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Agarkar, Poonam T.
- A Comprehensive Survey on Routing Schemes and Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Electronics Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, IN
2 Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, IN
3 The Pearl Engineering Solutions, Nagpur, Maharashtra, IN
1 Electronics Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, IN
2 Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, IN
3 The Pearl Engineering Solutions, Nagpur, Maharashtra, IN
Source
International Journal of Computer Networks and Applications, Vol 7, No 6 (2020), Pagination: 193-207Abstract
This paper adds to the broad investigation of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It summarizes the contributions of different researchers in improving the overall performance of WSNs by developing various new and modified routing techniques for general and specific applications in the various field of engineering and technology. A pool of almost 60 research papers and more than 20 survey papers related to various routing techniques were studied thoroughly and represented in a lucid form to help future researchers to contribute effectively in the field of sensor networks. The survey papers considered for this literature are classified for routing algorithms based on the quality of service (QoS), intelligence-based routing (IBR), and routing for dedicated applications while the current research work is distinguished based on cluster head selection phenomenon, forwarding node and other factors contributing to the performance improvement of routing algorithms as per the current focus on routing is concerned. A comparative analysis of the latest contributions in the paper mainly focuses on routing schemes, the parameters are taken into account, and comparison to existing routing techniques as a large amount of research work was concentrated on reducing energy consumption during routing, energy balancing followed by increasing network lifespan, reducing delay, PDR and throughput. The main aim as per the paper included in our study was to design a routing strategy that would keep the network activity for a longer period as possible by reducing the energy required for various operations by an individual sensor node and maintain the overall energy of the nodes to be balanced over their lifetime. Lastly, the paper contributes to discussing the challenges in constructing a routing protocol (RP) for WSN considering the interdependency of various network parameters.Keywords
Routing Protocols, WSNs, QoS, IBR, Cluster Head, Energy Balancing, Network Lifespan.References
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Authors
Poonam T. Agarkar
1,
Manish D. Chawhan
2,
Rahul N. Nawkhare
3,
Daljeet Singh
4,
Narendra P. Giradkar
5,
Prashant R. Patil
6
Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, (M.S), IN
2 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, (M.S), IN
3 School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, IN
4 Center for Space Research, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, IN
5 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Smt. Radhikatai Pandav College of Engineering, Nagpur, (M.S), IN
6 Department of Management Studies, Smt. Radhikatai Pandav College of Engineering, Nagpur, (M.S), IN
1 Department of Electronics Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, (M.S), IN
2 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, (M.S), IN
3 School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, IN
4 Center for Space Research, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, IN
5 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Smt. Radhikatai Pandav College of Engineering, Nagpur, (M.S), IN
6 Department of Management Studies, Smt. Radhikatai Pandav College of Engineering, Nagpur, (M.S), IN
Source
International Journal of Computer Networks and Applications, Vol 10, No 5 (2023), Pagination: 792-805Abstract
AODV is one of the widely used routing schemes in WSN and MANET due to its on-demand characteristics and low overhead. The excessive flooding at the time of route discovery consumes lots of node energy. The network performance deteriorates due to the unconstrained and blind flooding of route request (RREQ) packets. The excessive flooding mechanism accounts for multiple reception of RREQ packets at nodes. It causes unwanted path loops, and packet collisions thus exhausting the node batteries. The restricted flooding-based route discovery (RFBRD) mechanism introduced in this paper adopts two different strategies for receiving first and subsequent RREQ packets before they are forwarded. On reception of the first RREQ at an intermediate node, the RREQ is forwarded/restricted based on node densities evaluated for the neighbourhood as well as the network. Four regions and five probabilities are considered based on node densities in the neighbourhood and the network. The mobile nodes lying in the low-density region are allowed to transmit the RREQ packets with higher probability as compared to other nodes present in high-density regions when the RREQ is received for the first time. For subsequent RREQ packets at an intermediate node, the RREQ is forwarded/restricted based on energy ratios and is allowed to forward the RREQ packets, if the node has sufficient residual energy concerning neighbourhood and network energies. Simulation analysis showed enhanced and improved performance in terms of end-to-end delay, and network residual energy concerning traditional AODV.Keywords
RREQ, Restricted Flooding Mechanism, RFBRD, Residual Energy, Average Energy, Energy Ratios, AODV.References
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