A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Singh, Shakuntala
- Evaluation of LD50 of Fenvalerate in Male Wistar Rats by Miller and Tainter Method
Authors
1 Department of Zoology, Environmental Toxicological Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur–302004, IN
2 Department of Zoology, Government Nehru Degree College, Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh, IN
Source
Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, Vol 20, No 3&4 (2020), Pagination: 159-164Abstract
The principal aim of the present study was to evaluate median lethal dose (LD50) of fenvalerate, a synthetic pyrethroid (Type II) insecticide, in male Wistar rats. Median lethal dose (LD50) is defined as the dose which is lethal and proved to cause death in half of the experimental group of animals after specified test duration. The LD50 is a standardized measure for expressing and comparing the toxicity of chemicals. This test is proved to be an initial screening phase for the evaluation, measurement and comparing of the acute toxicity of a chemical. Fenvalerate dissolved in groundnut oil was administered to 5 different groups of animals (10 animals in each group) as a single dose by oral intubation. Based on the pilot study the selected doses of fenvalerate were 400,425,450,475 and 500mg/kg b.wt. for male rats. The animals were kept under observation for any type of toxic symptoms and death in 96 hours. The percentage of dead animals after 96 hours was calculated, which was then transformed into probits for the estimation of median lethal dose (LD50). In this study, the calculated median lethal dose (LD50) of fenvalerate dissolved in groundnut oil was found to be 434.51±29.90 mg/kg b.wt. in Wistar rats. In sub-chronic and chronic studies, this data is very helpful for the establishment pf the dosage regimen.
Keywords
Fenvalerate, LD50, Pyrethroid, Wistar RatsReferences
- Aktar MW, Sengupta D, Chowdhury A. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2009; 2(1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10102009-0001-7
- Shetty A, Deepa S, Alwar MC. Acute toxicity studies and determination of median lethal dose. Curr Sci. 2007; 93(7): 917–920.
- Miller LC, Tainter ML. Estimation of LD50 and its error by means of log - Probit graph paper. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1944; 57: 261–4. https://doi.org/10.3181/0037972757-14776
- Bliss CI. The method of probits – A correction. Science. 1934; 79(2053): 409–10. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.79.2053.409
- Thompson WR. Use of moving averages and interpolation to estimate median-effective dose; fundamental formulas, estimation of error, and relation to other methods. Bacteriol Rev. 1947; 11(2): 115–45. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.11.2.115-145.1947
- Weil CS. Tables for convenient calculation of median effective dose (LD50 or ED50) and instructions in their use. Biometrics. 1951; 8(3): 249–63. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001557
- Litchfield JT, Wilcoxon F. A simplified method of evaluating dose-effect experiments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1949; 96(2): 99–113.
- Finney DJ. Probit Analysis. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1971.
- Perry AS, Yamamoto I, Ishaaya I, Perry RY. Insecticides in Agriculture and Environment. Retrospect’s and Prospects, Springer, Berlin 1998. pp 261. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783-662-03656-3
- Bradbury SP, Coats JR. Comparative toxicology of pyrethroid insecticides, in: G.W. Ware (Ed.), Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1989; 108: 133–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8850-0_4
- Giri S, Sharma GD, Giri A, Prasad SB. Fenvalerate-induced chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in the bone marrow cells of mice in vivo. Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 2002; 520(1-2):125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00197-3
- Kaul PP, Rastogi A, Hans RK, Seth TD, Seth PK, Srimal RC. Fenvalerate-induced alterations in circulatory thyroid hormones and calcium stores in rat brain. Toxicol Lett. 1996; 89(1): 29–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S03784274(96)03778-2
- Singh VK, Verma Y K. Toxic Effect of Fenvalerate on Serum Enzyme in Wistar rats. 2nd International Conference on Advances in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences (ICABPS’2013), Hong Kong. 2013.
- Verma YK, Singh VK. Fenvalerate Induced Genotoxicity in Mammals. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci. 2013; 3(1): 243– 245.
- He J, Chen J, Liu R, Song L, Chang HC, Wang X. Fenvalerateinduced Alterations in Calcium Homeostasis in Rat Ovary. Biomed Environ. Sci. 2006; 19: 15–20.
- Qu JH, Hong X, Chen JF, Wang YB, Sun H, Xu XL, Song L, Wang SL, Wang XR. Fenvalerate inhibits progesterone production through cAMP-dependent signal pathway. Toxicol Lett. 2008; 176: 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.09.004
- Chandra M, Raj J, Dogra TD, Rajvanshi AC, Raina A. Determination of median lethal dose of Triazophos with DMSO in wistar rats. Asian J pharm Clin. Res. 2014; 7(4): 64–67.
- Randhawa MA. “Calculation of LD50 values from the method of Miller and Tainter, 1944”. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2009; 21(3): 184–185.
- Ghosh MN. In Statistical Analysis, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. 2nd ed. Scientific Book Agency Calcutta. 1984.
