The Indian Practitioner

Nikhil Sarangdhar ¹, Priya Deshpande ², Shahid Patel ³, Prem Maurya , Girija Nair ², Abhay Uppe ⁴, Nivedita Moulick ⁵

Affiliations
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, D. Y. Patil University School of Medicine, Navi Mumbai :, IN
2 Assistant Professor, IN
3 Associate Professor, IN
4 Professor, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, IN
5 Professor and Head, Department of Internal Medicine, D. Y. Patil University School of Medicine, Navi Mumbai, IN

Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea is one of the well recognized sleep-related breathing disorders characterized by snoring, episodic cessation (apnea) or reduction (hypopnea) of breathing during sleep and excessive sleepiness during the daytime. The prevalence of sleep apnea shows a rising trend in both developed as well as developing countries. If undiagnosed or untreated, sleep apnea can lead to adverse cardio-pulmonary, metabolic and neurocognitive outcomes including road traffic accidents. Early screening for symptoms and risk factors by the family physician, followed by referral of patients at risk to a sleep centre or specialist for timely diagnosis by polysomnography and effective treatment by positive airway pressure therapy is the standard of care.

Keywords

Sleep disorders, apnea, polysomnography, OSA, OSAHS, PAP.

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Nikhil Sarangdhar ¹, Priya Deshpande ¹, Shahid Patel ², Girija Nair ³, Abhay Uppe ⁴, Nivedita Moulick ⁵

Affiliations
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, D. Y. Patil University School of Medicine, Navi Mumbai, IN
2 Associate Professor, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, D. Y. Patil University School of Medicine, Navi Mumbai, IN
3 Professor and Head, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, D. Y. Patil University School of Medicine, Navi Mumbai, IN
4 Professor, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, D. Y. Patil University School of Medicine, Navi Mumbai, IN
5 Professor and Head, Department of Internal Medicine, D. Y. Patil University School of Medicine, Navi Mumbai, IN

Abstract

Bronchial asthmais a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which several cells and cellular elements play an important role, the hallmark of which is airway hyperresponsiveness, or an exaggerated response (bronchoconstriction) on exposure to certain triggers such as allergens and/or respiratory infections and others. The airway inflammation and obstruction are usually reversible but manifest clinically as acute episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, cough, or chest tightness, that occur particularly at night or early in the morning. Exacerbations and comorbidities affect disease severity as well as impact treatment success in many patients. Therapies are directed toward controlling airway inflammation and relieving airway obstruction.

Keywords

Asthma, BA, Airway Inflammation, Airway Hyperresponsiveness, EIA, ICS.

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