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Bharati, Kaushik
- Snake, Snakebite and its Management–The Indian Scenario
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Authors
Affiliations
1 MIPHA. Public Health Consultant, New DelhI, IN
1 MIPHA. Public Health Consultant, New DelhI, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 32, No 6 (2018), Pagination: 45-53Abstract
Snakes are ubiquitous in India. There are many varieties of snakes with hundreds of species spanning across the country. It follows that snakebite is also a major problem in India. Snakebite deaths in India contribute to almost half of all global snakebite deaths annually. Those who survive are often left maimed and disfigured, accompanied by lifelong disabilities. Snakebites are managed at the field-level by providing psychological boost to the patient and by administering first aid. At the hospital-level, envenomed patients are treated by antivenom therapy, which is the only definitive treatment for venomous snakebites. These aspects have been discussed in detail in this review.
References
- OP Jaggi., “Medicine in India: Modern Period”. In: History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization (Vol. IX: Part 1); Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2000.
- R Whitaker, A Captain, “Snakes of India: A Field Guide”; Draco Books, Chennai, 2008.
- R Bauchot. Snakes: A Natural History; Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1994.
- How does snake venom work? Available from: https://www.thoughtco.com/how-snake-venomworks4161270
- JL Bottrall, F Madaras, CD Biven, MG Venning, PJ Mirtschin, Proteolytic activity of elapid and viperid snake venoms and its implication to digestion. Journal of Venom
- B Mohapatra, DA Warrell, W Suraweera, P Bhatia, N Dhingra, RM Jotkar, et al., Snakebite mortality in India: A nationally representative mortality survey. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 5, (4), e1018, 2011.
- S Mahadevan, I Jacobsen, National Snakebite Management Protocol (India), 2008 (shortened version). Indian Journal of Emergency Pediatrics, 1, (2), 63-84, 2009.
- DA Warrell, WHO/SEARO Guidelines for the Clinical Management of Snakebite in the Southeast Asian Region. South East Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 30, 1-85, 1999.
- What Impact Could the COVID-19 Pandemic have on Public Health?
Abstract Views :270 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 MIPHA, FRSPH (London), Public Health Consultant, New Delhi, IN
1 MIPHA, FRSPH (London), Public Health Consultant, New Delhi, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 34, No 2 (2020), Pagination: 47-53Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is currently wreaking havoc across the globe. This virus is the 7th coronavirus to cause disease in humans and is the first to cause a full-blown global pandemic. The disease has now spread to 213 countries worldwide and its geographical range is rapidly expanding. This virus is spread through droplet transmission from the lungs and causes severe respiratory problems in humans. The World Health Organization (WHO) is playing a leading role in tackling this pandemic since the beginning. The present COVID-19 pandemic shares many similarities with the Spanish flu, which occurred over a century ago and killed 50-100 million people. The lessons learnt from the Spanish flu has major implications for the COVID-19 pandemic. Importantly, COVID-19 could have a major impact on public health by influencing many aspects, including hand hygiene, facemask use, social distancing, public health behaviour, among many others. These have been addressed in the present article.References
- Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nature Medicine. 17 March, 2020. Available at: https:// www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0820-9?fbclid= IwAR2kMoVERTJki_VyMPAWtqI0gcIusuG0kwPLQp4zNvpDLl0TEMQBn1InLY; Accessed on 10.04.2020.
- Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.who.int/ news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-( 2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov); Accessed on 10.04.2020.
- WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020; Accessed on 10.04.2020.
- COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. Worldometer. Available at: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/; Accessed on 26.05.2020.
- 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/srp-04022020.pdf; Accessed on 22.05.2020.
- “Solidarity” clinical trial for COVID-19 treatments. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.who.int/ emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/ global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-clinical-trial-for-covid-19-treatments; Accessed on 22.05.2020.
- Coronavirus: What can we learn from the Spanish flu? Available at: https://www.bbc.com/future/ article/20200302-coronavirus-what-can-we-learn-from-the-spanish-flu; Accessed on 13.04.2020.
- Hand hygiene: Why, how & when? World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/Hand_Hygiene_ Why_How_and_When_Brochure.pdf; Accessed on 22.05.2020.
- Helminthiasis. TDR, the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.who.int/tdr/diseases-topics/helminths/en/; Accessed on 19.04.2020.
- Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/when-and-how-to-use-masks; Accessed on 22.05.2020.