- Cao Z, Shafer TJ, Murray TF. Mechanisms of Pyrethroid Insecticide-Induced Stimulation of Calcium Influx in Neocortical Neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010; 336(1):197–205. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.110.171850
- Soderlund DM, Clark JM, Sheets LP, Mullin LS, Piccirillo VJ, Sargent D, Stevens JT, Weiner ML. Mechanisms of pyrethroid toxicity: implications for cumulative risk assessment. Toxicol. 2002; 171: 3–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00569-8
- Wolansky MJ, Gennings C, DeVito MJ, Crofton KM. Evidence for Dose-Additive Effects of Pyrethroids on Motor Activity in Rats. Environ Health Perspect. 2009; 117 (10). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900667
- Bradbury SP, Coats JR. Toxicity of fenvalerate to bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) including brain and liver residues associated with mortality. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1982; 10(2): 307–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287398209530253
- Powell JE, King EG, Jany CS. Toxicity of Insecticides to Adult Microplitis croceipes(Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J Econ Entomol. 1986; 79(5): 1343–1346. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/79.5.1343
- Tilak KS, Veeraiah K, Sastry LV. Bioaccumulation of fenvalerate technical grade in different organs of the frog Haplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin). J Environ Biol. 2003; 24(3): 261–264.
- Bhowmick S, Singh VK. Cytogenetic Assessment of Pyrethroid on Blue Rock Pigeon. Poll. Res. 2014; 33(2): 323–325.
- Tos-Luty S, Haratym-Maj A, Latuszynska J, obuchowskaPrzebirowska D, Tokaraska Rodak M. Oral toxicity of deltamethrin and fenvalerate in swiss mice. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2001; 8: 245–254.
- Estimation of Median Lethal Dose of Fenpropathrin in Wistar Rat
Authors
1 Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur – 302004, Rajasthan, IN
2 Assistant Professor and Head, Government Nehru PG College, Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh - 473331, IN
Source
Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, Vol 21, No 1 (2021), Pagination: 16-22Abstract
Background: Fenpropathrin, a synthetic pyrethroid (Type I/II) is commonly used as an insecticide in homes and in agriculture. The present study was planned to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of Fenpropathrin in adult Wistar rats, both male and female. Statistically, LD50 is a first screening step to asses and evaluate the toxicity for a chemical that causes death of 50% population of test animals when given by a specified route as a single dose for a specific time period. Methods: The experimental rats were divided into 10 groups (5 of male and 5 of female rats) and ten rats were divided into each group. For each group of animals, a single oral dose of Fenpropathrin dissolved in corn oil was administered orally at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 mg/kg body weight (bw) concentrations. The animals were monitored up to 96 hours to assess the signs of toxicity and to calculate the LD50 as per the graphical method procedure suggested by Miller and Tainter (1944)10. Result: Estimated LD50 of Fenpropathrin was found to be 52.72±8.61mg/kg body weight in male rats and 48.08±8.13 mg/kg body weight in female rats. There were no toxic signs or behavioural changes in the single oral dose of Fenpropathrin at 10mg/kg body weight, thus it can be considered as No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL). Conclusion: It can beconcluded from the study that Fenpropathrin is highly toxic pyrethroid due to its low LD50 value in Wistar rats.The result of this study may serve as a basis for dose administration for further research on Fenpropathrin toxicity.
Keywords
Fenpropathrin, Pyrethroid, Lethal Dose (LD50), Wistar RatReferences
- Cao Z, Shafer TJ, Murray TF. Mechanisms of pyrethroid insecticide induced stimulation of calcium influx in neocortical neurons. Journal of Pharmacology and Experi mental Therapeutics. 2010; 336(1):197–205. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.110.171850. PMid:20881019. PMCid:P MC3014305
- Verschoyle RD, Aldridge WN. Structure-activity relationships of some pyrethroids in rats. Archives of Toxicology. 1980; 45:325–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF 00293813. PMid:7447703
- Gammon DW, Brown MA, Casida JE. Two classes of pyrethroid action in the cockroach. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 1981; 15:181–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(81)90084-5
- Lawrence LJ, Casida JE. Pyrethroid toxicology: Mouse intracerebral structure-toxicity relationships. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 1982; 18:9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(82)90082-7
- Michelangeli P, Robson MJ, East JM, Lee AG. The conformation of pyrethroids bound to lipid bilayers.
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1990; 1028:49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(90)90264-O
- Weiner ML, Nemec M, Sheets L, Sargent D, Breckenridge C. Comparative functional observational battery study of twelve commercial pyrethroid insecticides in rats following acute oral exposure. Neurotoxicology. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2009.08.014. PMid:197 48519
- Xiong J, Zhang X, Huang J, Chen C, Chen Z, Liu L, Wang T. Fenpropathrin, a widely used pesticide, causes dopaminergic degeneration. Molecular Neurobiology. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-014-9057-2. PM id:25575680. PMCid:PMC5333774
- Senin R. Acute toxicity study [Internet]. 2010 Mar 27. Available from: http:/www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicasl/Ld50.html.
