Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction

Haldar, Chandana

• Photic Stress Modulates Cholesterol Content and Oxidative Load of Steroidogenic Organs (Adrenal, Ovary and Testis) of Indian Spotted Finch Lonchura punctulata

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Authors

Rakesh Verma ¹, Vijay Kumar Verma ¹, Chandana Haldar ¹

Affiliations
1 Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 18, No 2 (2014), Pagination: 87-94

Abstract

Steroidogenic organs such as adrenal gland and gonad are of vital importance in birds, as the adrenal gland regulates stress by modulating the levels of corticosterone, while gonads synthesize gonadal steroids that regulate breeding cycle. Cholesterol content in both adrenal and gonad reflect the physiological status of these organs for stress management and reproduction, respectively. Birds, being photosensitive, experience phototoxicity in the nature due to the rapid urbanization. If photic stress induced by constant dark (DD) and constant light (LL) influences steroidogenesis in terms of cholesterol content and total antioxidant status (TAS%) as a marker of stress was experimentally assessed in Indian spotted finch Lonchura punctulata along with measurement of peripheral corticosterone levels. DD was stressful and, hence, caused decrease of ovary / testis weight and increase of adrenal gland weight, while cholesterol content decreased significantly due to inhibition of steroidogenesis. LL stimulated gonadal function but caused decrease of cholesterol content suggesting active steroidogenesis. TAS% increased under DD and decreased under LL. The phototoxicity, whether in term of DD or LL, was stressful to Indian spotted finch as evident from increased adrenal gland weight and decreased cholesterol content that can be correlated with increased synthesis of corticosterone. It may be concluded that cholesterol content is an important marker of streroidogenic status, and extremes of photoperiod influence cholesterol content, corticosterone level and TAS%.

Keywords

Cholesterol, Corticosterone, Photic-Stress, Spotted-Finch, Steroidogenic-Organs, TAS%.

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References

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• Effect of Exogenous Gonadal Steroids on Reproductive Functions of the Indian Pygmy Field Mouse Mus terricolor

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Authors

Sweta Arora ¹, Poonam Singh ¹, Priyoneel Basu ², Chandana Haldar ³

Affiliations
1 Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, IN
2 Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CA
3 Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology - Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 18, No 1 (2014), Pagination: 29-36

Abstract

Different thresholds of gonadal steroids exert stimulatory or inhibitory effects on GnRH and gonadotropin release. During the reproductively active phase (RAP), the concentration of endogenous gonadal steroids remains high while, during reproductively inactive phase (RIP), it remains low. During RIP the HPG axis is sensitive to gonadal steroids but the circulatory levels of testosterone and estradiol remain low. During this phase one can observe conveniently the effects of gonadal steroids on the HPG axis in male or female rodents. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to find the effects of testosterone and estradiol on the reproductive functions of male and female Indian pygmy field mouse, Mus terricolor, during RIP. The male mice were injected aquaviron (commercially available testosterone, 1mg/100g body weight) while the female mice received estradiol-benzoate (25μg/100g body weight) for 15 consecutive days during the RIP. After completion of the treatment, a significant increase in the weights of gonads and accessory sex organs was noted in both the sexes. The biochemical constituents of accessory sex organs such as epididymal sialic acid, seminal vesicular fructose and uterine protein content reflected significant elevation accompanied by increased levels of plasma testosterone, estradiol and progesterone. Histologically, the gonads and accessory sex organs exhibited increased cellular activity. However, the gonadal cholesterol was significantly decreased in both the sexes. Over all, administration of gonadal steroids to both male and female mice accelerated the gonadal recrudescence but did not inhibit the reproductive functions when administered during the RIP. Therefore, it can be inferred from the present study that during the RIP the HPG axis is sensitive to gonadal steroids and, hence, exogenous gonadal steroids induce gonadal activity.

Keywords

Gonadal Steroids, Mus terricolor, Reproduction, Tropical Rodent, Seasonal Breeder.

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• Effect of Gonadotropins and Gonadal Steroids (17β-Estradiol and Testosterone) on Harderian Gland Porphyrin Content and Circulatory Hormones in Indian Palm Squirrel Funambulus pennanti

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Authors

Sunanda Dubey ¹, Rakesh Verma ¹, Shraddha Rastogi ², Chandana Haldar ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Udai Pratap Autonomous Degree College, Bhojubir, Varanasi-221002, IN
2 Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 18, No 1 (2014), Pagination: 1-6

