Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Year
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Vishnu, C. S.
- Quantification of Microcrack Anisotropy in Quartzite-A Comparison between Experimentally Undeformed and Deformed Samples
Abstract Views :215 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology & Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, IN
1 Department of Geology & Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 80, No 2 (2012), Pagination: 153-166Abstract
In this paper, microcrack patterns in a quartzite are quantified using fractal geometry based methods. Since the quartzite does not show a mesoscopic foliation, the fabric was recognized using anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) analysis. Microcracks were investigated in thin sections prepared along the three principal planes of the AMS ellipsoid. Point load tests were performed on cores drilled parallel as well as perpendicular to the magnetic foliation. After experimental deformation, thin sections were prepared in two orientations - (a) parallel to the plane of failure (i.e., parallel to the direction of loading), (b) perpendicular to the plane of failure (i.e., perpendicular to the direction of loading), and microcrack patterns in these sections were investigated. The box-counting method of fractal analysis was first applied to microcracks traced from SEM images from each thin section of the experimentally undeformed as well as deformed samples to establish the fractal nature of the microcrack pattern. It was found that in thin sections perpendicular to the direction of loading, the box (fractal) dimension tends to marginally increase. This is inferred as a manifestation of the increase in complexity of the pattern. The software AMOCADO, which is based on the modified Cantor Dust method of fractal analysis, was applied to microcrack pattern from each thin section in order to quantify the pattern anisotropy. It is noted that the anisotropy significantly reduces in sections perpendicular to the loading direction. SEM data are presented to demonstrate that this reduction in anisotropy is on account of generation and/or growth of new cracks in random orientations. It is envisaged that the approach adopted in this investigation maybe useful in rock mechanics and mineral-resource applications in future.Keywords
Microcracks, SEM, Fractal, Anisotropy Quantification, Quartzite, Experimental Deformation, Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility.
References
- ASTM (2001) Standard practice for preparing rock core specimens and determining dimensional and shape tolerances. Designation D4543.
- ASTM (2001) Standard method for determination of the point load strength index of rock. Designation D5731.
- BABADAGLI, T. (2001) Fractal analysis of 2-D fracture networks of geothermal reservoirs in southwestern Turkey. Jour. Volcano. Geotherm. Res., v.112, pp.83-103.
- BABADAGLI, T. (2000) Evaluation of outcrop fracture patterns of geothermal reservoirs in southwestern Turkey. Proc. World Geothermal Congress, pp.2521-2526.
- BARTON, C.C. (1995) Fractal analysis of scaling and spatial clustering of fractures. In: C.C. Barton and P.R. La Pointe (Eds.), Fractals in the Earth Sciences. Plenum Press, New York, pp.141-178.
- BARTON, C.C. and LARSEN, R. (1985) Fractal geometry of two-dimensional fracture networks at Yucca Mountain, south-western Nevada. Proc. Internat. Symp. Fundamentals of Rock Joints, Bjorkliden, Sweden, pp.77-84.
- BASU, A. (2008) The point load test in rock material characterization. Jour. Engg. Geol., v.XXXV, pp.379-387.
- BASU, A. and AYDIN, A. (2006) Predicting uniaxial compressive strength by point load test: significance of cone penetration. Rock Mech. Rock Eng., v.39, pp.483-490.
- BASU, A. and KAMRAN, M. (2010) Point load test on schistose rocks and its applicability in predicting uniaxial compressive strength. Int. Jour. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., v.47, pp.823-828.
- BIENIAWSKI, Z.T. (1989) Engineering rock mass classifications. New York, Wiley.
- BLENKINSOP, T.J. and FERNANDES, T.R.C. (2000) Fractal characterization of particle size distributions in chromitites from the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe. Pure and Appl. Geophys., v.157, pp.505-521.
- BOBET, A. and EINSTEIN, H.H. (1998) Fracture coalescence in rocktype materials under uniaxial and biaxial compression. Int. Jour. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., v.35, pp.863-888.