- Black Death. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death; Accessed on 15.04.2020.
- Social distancing and quarantine were used in medieval times to fight the Black Death. Available at: https://www.history.com/news/quarantine-black-death-medieval; Accessed on 15.04.2020.
- Why social distancing might last for some time. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200324-covid-19-how-social-distancing-can-beat-coronavirus; Accessed on 13.04.2020.
- Govt bans spitting in public places amid coronavirus outbreak. Available at: https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/govt-bans-spitting-in-public-places-amid-coronavirus-outbreak/story/401165.html; Accessed on 25.04.2020.
- How will coronavirus change the world? Available at: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200331covid-19-how-will-the-coronavirus-change-the-world; Accessed on 13.04.2020.
- History of Coronaviruses: Why is it Important in the Context of COVID-19?
Abstract Views :272 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 MIPHA, FRSPH (London), Advisor, Science Advisory Board, Arlington, Virginia, US
1 MIPHA, FRSPH (London), Advisor, Science Advisory Board, Arlington, Virginia, US
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 34, No 6 (2020), Pagination: 6-10Abstract
Coronaviruses have been around since time immemorial. However, their relevance in the context of human diseases is relatively new, spanning hardly over half a century. In this short span of time, we’ve learned much about these viruses, but there is still much more to learn. It is said that “history repeats itself”. This adage can’t be more true than in the case of coronavirus outbreaks. History has taught us that epidemics, such as SARS and MERS are capable of threatening our lives repeatedly. And now, with the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is causing devastation across the globe, history has again shown that it can repeat itself. The present review traces the history of coronaviruses from pre-biblical times till modern times and tries to put it in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.Keywords
History, coronavirus, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2.References
- J O Wertheim, D K W Chu, J S M Peiris, S L K Pond and L L M Poon, A Case for the Ancient Origin of Coronaviruses, Journal of Virology, Vol 87 No 12, page 70397045, 2013.
- T Estola, Coronaviruses, A New Group of Animal RNA Viruses. Avian Diseases, Vol 14 No 2, page 330-336, 1970.
- D A Tyrrell and M L Bynoe, Cultivation of a Novel Type of Common-Cold Virus in Organ Cultures, British Medical Journal, Vol 1 No 5448, page 1467-1470, 1965.
- D Hamre and J J Procknow, A New Virus Isolated from the Human Respiratory Tract, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Vol 121 No 1, page 190-193, 1966.
- J D Almeida and D A Tyrrell, The Morphology of Three Previously Uncharacterized Human Respiratory Viruses that Grow in Organ Culture, The Journal of General Virology, Vol 1 No 2, page 175-178, 1967.
- D A Tyrrell, J D Almeida, C H Cunningham, W R Dowdle, M S Hofstad, K McIntosh et al., Coronaviridae, Intervirology, Vol 5 No 1-2, page 76-82, 1975.
- K McIntosh, A Z Kapikian, H C Turner, J W Hartley, R H Parrott and R M Chanock, Seroepidemiologic Studies of Coronavirus Infection in Adults and Children, American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol 91 No 6, page 585-592, 1970.
- C Drosten, S Gunther, W Preiser, S van der Werf, H-R Brodt, S Becker et al., Identification of a Novel Coronavirus in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 348 No 20, page 1967-1976, 2003.
- T G Ksiazek, D Erdman, C S Goldsmith, S R Zaki, T Peret, S Emery et al., A Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 348 No 20, page 1953-1966, 2003.
- Y. Guan, B.J. Zheng, Y.Q. He, X.L. Liu, Z.X. Zhuang, C.L. Cheung, et al., Isolation and Characterization of Viruses Related to the SARS Coronavirus from Animals in Southern China, Science, Vol 302 No 5643, page 276278, 2003.
- Summary of Probable SARS Cases with Onset of Illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003, World Health Organization, 31 December 2003, Available at: https://www.who.int/ publications/m/item/summary-of-probable-sars-cases-with-onset-of-illness-from-1-november-2002-to-31-july-2003, accessed on 24.01.2021.
- L van der Hoek, K Pyrc, M F Jebbink, W VermeulenOost, R J M Berkhout, K C Wolthers et al., Identification of a New Human Coronavirus, Nature Medicine, Vol 10 No 4, page 368-373, 2004.