Abstract

Mostly studied in the hamster, the Harderian gland (HG, an extra-orbital gland) has been shown to be capable of melatonin (MEL) synthesis and to possess steroid receptor binding sites. Sexual dimorphism and ability to respond to steroid hormones have been reported for HG of some temperate zone mammals. However, to date there is no report on functional relation of HG with pineal, pituitary and gonad in any rodent. Hence, we tested the effect of gonadotropins [FSH (10μg) + LH (10μg)] and steroids [testosterone (100μg) and 17-β estradiol (50μg)] on HG function in relation to the activities of the pineal gland and gonad in both sexes of Indian palm squirrel Funambulus pennanti during the sexually quiescent phase. In general, squirrels treated with gonadotropins and gonadal steroids showed a significant increase in gonadal weight and decrease in pineal weight and plasma melatonin level in LH- and testosterone-treated groups only. There was no change in the weight of HG on FSH treatment. Porphyrin content of HG decreased after testosterone and estradiol treatment. Pineal gland weight invariably decreased after treatment with gonadotropins and testosterone. Plasma testosterone and estradiol levels increased but melatonin level decreased in all treated groups. Our data suggest that in this tropical rodent gonadotropins have an indirect effect on HG and that gonadal steroids have significant effect on HG through the influence on gonadal and pineal functions.

Keywords

Gonadotropins, Harderian Gland, Melatonin, Pineal, Rodent.

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• Electron Microscopic Study of Harderian Gland of Tropical Bird Indian Jungle Bush Quail Perdicula asiatica

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Authors

Sunanda Dubey ¹, Rakesh Verma ², Chandana Haldar ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Udai Pratap Autonomous Degree College, Bhojubir, Varanasi-221002, IN
2 Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 18, No 1 (2014), Pagination: 41-46

Abstract

The structure of Harderian gland (HG) of tropical avian species has never been studied in detail. In the present study we investigated the structure of HG of a t ropical avian species adopting light- and transmission electron microscopy. HG from both male and female adult birds, P. asiatica (N=5 each sex) were studied from light microscopic (hematoxylin-eosin staining) and transmission electron microscopic perspectives. The tubulo-alveolar HG of P. asiatica did not reveal any sexual dimorphism as reported in other birds. The HG of this bird is encapsulated by thick connective tissue consisting of collagen fibers, nerve fibers and blood vessels. HG lobules are lined with columnar epithelial cells. Plasma cells are found in interlobular spaces. The columnar epithelial cells are secretory in nature and have both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula surrounding the nucleus when observed in transmission electron microscope. There is active Golgi apparatus with dilated cisternae. Mitochondria are well developed, with elongated cristae, and are scattered throughout the cytoplasm along with abundant free ribosomes. Lipid droplets are present in the cytoplasm along with two types of materials, electron-luscent and electron-dense. We could trace the various stages of synthesis of the secretory material for merocrine release. Thus, the light microscopic and ultrastructural organization of HG of P. asiatica have been elucidated.

Keywords

Bird, Indian Jungle Bush Quail, Harderian Gland, Secretory Acini.

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• Adaptive and Ecological Significance of the Seasonal Changes in Hematological, Biochemical and Hormonal Parameters in the Tropical Goat Capra Hircus

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Authors

Somenath Ghosh ¹, Amaresh K. Singh ¹, Chandana Haldar ¹

Affiliations
1 Pineal Research Lab., Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar-Pradesh, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 17, No 2 (2013), Pagination: 113-122

Abstract

The neuroendocrine system, through which animals integrate environmental changes and decide when to reproduce, to grow and to store energy, plays a major role in adaptation to the environment. Adaptation of any vertebrate in general and ruminants in particular are influenced by climatic changes being maximally exposed to nature. Elaborating adaptive significance of ruminants in response to season-dependent ecological stresses, we selected the best window i.e., study of variations in blood biochemistry which is totally lacking for goats. Our objective was to find the season- and gender-dependent variations of blood biochemistry at (i) metabolic (glucose, cholesterol, protein, %hemoglobin) (ii) hormonal (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, melatonin) (iii) hematological (total leucocytes count- TLC; differential leukocyte count- DLC) and, finally, (iv) oxidative load of blood (superoxide dismutase-SOD; catalase, malondialdihyde- MDA) in the goat Capra hircus during three different seasons (summer, winter and monsoon). Compared to summer significant changes were noted at metabolic level during monsoon and winter as those seasons provide for inflammatory and cold stress. Cholesterol and glucose levels were high in females than males during all three seasons. Irrespective of sexes, serum protein was highest during winter while testosterone was high irrespective of seasons; hence, males were sexually active throughout the year. Estrogen was high only during the onset of winter (October, heat phase) making the female goats short-day breeders. Melatonin, a neurohormone, regulating reproduction and immunity, was highest in winter (short days) and low during summer and monsoon. Hematological parameters were lowest during summer (long days). Blood oxidative load was high during monsoon and winter due to season-bound infections that induce oxidative stress. High metabolic and immune parameters were noted during winter and monsoon which suggest an adaptive significance in tropical goats against ecological stress induced by low temperature of winter and pathogenic invasion occurring while grazing during monsoon.