- BOULLIER, A.M., CHAROY, B. and POLLARD, P.J. (1994) Fluctuation in porosity and fluid pressure during hydrothermal events: textural evidence in the Emuford District, Australia. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.16, pp.1417-1429.
- BRACE, W.F., SILVER, E., HADLEY, K. and GOETZE, C. (1972) A closer look at cracks and pores. Science, v.178, pp.162-163.
- BROCH, E. (1983) Estimation of strength anisotropy using the point-load test. Int. Jour. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr., v.20, pp.181-187.
- CELLO, G. (1997) Fractal analysis of a Quaternary fault array in the central Apennines, Italy. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.19, pp.945-953.
- CELLO, G., MARCHEGIANI, L. and TONDI, E. (2006) Evidence for the existence of a simple relation between earthquake magnitude and the fractal dimension of seismogenic faults: a case study from central Italy. In: G. Cello and B.D. Malamud (Eds.), Fractal Analysis for Natural Hazards. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., v.261, pp.133-140.
- CHAU, K.T. and WONG, R.H.C. (1996) Uniaxial compressive strength and point load strength. Int. Jour. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., v.33, pp.183-188.
- DEMARTIN, B., HIRTH, G. and EVANS, B. (2004) Experimental constraints on thermal cracking of peridotite at oceanic spreading centers. In: C.R. German, J. Lin, L.M. Parson (Eds.), Mid-oceanic ridges: hydrothermal interactions between the lithosphere and oceans. Geophysical Monograph Series, No.148, pp.167-186.
- GERIK, A. (2009) Modification and automation of fractal geometry methods: new tools for quantifying rock fabrics and interpreting fabric-forming processes. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Technische Universität München, 126 p.
- GERIK, A. and KRUHL, J.H. (2009) Towards automated pattern quantification: time-efficient assessment of anisotropy of 2D patterns with AMOCADO. Comp. & Geosci., v.35, pp.1087-1097.
- GERIK, A., KRUHL, J.H. and CAGGIANELLI, A. (2010) Quantification of flow patterns in sheared tonalite crystal-melt mush: application of fractal-geometry methods. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.75, pp.210-224.
- GHOSH M., MUKHOPADHYAY, D. and SENGUPTA, P. (2006) Pressure– temperature-deformation history for a part of the Mesoproterozoic fold belt in North Singhbhum, Eastern India. Jour. Asian Earth Sci., v.26, pp.555-574.
- GILLESPIE, P.A., HOWARD, C.D., WALSH, J.J. and WATTERSON, J. (1993) Measurement and characterisation of spatial distributions of fractures.Tectonophysics, v.226, pp.113-141.
- GOMEZ, L.A. and LAUBACH, S.E. (2006) Rapid digital quantification of microfracture populations. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.28, pp.408-420.
- HARRIS, C., FRANSSEN, R. and LOOSVELD, R. (1991) Fractal analysis of fractures in rocks: the Cantor’s dust method – comment. Tectonophysics, v.198, pp.107-111.
- HIRATA, T. (1989) Fractal dimension of fault systems in Japan: fractal structure in rock fracture geometry at various scales. Pure and Appl. Geophys., v.131, pp.157-170.
- HOEK, E. and BIENIAWSKI, Z.T. (1965) Brittle rock fracture propagation in rock under compression. Int. Jour. Frac. Mech., v.1, pp.137-155.
- HROUDA, F. (1993). Theoretical models of magnetic anisotropy to strain relationship revisited. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., v.77, pp.237-249.
- ISAKOV, E., OGILVIE, S.R., TAYLOR, C.W. and GLOVER, P.W.J. (2001) Fluid flow through rough fractures in rocks. I: High resolution aperture determinations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v.191, pp.267-282.
- ISRM (1985) Suggested method for determining point load strength. Int. Jour. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., v.22, pp.51-60.
