D. D. Sharma ¹, K. D. Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 RHRS Sharbo, Dist. Kinnaur (HP) 172107, IN

Abstract

Kinnaur, a predominated tribal district of Himachal Pradesh has made rapid progress with regard to fruit and vegetable production during the last two decades, but it has been estimated that about 20 per cent of the total fruit and vegetable produce is unmarketable surplus. Out of this surplus only 50 per cent is handled by the various state owned agencies like HPMC whereas the remaining half goes waste due to the lack of transport, packing and marketing facilities. Besides, the spoilage of freshly harvested fruits and vegetables owing to rotting and ignorance of handling them at the field level account for about 4 to 5 per cent.

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B. S. Punia ¹, D. D. Sharma ¹, R. N. Sinha ¹

Affiliations
1 National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, IN

Abstract

Previous reports have shown that the level and type of ration consumed by an animal affect the numbers and types of bacteria and protozoa in the rumen of cows.

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B. S. Punia ¹, D. D. Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, IN

Abstract

Nitrogen components of feeds in ruminants are mainly degraded to ammonia which is preferentially utilized by rumen bacteria for the synthesis of microbial protein.

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D. D. Sharma ¹, V. D. Mudgal ¹

Affiliations
1 National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, IN

Abstract

Protein and NPN are known to contribute largely to ammonia pool in the rumen. The amount thus formed is mostly dependent on the type and quality of protein and carbohydrate in the diet. There is little doubt that all classes of carbohydrates (cellulose, starch or sugars) can well be utilized using ammonia as the major nitrogen source and about 80 per cent rumen bacteria could be grown with ammonia as a sole nitrogen source.

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D. D. Sharma ¹, V. D. Mudgal ¹

Affiliations
1 National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, IN

Abstract

The specific role of water in the processes of digestion of food, elimination of undigested residues, excretion of waste products of metabolism and dissipation of body heat in farm animals have been discussed at large in various reports. Both environmental temperature and plane of nutrition govern water intake as well as the ratio of water : dry matter intakes. The reports have also revealed that the dietary urea affect the water requirement of animals. The effect of water on regulating heat mechanism in Zebu, European and crossbred cattle have also been reported. However, much information is not available on the comparative aspects in these two species, i.e., zebu cattle and buffaloes.

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