Keywords

Adaptation, Blood-Biochemistry, Goat, Season, Sex.

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• Influence of Glucocorticoid-Induced Stress on Reproductive Function in Female Mus terricolor during Reproductively Active Phase

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Authors

Sweta Arora ¹, Poonam Singh ¹, Chandana Haldar ²

Affiliations
1 Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, IN
2 Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 16, No 2 (2012), Pagination: 47-56

Abstract

Inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids have been reported in a number of species ranging from rodents to humans. No report till date exists demonstrating the effect of stress on reproduction in Mus terricolor, a tropical, wild, nocturnal, short day breeder. To replicate stress-like situation under experimental condition, dexamethasone (60μg/ 100g body weight) treatment was given to female M. terricolor during the reproductively active phase (RAP) of its breeding cycle. Suppressive effect of dexamethasone on reproductive functions of this tropical nocturnal rodent was inferred. There was a significant reduction in ovarian and uterine weight, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in uterine protein and plasma estradiol and progesterone levels while there was a significant increase in ovarian cholesterol. Histological observations revealed an inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on the reproductive tissues. The presence of glucocorticoid receptor in the ovary and uterus suggests that glucocorticoid might be directly involved in modulating reproductive functions of this rodent. Thus, exogenous glucocorticoid suppressed the reproductive function of this mouse suggesting a stressful condition.

Keywords

Glucocorticoid, M. terricolor, Reproduction, Stress, Tropical Rodent.

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• Eco-Immunology: Role of Melatonin in Avian Immune Defense

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Authors

Sanjeev Kumar Yadav ¹, Chandana Haldar ¹

Affiliations
1 Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 16, No 1 (2012), Pagination: 1-6

Abstract

Avian immunology is a fascinating and growing field. Ecologists are now taking an interest in measuring immune-competence and determining its importance as a heritable trait for the survival of the wild species. Seasonally breeding animals encounter different environmental challenges throughout the year. In order to survive in specific environments these animals have developed various strategies that help them to find food, protect themselves from the tough environments, and also reproduce accordingly. Indeed, wild birds are continually challenged with different natural stressors such as shortage of food (during winter and rainy season), lack of water during summer, predator pressure in social system, sudden change in weather, season-bound diseases, infection (like avian influenza), etc. Only a few ecological studies have analyzed the stress and general immunity in wild birds that might have a link with the anti-stress hormone melatonin. Therefore, approaches improving our understanding of the stress-induced immune depression and their interrelationship in birds are most desirable. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the immune system has advanced at a much faster pace for mammals while immunology of wild birds received less attention. The purpose of this review is to bring together the current knowledge on the biological effects of melatonin on avian immune defense with special emphasis on new immerging area of neuro-immuno-endocrinology i.e., eco-immunology.

Keywords

Eco-Immunology, Stress, Immunity, Birds, Melatonin.

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• Variation in Gonadal Steroid and Melatonin during Gestation of a Diurnal Seasonal Breeder Indian Palm Squirrel Funambulus pennanti

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Authors

Rajesh Yadav ¹, Chandana Haldar ¹

Affiliations
1 Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 13, No 1 (2009), Pagination: 1-6

Abstract

Very little information is available to delineate the role of melatonin during the complex process of gestation in seasonally breeding mammals. The present study was aimed at understanding the physiology of gestation and fetal growth in relation to maternal hormonal levels, including melatonin, of a tropical seasonal breeder, Funambulus pennanti. Through assessment of the vaginal smear during breeding season (March) we selected the early pregnant females (∼5 days) from nature and provided them adequate facility in laboratory as in nature. The total length of gestation period i.e., ∼45 days, comparatively a long gestation period for a diurnal rodent, was recorded. The litter size was small (3-4), with the maximum number of pregnancies during March to May (in August to September, very less) depending upon the availability of food. The intrauterine growth of the fetus is divisible into three phases, i) implantation and cell division, ii) organ formation, and iii) growth and completion of intrauterine development. A method for the quantitative analysis of fetal growth was devised. A correlation with the levels of maternal hormones suggests that a direct relationship of progesterone and melatonin exists during pregnancy, which declined immediately after parturition. The high melatonin level during gestation, having an almost inverse relationship with estradiol level, suggests that melatonin might play a role in maintenance of pregnancy. Variations, if any, in the melatonin receptor expression in the uterus throughout the gestation period may throw some light on the role of melatonin in maintenance of pregnancy.