- JELÍNEK, V. (1981) Characterization of the magnetic fabric of rocks. Tectonophysics, v.79, pp.T63-T67.
- KANAORI, Y., YAIRI, K. and ISHIDA, T. (1991) Grain boundary microcracking of granitic rocks from the northeastern region of the Atotsugawa fault, central Japan: SEM backscattered electron images. Engg. Geol., v.30, pp.221-235.
- KAYE, B.H. (1989) A random walk through fractal dimensions. VCH, Wienheim.
- KERN, H., IVANKINA, T.I., NIKITIN, A.N., LOKAJÍÈEK, T. and PROS, Z. (2008) The effect of oriented Microcracks and crystallographic and shape preferred orientation on bulk elastic anisotropy of a foliated biotite gneiss from Outokumpu. Tectonophysics, v.457. pp.143-149.
- KRANZ, R.L. (1983) Microcracks in rocks: a review. Tectono-physics, v.100, pp.449-480.
- KRUHL, J.H. and NEGA, M. (1996) The fractal shape of sutured quartz grain boundaries: application as a geothermometer. Geol. Rund., v.85, pp.38-43.
- LAVALLÉE, Y., MEREDITH, P.G., DINGWELL, D.B., HESS, K.-U., WASSERMANN, J., CORDONNIER, B., GERIK, A. and KRUHL, J.H. (2008) Seismogenic lavas and explosive eruption forecasting. Nature, v.453, pp.507-510.
- LLOYD, G.E. and HALL, M.G. (1981) Application of scanning electron microscopy to the study of deformed rocks. Tectonophysics, v.78, pp.687-698.
- MAMTANI, M.A. (2010) Strain-rate estimation using fractal analysis of quartz grains in naturally deformed rocks. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.75, pp.202-209.
- MAMTANI, M.A. and GREILING, R.O. (2010) Serrated quartz grain boundaries, temperature and strain rate: testing fractal techniques in a syntectonic granite. In: I. Spalla, A.M. Marotta, G. Gosso (Eds), Advances in Interpretation of Geological Processes: Refinement of Multi-Scale Data and Integration in Numerical Modelling. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. v.332, pp.35-48.
- MAMTANI, M.A. and SENGUPTA, P. (2010) Significance of AMS analysis in evaluating superposed folds in quartzites. Geol. Mag., v.147, pp.910-918.
- MAMTANI, M.A. and VISHNU, C.S. (2012) Does AMS ellipsoid of micaceous quartzite provide information about shape of the strain ellipsoid? Int. Jour. Earth Sci., v.101, pp.693-703.
- MANDELBROT, B.B. (1983) The fractal geometry of nature. Freeman, New York, 461p.
- MICKLETHWAITE, S. (2009) Mechanisms of faulting and permeability enhancement during epithermal mineralisation: Cracow goldfield, Australia. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.31, pp.288-300.
- MOORE, D.E. and LOCKNER, D.A. (1995) The role of microcracking in shear-fracture propagation in granite. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.17, pp.95-111.
- MUKHOPADHYAY, D. and SENGUPTA, S. (1971) Structural geometry and time relation of metamorphic recrystallisation to deformation in the Precambrian rocks near Simulpal, Eastern India. Bull. Geol. Soc. America, v.82, pp.2251-2260.
- NAHA, K. (1965) Metamorphism in relation to stratigraphy, structure and movements in parts of east Singhbhum, eastern India. Quart. Jour. Geol. Min. Metal. Soc. India, v.37, pp.41-95.
- NARA, Y., KATO, H., YONEDA, T. and KANEKO, K. (2011) Determination of three-dimensional microcrack distribution and principal axes for granite using a polyhedral specimen. Int. Jour. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., v.48, pp.316-335.
- OGILVIE, S.R., ISAKOV, E. and GLOVER, P.W.J. (2006) Fluid flow through rough fractures in rocks. II: A new matching model for rough rock fractures. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v.241, pp.454-465.