- F Esper, C Weibel, D Ferguson, M L Landry and J S Kahn, Evidence of a Novel Human Coronavirus that is Associated with Respiratory Tract Disease in Infants and "Young Children", Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol 191 No 4, page 492-498, 2005.
- P C Y Woo, S K P Lau, C M Chu, K H Chan, H W Tsoi, Y Huang et al., Characterization and Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Coronavirus, Coronavirus HKU1, from Patients with Pneumonia, Journal of Virology, Vol 79 No 2, page 884-895, 2005.
- S Williams, A Brief History of Coronaviruses, The Scientist, 2 June 2020. Available at: https://www.thescientist.com/news-opinion/a-brief-history-of-human-coronaviruses-67600, accessed on 24.01.2021.
- Y C Liu, R L Kuo and S R Shih, COVID-19: The First Documented Coronavirus Pandemic in History, Biomedical Journal, Vol 43 No 4, page 328-333, 2020.
- Coronavirus, Worldometer, Available at: www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/, accessed on 24.01.2021.
- WHO Team Visits Wuhan’s Huanan Food Market, Likely Origin of Covid-19, Available at: https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/in-china-who-team-visitswuhans-huanan-food-market-likely-origin-of-covid19-101612088553339-amp.html, accessed on 31.01. 2021.
- Padma Awards 2021: Few Doctors Honoured Despite Battling COVID-19
Abstract Views :271 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Health Policy Consultant, UNESCO Inclusive Policy Lab, New Delhi, IN
1 Health Policy Consultant, UNESCO Inclusive Policy Lab, New Delhi, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 35, No 2 (2021), Pagination: 12-17Abstract
The Padma Awards are the highest civilian honours conferred by the Government of India. These prestigious awards include the Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri. These are awarded across ten fields of human endeavour. It has been consistently observed that the number of awards given in Medicine is relatively low, compared to other fields like Arts or Literature. It was hoped that more doctors would be honoured this year, given the fact that they have been fighting the COVID-19 pandemic from the forefront since the beginning, with more than 500 doctors losing their lives in the line of duty. This article attempts to analyse the underlying reason why doctors receive comparatively less recognition than other professions.References
- About Padma Awards. Padma Awards, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Available at: https://padmaawards.gov.in/AboutAwards.aspx; Accessed on 04.02.2021.
- Padma awardees list. Press Note (dated 25 January 2021), Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Available at: https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2021AwardeesList.pdf; Accessed on 04.02.2021.
- Previous awardees. Padma Awards, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Available at: http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Field=Medicine; Accessed on 04.02.2021.
- IMA says at least 515 doctors have died of COVID-19. Available at: https://science.thewire.in/health/ima-515-doctors-covid-19-deaths-india-health-workers/; Accessed on 28.02.2021.
- COVID-19 Vaccines: Current Status and Future Prospects
Abstract Views :272 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 PhD, MIPHA, FRSPH (London), Health Policy Consultant – UNESCO, New Delhi, IN
1 PhD, MIPHA, FRSPH (London), Health Policy Consultant – UNESCO, New Delhi, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 35, No 5 (2021), Pagination: 37-48Abstract
Vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been developed in record time – the fastest in medical history! Many types of vaccines, using both traditional platforms, as well as newer ones using novel technologies, have been developed. Many of these vaccines have already been deployed in global COVID-19 vaccination campaigns. Many more are still undergoing preclinical and clinical development, which will help to strengthen and replenish the vaccine pipeline. All the vaccines that are currently being used for mass vaccination are extremely safe and highly efficacious. These are capable of generating robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. However, with the emergence of variants, the efficacy of some of these vaccines have started to wane. The present review explores the current status of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as the future prospects for these life-saving tools, given that variants are now a stark reality.Keywords
No Keywords.References
- COVID-19 Cases and Deaths, Worldometer, Available at: https://www.worldometers.info/ coronavirus/, accessed on 19.10.2021.
- F Wu, S Zhao, B Yu, YM Chen, W Wang and ZG Song et al., A New Coronavirus Associated with Human Respiratory Disease in China, Nature, Vol 579, page 265-269, 2020.
- Y Chen, Q Liu and D Guo, Emerging Coronaviruses: Genome Structure, Replication, and Pathogenesis, Journal of Medical Virology, Vol 92 No 4, page 418423, 2020.