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• Pineal-Thymus Interrelation in Maintenance of T-Cell Dependent Immune Responses in a Tropical Seasonal Breeder Funambulus pennanti

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Authors

Shraddha Rastogi ¹, Sameer Gupta ¹, Chandana Haldar ¹, Rajesh Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 20, No 1 (2016), Pagination: 28-37

Abstract

Crosstalk between the neuro-endocrine axis and immune cells is documented in many laboratory and clinical studies. The pineal gland and its hormone melatonin play a central role in this network by positively regulating immune cell proliferation and differentiation via influencing the synthesis of immunomodulatory molecules. However, the pineal-thymus interaction in modulating their bi-directional communication remains elusive. In the present study we investigated the effect of pineal-thymus interaction on the structure and functional status of lymphoid tissues (i.e., spleen and lymph nodes) in a tropical seasonal breeder, F. pennanti. We observed that pinealectomy severely compromised the immune status of the squirrels. Besides pinealectomy, simultaneous ablation of pineal and thymus gland, further resulted in atrophy of the lymphoid tissues along with reduced total leucocyte and lymphocyte count. Exogenous melatonin administration improved the total leucocyte and lymphocyte count and restored T cell dependent immune responses and lymphoid tissue architecture in pinealectomized (Px) group. Our observations suggest that suppression of endogenous melatonin in Px group decreased the efficiency of the immune system probably by modulating the production of thymic factors, which becomes even severe with simultaneous ablation of the thymus and pineal gland, resulting in declined immune responsiveness. Thus, it can be inferred that the pineal melatonin and its interaction with thymus plays an important role in regulation of immune status of the squirrels.

Keywords

F. pennanti, Immunity, Lymphoid Tissues, Pinealectomy, Thymectomy.

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• Glucocorticoid-Induced Alterations in the Reproductive Functions of Male Mus Terricolor, the Indian Pygmy Field Mouse

Abstract Views :240  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Sweta Arora ¹, Poonam Singh ², Chandana Haldar ¹

Affiliations
1 Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, Uttar Pradesh, IN
2 Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 20, No 2 (2016), Pagination: 83-91

Abstract

The Indian pygmy field mouse, Mus terricolor, a wild rodent has to face many stressors in the environment such as unpredictable harsh weather, non-static habitats, food shortage, water scarcity, social pressure, risk of predators and parasites, etc. Glucocorticoids are known to suppress reproductive functions during the stressful situations in many rodents. No report till date exists demonstrating the effects of stress on the reproduction in male M. terricolor, a tropical, wild, nocturnal, short day breeder. To replicate stress-like situation under experimental condition, dexamethasone (60μg/100g body weight) treatment was given to this tiny rodent during the Reproductively Active Phase (RAP) of its breeding cycle. Administration of dexamethasone led to significant reductions in the weights of gonad and accessory sex organs, which were accompanied by significant reductions in the biochemical constituents viz epididymal sialic acid and seminal vesicular fructose. The levels of plasma testosterone also decreased significantly while there was a significant increase in the gonadal cholesterol after the treatment. Histological observations revealed inhibitory effects of dexamethasone on the reproductive tissues. It is therefore, suggested that the stressful condition due to exogenous administration of glucocorticoid suppressed the reproductive functions of M. terricolor.

Keywords

Glucocorticoid, M. terricolor, Reproduction, Stress, Tropical Rodent.

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• Role of Melatonin in Modulation of Immune Status of Pregnant Female Indian Short Nosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus Sphinx

Abstract Views :222  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Sweta Arora ¹, Rajesh Yadav ², Chandana Haldar ¹

Affiliations
1 Pineal Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Varanasi - 221005, Uttar Pradesh, IN
2 Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Government Degree College, Dhaneva Dhanei, Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 20, No 2 (2016), Pagination: 102-112

Abstract

Pregnancy is associated with profound immunological changes that are characterized by a strong activation of certain components of the innate immune defense and a down-regulation of adaptive immune functions. This shift in balance of the immune system towards an innate dominance is thought to be important for the maintenance of pregnancy. Based on our observation in the short nosed fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx, a seasonal breeder, we show for the first time that melatonin injection to the pregnant females significantly increases lymphocyte proliferation of spleen and consequently the circulating level of lymphocytes and percent stimulation ratio of splenocytes, thereby improving immune status during pregnancy. We have reported earlier that during pregnancy melatonin level increases significantly which in turn might improve the maternal immunity. Towards establishing this inference we used a physiological dose of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA), an indirect antagonist of melatonin, which reduced circulatory melatonin level and thereby reduced the immune status. It is conceived that specific immune adaptation is conveyed to the fetus through placental transfer of melatonin thereby controlling fetal immunity as well. This could be an adaptation during pregnancy to protect the mother from various external threats.

Keywords

Cynopterus Sphinx, Immunity, Melatonin, Pregnancy.

