Dev Psychobiol.2009;51(1):47-59.