- Bliss CI. The method of probits. Science. 1934; 79:38–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.79.2037.38. PMid:1781 3446
- Miller LC, Tainter ML. Estimation of LD50 and its error by means of log-probit graph paper. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1944; 57:26. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-57-14776
- Litchfield JT, Wilcoxon F. A simplified method of evaluating dose effect experiments. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1949; 96:99–113.
- Thompson WR. Use of moving averages and interpolation to estimate median effective 4 dose. Bacteriol. Rev. 1947; 11:115. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.11.2.115-145.1947. PMCid:PMC440915
- Weil CS. Tables for convenient calculation of median effective dose (LD 50 or ED 50) and instructions in their use. Biometrics 1952; 8:249. https://doi.org/10.2 307/3001557
- Finney DJ. Probit Analysis. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1971.
- Randhawa MA. Calculation of LD50 values from the method of Miller and Tainter. 1944. Journal of Ayub Medical College. 2009; 21(3):184–5.
- Ghosh MN. In statistical analysis, fundamentals of experimental pharmacology, 2nd Ed., Scientific Book Agency Calcutta; 1984:187–9.
- Horton MK, Jacobson JB, McKelvey W, Holmes D, Fincher F, Quantano A, et al. Characterization of residential pest control products used in inner city communities in New York City. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. 2011; 21:291– 301. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2010.18. PMid:205519 95. PMCid:PMC3377445
- Ahmed L, Khan A, Khan MZ. Pyrethroid-induced reproductive toxico-pathology in non-target species.
- Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 2012; 32(1):1–9.
- Fortes C, Mastroeni S, Pilla MA, Antonelli G, Lunghini L, Aprea C. The relation between dietary habits and urinary levels of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, a pyrethroid metabolite. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2013; 52:91–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.035. PM id:23146693
- Sinha C, Seth K, Islam F, Chaturvedi RK, Shukla S, Mathur N, et al. Behavioral and neurochemical effects induced by Pyrethroid based mosquito repellent exposure in rat offsprings during prenatal and early postnatal period. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2006; 28:472–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2006.03.005. PMid:16842967
- Scollon EJ, Starr JM, Crofton KM, Wolansky MJ, DeVito MJ, Hughes MF. Correlation of tissue concentrations of the pyrethroid bifenthrin with neurotoxicity in the rat. Toxicology 2011; 290(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.08.002. PMid:21854826. PMCid:PMC4682199
- Ansari RW, Shukla RK, Yadav RS, Seth K, Pant AB, Singh D, et al. Cholinergic dysfunctions and enhanced oxidative stress in the neurobehavioural toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin in developing rats. Neurotoxicity Research. 2012; 22(4):292–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-012-9313-z. PMid:22327935
- Zhang Y, Zhao M, Jin M, Xu C, Wang C, Liu W. Immunotoxicity of pyrethroid metabolites in an in vitro model. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2010; 29(11):2505–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.298. PMid:20853454
- Saillenfait A-M. Evaluation of the effects of α-cypermethrin on fetal rat testicular steroidogenesis.
- Reproductive Toxicology. 2017; 72:106–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.06.133. PMid:28655647
- Lazarini CA, Florio JC, Lemonica IP, Bernardi MM. Effects of prenatal exposure to deltamethrin on forced swimming behavior, motor activity, and striatal dopamine levels in male and female rats.
- Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2001; 23:665–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00170-2
- Soni I, Syed F, Bhatnagar P, Mathur R. Perinatal toxicity of cyfluthrin in mice: developmental and behavioral effects. Human and Experimental Toxicology 2011; 30(8):1096–105. https://doi.org/10.1 177/0960327110391386. PMid:21148197
- OECD/OCDE 425: OECD guideline for testing of chemicals. acute oral toxicity- up-and-down procedure; 2001. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264071049-en
- Hiromori T, Misaki Y, Seki T, Hosokawa S, Miyamoto J. Acute oral toxicity of S-3206 in rats. Unpublished report dated 24 September 1982 from Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd, Japan. Submitted to WHO by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. (Report No. FT-0076); 1982.
- Hiromori T, Misaki Y, Seki T, Hosokawa S, Miyamoto J. Acute oral toxicity of S-3206 (97.3%) in rats. Unpublished report dated 17 January 1983 from Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd, Japan. Submitted to WHO by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. (Report No. FT0082); 1983.
- Kohda H. Acute dermal toxicity of S-3206 in rats. Unpublished report dated January 1979 from Institute for Biological Sciences, Japan. Submitted to WHO by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. (Report No. FT-0019); 1979.
- Hara S, Suzuki T. Acute oral toxicity of S-3206 in rabbits. Unpublished report dated 12 September 1980 from Research Department, Pesticides Division, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd, Japan. Submitted to WHO by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd (Report No. FT-0039); 1980.