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• Gel Electrophoretic Separation of Pineal Gland Proteins of the Iropical Rodent Funambulus Pennanti

Abstract Views :232  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Sweta Arora ¹, Ratna Sarkar ¹, Chandana Haldar ¹

Affiliations
1 Pineal Research Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 20, No 2 (2016), Pagination: 113-117

Abstract

The investigation of pineal-specific proteins is not new but offers scope for identification of antigonadotropic compound(s). There is difference in the activities of the reproductively active and inactive phase pineal homogenates of seasonally breeding animals, e.g., squirrels. The present study aimed at checking the squirrel pineal proteins adopting gel-electrophoresis technique. Homogenate of the reproductively quiescent phase pineal homogenate separated into 14 fractions whereas that of reproductively active phase pineal presented 17 protein fractions (3 additional fractions). It is assumed that these three protein bands (which were not noted for the squirrel in reproductively inactive phase) are responsible for the antigonadal/ antigonadotropic effect of the pineal gland. The present study, though very preliminary in nature, has brought out the difference in the pattern of proteins of two different phases of the pineal gland- reproductively active and quiescent. The data throw open scope for extensive biochemical studies to decipher the physical and chemical nature and the properties of an anti-gonadotropic protein.

Keywords

Electrophoretic Separation, Pineal, Proteins.

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• Ultraviolet A (UV-A) Radiation-Induced Damage in the Skin and Vital Organs of Albino Rat: An Indirect Correlation with Melatonin

Abstract Views :244  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Rakesh Verma ¹, Sriparna Pal ¹, Jitendra Kumar ¹, Chandana Haldar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 21, No 2 (2017), Pagination: 59-66

Abstract

Ultraviolet radiation is causative of generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body that significantly affects normal physiology and disturbs homeostasis. In the present study we investigated the effect of UV-A radiation exposure on the first line of defence system such as skin and vital organs such as liver, kidney and spleen of Rattus norvegicus. Adult female rats were exposed to UV-A radiation for seven days at a dose of 6.36 J/cm² and the changes in the skin histoarchitecture, oxidative load of spleen, liver and kidney along with cellular ROS levels of splenocyte determined using DCFDA staining were recorded. UV-A exposure severely damaged the histoarchitecture of skin and reduced proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. The lipid peroxidation (MDA) level in spleen, liver and kidney were increased to significant levels while the activities of the enzymatic antioxidants, SOD and catalase were significantly decreased. Significant decrease of glucose content and increase of LDH of both spleen and liver were found. Cellular damage of splenocyte was observed as evidenced by increase in percentage of intense DCFDA-stained cells in UV-A treated rats. Thus, our results clearly demonstrate that UV-A radiation exposure may have detrimental effects on the antioxidant defence system of the body, including melatonin, leading to disruption of physiology by affecting vital organs.

Keywords

Kidney, Liver, Oxidative Stress; Skin, Spleen, Splenocyte, DCFDA, PCNA, UV-A Radiation.

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References

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• Diabetes: Rescue by Boerhaavia diffusa

Abstract Views :223  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Sweta Arora ¹, Chandana Haldar ¹

Affiliations
1 Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 22, No 2 (2018), Pagination: 1-3

Abstract

The incidence of diabetes, a metabolic disorder, is increasing at a very rapid pace globally but hypoglycemic drugs like insulin, bioguanides, thiazolidiones and sulphonylureas, which produce several adverse side effects, are still the main stay for its treatment. However, the traditional medicines derived from plants have lesser side effects and are of low cost. Boerhaavia diffusa, belonging to Nyctaginaceae family, also known as Punarnava, has great many medicinal properties and is one of the oldest medicines described in Ayurveda for the treatment of a number of diseases including diabetes. B. diffusa has been reported to be diuretic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antifibrolytic, antibacterial, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, immunosuppressive, nephroprotective, antiasthamatic, antihelminitic, etc. It contains alkaloids, flavanoids, lipids, carbohydrates, steroids, lignins, proteins, triterpeniods, glycoproteins, β-sitosterol, α-2-sitosterol, ester of β-sitosterol, palmitic acid, β-ecdyosone, hexacosanoic, tetracosanoic, arachidonic and stearic acids, etc., which might be responsible for its curative properties. The present review focuses on the antidiabetic/hypoglycaemic property of this miracle plant.

Keywords

Antidiabetic, Boerhaavia diffusa, Diabetes, Hypoglycemic, Punarnava

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• Immunohistochemical Localization of Androgen, Meletonin and Glucocorticoid Receptors in the Testis of Indian Pygmy Field Mouse Mus terricolor

Abstract Views :237  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Sweta Arora ¹, Poonam Singh ¹, Priyoneel Basu ², Chandana Haldar ³

Affiliations
1 Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, Uttar Pradesh, IN
2 Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, Uttar Pradesh, IN
3 Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology – Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 22, No 2 (2018), Pagination: 31-36