- ORD, A. and HOBBS, B.E. (2011) Microfabrics as energy minimisers: Rotation recrystallisation as an example. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.33, pp.220-243.
- PANOZZO, R. (1987) Two-dimensional strain determination by the inverse SURFOR wheel. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.9, pp.115-119.
- PASSCHIER, C.W. and TROUW, R.A.J. (2005) Microtectonics, 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
- PATERSON, M.S. and WONG, T-F. (2005) Experimental Rock Deformation – The Brittle Field. 2nd Edition, Springer, Berlin.
- PÉREZ-LÓPEZ, R., PAREDES, C. and MUÑOZ-MARTÍN, A. (2005) Relationship between the fractal dimension anisotropy of the spatial faults distribution and the paleostress fields on a Variscan granitic massif (Central Spain): the F-parameter. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.27, pp.663-677.
- PIAZOLO, S. and PASSCHIER, C.W. (2002) Controls on lineation development in low to medium grade shear zones: a study from the Cap de Creus peninsula, NE Spain. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.24, pp.25-44.
- RAGHAVAN, R. and CHIN, L.Y. (2004) Productivity Changes in Reservoirs With Stress-Dependent Permeability. SPE Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering v.7, pp.308-315.
- SAHA, A.K. (1994) Crustal evolution of Singhbhum–North Orissa, Eastern India. Mem. Geol. Soc. India, no.27, 341p.
- SPRUNT, E. and BRACE, W.F. (1974) Direct observation of microcavities in crystalline rocks. Int. Jour. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 11, 139-150.
- STANFORS, R., RHÉN, I., TULLBORG, E.-L. and WIKBERG, P. (1999) Overview of geological and hydrogeological conditions of the Äspö hard rock laboratory site. App. Geochem., v.14, pp.819-834.
- TAKAHASHI, M., NAGAHAMA, H., MASUDA, T. and FUJIMURA, A. (1998) Fractal analysis of experimentally, dynamically recrystallized quartz grains and its possible application as a ε meter. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.20, pp.269-275.
- TAPPONNIER, P. and BRACE, W.F. (1976) Development of stress-induced microcracks in Westerly Granite. Int. Jour. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., v.13, pp.103-112.
- TARLING, D.H. and HROUDA, F. (1993) The Magnetic Anisotropy of Rocks. Chapman and Hall, London.
- TIMMS, N.E., HEALY, D., REYES-MONTES, J.M., COLLINS, D.S., PRIOR, D.J. and YOUNG, R.P. (2010) Effects of crystallographic anisotropy on fracture development and acoustic emission in quartz, Jour. Geophys. Res., v.115, B07202, doi:10.1029/2009JB006765.
- TRAN, N.H. and RAVOOF, A. (2007) Coupled fluid flow through discrete fracture network: a novel approach. Int. Jour. Math. Comp. in Simulation, v.1, pp.295-299.
- TRIPP, G.I. and VEARNCOMBE, J.R. (2004) Fault/fracture density and mineralization: a contouring method for targeting in gold exploration. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.26, pp.1087-1108.
- VELDE, B., DUBOIS, J., TOUCHARD, G. and BADRI, A. (1990) Fractal analysis of fractures in rocks: the Cantor’s Dust method. Tectonophysics, v.179, pp.345-352.
- VELDE, B., DUBOIS, J., MOORE, D. and TOUCHARD, G. (1991) Fractal patterns of fractures in granites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v.104, pp.25-35.
- VISHNU, C.S., MAMTANI, M.A. and BASU, A. (2010) AMS, ultrasonic P-wave velocity and Rock Strength analysis in quartzites devoid of mesoscopic foliations – implications for rock mechanics studies. Tectonophysics. v.494, pp.191-200.
- VOLLAND, S. and KRUHL, J.H. (2004) Anisotropy quantification: the application of fractal geometry methods on tectonic fracture patterns of a Hercynian fault zone in NW Sardinia. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.26, pp.1499-1510.