- M Hoffmann, H Kleine-Weber, S Schroeder, N Krüger, T Herrler, S Erichsen et al., SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor, Cell, Vol 181 No 2, page 271-80.e8, 2020.
- S Mukherjee, D Tworowski, R Detroja, SB Mukherjee and M Frenkel-Morgenstern, Immunoinformatics and Structural Analysis for Identification of Immunodominant Epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 as Potential Vaccine Targets, Vaccines (Basel), Vol 8 No 2, page 290, 2020.
- COVID-19: Landscape of Novel Coronavirus Candidate Vaccine Development Worldwide, World Health Organization, Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid19-candidate-vaccines, accessed on 27.09.2021.
- Status of COVID-19 Vaccines within WHO EUL/PQ Evaluation Process. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://extranet.who.int/pqweb/sites/default/files/documents/Status_COVID_VAX_29Sept2021_0.pdf; accessed on 03.10.2021.
- PT Heath, EP Galiza, DN Baxter, M Boffito, D Browne, F Burns et al., Safety and Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 COVID-19 Vaccine, New England Journal of Medicine, published on 30.06.2021, Available at: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2107659, accessed on 29.08.2021.
- EE Walsh, RW Frenck Jr, AR Falsey, N Kitchin, J Absalon, A Gurtman et al., Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 383, page 2439-2450, 2020.
- Pfizer and BioNTech Confirm High Efficacy and No Serious Safety Concerns through up to Six Months Following Second Dose in Updated Topline Analysis of Landmark COVID-19 Vaccine Study, Pfizer, Available at: https://www.pfizer.com/news/pressrelease/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontechconfirmhigh-efficacy-and-no-serious, accessed on 29.08.2021.
- LR Baden, HM El Sahly, B Essink, K Kotloff, S Frey, R Novak et al., Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 384, page 403-416, 2021.
- MM Silveira, GMSG Moreira, and M Mendonça, DNA Vaccines Against COVID-19: Perspectives and Challenges, Life Sciences, Vol 267, page 118919, 2021.
- D Jimenez. Everything You Need to Know About the World’s First DNA COVID-19 Vaccine, Pharmaceutical Technology, Available at: https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/worlds-first-dna-covid-19-vaccine/, accessed on 22.08.2021.
- TRF Smith, A Patel, S Ramos, D Elwood, X Zhu, J Yan et al., Immunogenicity of a DNA Vaccine Candidate for COVID-19, Nature Communications, Vol 11, page 2601, 2020.
- L Grigoryan and B Pulendran, The Immunology of SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Vaccines, Seminars in Immunology, Vol 50, page 101422, 2020.
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- Recombinant DNA Technology In Medicine
Abstract Views :114 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Virology Laboratory, National Institute of lmmunology Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, JNU Complex, New Delhi - 110 067, IN
1 Virology Laboratory, National Institute of lmmunology Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, JNU Complex, New Delhi - 110 067, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 20, No 5 (2006), Pagination: 15-24Abstract
Recombinant DNA technology, popularly known as ‘Genetic Enginering’ has become indispensable for the scientific growth of our country, which is reflected in the emergence of the independent i scientific discipline known as “ Biotechnology” . In this article, the author describes the technology in a lucid manner followed by the contributions of this new technology in the field of Medicine. The applications of recombinant DNA technology are many and varied. The author dwells of the medical applications largely due to space constraints. In order to appreciate the vastness and bifurcations of the applications of this technology, the author requests the reader to consult the texts indicated under the heading “ Further Reading” at the end of the article..- 4 Factors that Could Increase the Risk of Long COVID Discovered
Abstract Views :216 |
PDF Views:87
Authors
Affiliations
1 PhD, MIPHA, FRSPH (London), Health Policy Consultant – UNESCO, New Delhi, IN
1 PhD, MIPHA, FRSPH (London), Health Policy Consultant – UNESCO, New Delhi, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 35, No 6 (2021), Pagination: 9-9Abstract
No Abstract.Keywords
No Keywords.Full Text
- Report on National Science Day 2023 Celebrated at Jhargram Raj College (Girls’ Wing), Jhargram, West Bengal
Abstract Views :100 |
PDF Views:63
Authors
Affiliations
1 Executive Council Member, ISEC, IN
1 Executive Council Member, ISEC, IN
Source
Indian Science Cruiser, Vol 37, No 1 (2023), Pagination: 64-65Abstract
No abstractKeywords
No keyword.Full Text