Abstract

Testosterone, melatonin and glucocorticoids are known to mediate their actions through their respective receptors, i.e., Androgen Receptor (AR), Melatonin Receptor (MT1) and Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR), endowed on the target tissues. The gonads of M. terricolor responded positively to administration of these hormones, suggesting the possibility of a direct action of these hormones on the gonads through their respective receptors. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to localize the Androgen (AR), Melatonin (MT1) and Glucocorticoid (GR) receptors in the testis of this rodent adopting immunohistochemistry as the tool. The result indicated that AR is expressed in the Leydig cells and germ cells of the testis of M. terricolor. MT1 receptor is localized in the Leydig cells, peritubular myoid cells, and endothelial lining of blood vessels, all in the interstitial zone. The GR was localized in the nuclei of Leydig cells, macrophages and fibroblasts, and endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, all in the interstitium. The immunohistochemical localization of AR, MT1 and GR receptors in the testes of M. terricolor support the previous understanding that testis could be a target for the above-mentioned hormones in this rodent.

Keywords

Immunohistochemistry, Mus terricolor, Receptors, Seasonal Reproduction

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• Stunning Facts of Bird Migration:Mini-Review

Abstract Views :186  |  PDF Views:1

Authors

Arora Sweta ¹, Devendra Pratap ¹, Chandana Haldar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 23, No 1 (2019), Pagination: 44–47

Abstract

Migration is a unique phenomenon that millions of birds perform annually. It includes various aspects such as preparation for the long journey, migratory patterns, problems faced during migration, figuring out routes, etc. Some more interesting things are genetics behind migration and urge for migration. Zugunruhe, a period for migratory restlessness, has been observed well in caged birds or those restricted to Zoos. The analysis of population studies in European blackcaps evidences that ADCYAP1 gene is one of the major genes which regulate the expression of migratory behavior. It is instinctively known to young birds which way to go and how to adapt complex migratory patterns of movement as this knowledge is genetically imprinted some way or the other. Astronomical cues such as solar and stellar compasses in conjunction with the earth’s magnetic compass provide aid of senses in migration and this is very well received by the eyes of migrant birds to overcome the long routes of journey. Ecological implications of migration include adequate exploitation of food resources in some regions, which won’t be possible otherwise. Also, migrant birds favour regions having productivity that varies with seasons as in these regions there may be food surpluses. Anthropogenic actions pose serious threats to migratory birds and also the diverse developments (mostly commercial and deforestation) of the human habitats are the worst threats the birds face during migration.

Keywords

Birds, Flight, Hormones, Migration, Navigation.

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• Oxidative Damage and Apoptosis Induction by L-thyroxine in the Spleen of a Tropical Bird Perdicula asiatica: Rescue by Melatonin

Abstract Views :171  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Vijay Kumar Verma ¹, Chandana Haldar ¹, Sriparna Pal ¹

Affiliations
1 Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 23, No 2 (2019), Pagination: 109-122

Abstract

Avian thyroid gland is known to influence the immunity and reproduction in an opposite manner. In this study, we evaluated the immunostimulatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic roles of melatonin in a tropical bird, Indian jungle bush quail, Perdicula asiatica, having L-thyroxine (thyrotoxicity)-induced oxidative stress. Administration of L-thyroxine (100 μg/kg body weight) enhanced the thyroidal lipid peroxidase (LPO), with a parallel decrease in the levels of antioxidant enzyme (SOD, GPx, CAT, MDA & NO) activities. Cellular immune response (%SR) and humoral immune response (anti-KLH-IgG level) of splenocytes along with general hematological parameters (TLC, LC & HF/L ratio) decreased significantly upon L-thyroxine treatment. Further, decrease in circulatory anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-2 and TNFα suggested drastic effects of induced thyrotoxicity (elevated levels of T3 & T4) on immunity. Melatonin pre-treatment (25 μg/100g BW) during evening hours (prior to L-thyroxine treatment in the afternoon) for 30 days circumvented the deleterious effects of L-thyroxine-induced oxidative stress (level of Corticosterone) and apoptosis index of the avian spleen. Our results clearly indicate the potential of melatonin in rescuing/reducing the thyrotoxicity-induced oxidative damage to avian immunity.

Keywords

Anti-KLH IgG, Apoptosis, L-Thyroxin, Melatonin, Oxidative Stress

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• Phytomelatonin (Zea mays) Supplementation Restores the Damage Caused by Induced-Diabetes in the Golden Hamster Mesocricetus auratus

Abstract Views :206  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Sweta Arora ¹, Chandana Haldar ¹

Affiliations
1 Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 24, No 2 (2020), Pagination: 81-86

Abstract

Diabetes is a lifestyle disorder with multiple etiologies, one of them being damage induced by free radicals. Melatonin, a neurohormone secreted by the pineal gland, is a well-known antioxidant or free radical scavenger. The melatonin found in plants is known as phytomelatonin. Phytomelatonin is potent in regulating stress management, apoptosis, seasonality and circadian rhythms in animals as melatonin. The supplementation of phytomelatonin is known to potentiate the antioxidant capacity. Therefore, in the present study, we proposed that the supplementation of corn seed (Zea mays) with regular diet may modulate the activity of antioxidative enzymes in diabetic hamsters. The supplementation of diet with phytomelatoninrich corn did not reduce serum glucose level significantly. No significant elevation was noted in serum insulin level of animals after feeding corn. Glycogen level of both liver and muscle were also not significantly affected. However, phytomelatonin supplementation improved lipid profile by significantly reducing the cholesterol (TC) and LDL Cholesterol (LDL-C) and enhancing HDL Cholesterol (HDL-C). Significant reduction was noted in LPO level in pancreas. The supplemental diet led to significant increase in the level of Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in pancreas. Diabetes produced a deleterious effect on oxidative stress markers, lipid profile, glucose, glycogen and insulin. Supplementation of corn in the diet for 40 days modified the biochemical parameters to various degrees. The phytomelatonin treatment improved most of the antioxidant parameters under investigation. The study has produced some positive outcomes, especially a strategy which may be relevant in prevention, development and/or slowing down of the progression of diabetes.

Keywords

Diabetes, Hamster, Melatonin, Phytomelatonin, Zea mays

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• Comparative Immune-reactivity Patterns of Arginine Vasotocin (AVT) and Melatonin Receptors (Mel1a & Mel1b) in Hypothalamic Regions of Male Japanese Quail Coturnix coturnix japonica: Possible Role in Water-Electrolyte Balance

Abstract Views :356  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Chandana Haldar ¹, Sanjeev Kumar Yadav ¹, Sweta Arora ¹

Affiliations
1 Pineal Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 25, No 1 (2021), Pagination: 51-63

Abstract

Photoperiod influences circulatory Melatonin (Mel) and hypothalamic functions via retino-hypothalamic tract. However, interrelation between Mel receptors and Arginine Vasotocin (AVT), a water-electrolyte balancing hormone receptor expression in hypothalamic regions of avian brain has never been explored. We noted the expression pattern of two Mel receptors (Mel1a & Mel1b) along with AVT, in terms of neuronal immuno-positivity, in hypothalamic region of Japanese quail under different photoperiodic conditions with/without melatonin treatment. This is interesting and equally important because both Mel and AVT levels are regulated by light/dark cycle. Confocal imaging revealed specific regional localization of Mel1a/Mel1b in Supra-Chiasmatic Nucleus (SCN), Supra-Optic Nucleus (SON) and Para-Ventricular Nucleus (PVN), the intensity of which was dependent on the photoperiodic condition (long day, LD or short day, SD) and melatonin treatment. Mel1a/Mel1b was mostly co-localized along with AVT. Mel1b was abundant in hypothalamic regions in contrast to the Mel1a as reported in mammals. Mel1a immune-positivity was detected in SCN and SON regions of brain. Compared to control birds, a high intensity of Mel1a immunoreactivity was found in hypothalamic regions of birds under short photoperiod (SD, 8h L: 16h D) after Mel treatment. Further, Mel1b immunopositivity was high only in birds exposed to long days (LD, 16h L: 8h D). In SCN, abundant Mel1a and AVT immunoreative cells were found in Mel pretreated and SDexposed birds compared to LD-exposed ones. Mel1a and AVT immunoreative cells were less in PVN of both SD and LD exposed birds. Our data of co-localization of Mel receptor(s) along with AVT in hypothalamic regions (exposed to short or long days with/without melatonin administration) strongly suggest a role for Mel along with AVT in water-electrolyte balance of birds which is important during long duration nuptial migration/flight.

Keywords

Co-Localization, Hypothalamus, Melatonin/AVT, Quail, Receptor, Water-Electrolyte Balance.

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References

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• Melatonin Supplementation Alleviates Free Radical Load, NF-κB, Cox-2 and IL-1β-Mediated Inflammatory Responses of the Liver of Cisplatin-treated Golden Hamster Mesocricetus auratus

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Authors

Soumik Goswami ¹, Chandana Haldar ², Debabrata Dash ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi − 221005,Uttar Pradesh., IN
2 Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi − 221005, Uttar Pradesh., IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 25, No 2 (2021), Pagination: 121-131

Abstract

Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic drug which frequently induces hepato- and renal toxicities. Cisplatin-induced hepatic damage is an area less investigated compared to renal damage. In the present study we investigated the hepatic damage caused by cisplatin and its possible protection by the hormone melatonin. Adult male golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus (≥ 2 months of age, and ± 100 g bw) were randomly divided into four groups (n=5)- Group I- control (injected with normal saline), group II- cisplatin (single dose of 15 mg/kg bw, ip), group III- melatonin (100 ug/100 g bw ip for 4 days) and group IV- Mel pretreatment followed by cisplatin at the above-said doses. The animals were euthanized 48 hr after the last dose. Liver was dissected out for analysis (histology, antioxidant profile, NF-κB, IL-1β, Cox-2, Hemeoxygenase-I and Nrf2). Cisplatin treatment induced steatohepatitis-like changes in the liver, elevated TBARS and suppressed antioxidant profiles. Further, the expression of NF-κB, IL-1β, Cox-2, and Hemeoxygenase-I were increased and the expression of Nrf2 was decreased suggesting inflammatory damage to liver. Pre-treatment of melatonin reduced the cisplatin-mediated hepatic pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance and inflammatory responses. Therefore, melatonin pretreatment might be a supportive approach in cancer therapy as it negates some of the damaging effects of cisplatin on liver to an extent without interfering with its chemotherapeutic attributes.

Keywords

Cisplatin, Inflammation, Liver, Melatonin, Oxidative Damage

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• Oral Administration of Root Extract of Boerhaavia diffusa Mitigates Diabetes-induced Kidney Damages in the Golden Hamster Mesocricetus auratus

Abstract Views :139  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Sweta Arora ¹, Sweta Arora ², Chandana Haldar ¹, Priyoneel Basu ³, Jasmeet Singh ², Sameer Gupta ¹

Affiliations
1 Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India ., IN
2 Department of Dravyagun, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India ., IN
3 Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences-Deemed University, Bhubaneshwar – 751024, Odisha, India ., IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 26, No 3 (2022), Pagination: 164-170

Abstract

Diabetes, a common metabolic disorder, is affecting people irrespective of age group and/or gender. The chronic hyperglycemia during diabetes leads to heart-, kidney-, eye- and nerve damages. Boerhaavia diffusa, commonly known as Punarnava, is one of the traditional medicines described in Ayurveda for the treatment of a number of diseases. B. diffusa has been reported to exhibit antidiabetic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory properties. The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic potential of ethanolic extract of root of B. diffusa and its effect on diabetes-induced kidney damage in hamster model. Treatment of ethanolic extract of B. diffusa resulted in significant reduction in the serum glucose level and increased insulin concentration with a simultaneous increment in the levels of muscle and liver glycogen. The oral supplementation of B. diffusa root extract improved lipid profile by reducing the cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and by increasing high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The activity of antioxidant enzymes Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) in the kidney significantly improved following oral administration of B. diffusa while a significant decrease in Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) level was noted in the kidney after the treatment. Ethanolic root extract of B. diffusa decreased the level of serum creatinine, urea and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) significantly. B. diffusa administration demonstrated marked improvement in renal histology as evident by the regenerative changes in glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule. Thus, the use of ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa may prove therapeutically effective in prevention as well as inhibition of the progression of diabetes and associated kidney damages.

Keywords

Boerhaavia diffusa, Diabetes, Diabetic Nephropathy, Hamsters, Punarnava

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• Effects of L-Thyroxine on the Reproductive Functions of the Indian Pygmy Field Mouse Mus terricolor

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Authors

Sweta Arora ¹, Poonam Singh ¹, Chandana Haldar ², Priyoneel Basu ³

Affiliations
1 Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, Uttar Pradesh, IN
2 Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology - Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, Uttar Pradesh, IN
3 Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar - 751024, Odisha, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 26, No 4 (2022), Pagination: 251-264

Abstract

Besides being potent regulators of energy balance, thyroid hormones are necessary for the maintenance of seasonal reproductive changes in many species of mammals and birds. The thyroid gland is known to be crucial for the seasonal transition in seasonal breeders from breeding to non-breeding. Many workers have reported that thyroid ablation prevents the animal from entering the non-breeding state in both males and females of different species of animals and, in such a situation, the breeding state is sustained indefinitely. No report exists to date about the involvement of the thyroid gland in the reproduction of the pygmy field mouse Mus terricolor. L-thyroxine was administered subcutaneously to both male and female mice for 15 consecutive days during the reproductively active phase. L-thyroxine treatment led to a significant reduction in the weights of gonads and accessory sex organs along with biochemical constituents like epididymal sialic acid, seminal vesicular fructose and uterine protein. Regressive changes in the histology of the gonads and accessory sex organs were observed which can be attributed to the reduced levels of plasma testosterone in males and plasma estradiol and progesterone in females of the L-thyroxine-treated mice. However, there was a significant increase in the levels of plasma T3, T4, and gonadal cholesterol in both sexes following L-thyroxine treatment. Both hypo- and hyper-thyroidism can influence gonadal activity. The observations in the present study suggest that hyperthyroidism leads to the transition of reproductively active gonads to inactivity substantiating the hypothesis that high levels of thyroxine can accelerate the reproductive inactivity in this rodent.

Keywords

Mus terricolor, Seasonal reproduction, Thyroid, Reproduction, Tropical rodent.

Full Text

     

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