International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

An Efficient Vehicle-To-Everything (V2X) Communication Algorithm for the Deployment and Operation of Self-Driving Cars


Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
 

The deployment and implementation of self-driving cars (SDC) is becoming a reality. Various units and subsystems of the SDC ecosystem are needed to be impeccable in their executions. It is therefore relevant to have communication subsystem for transmitting information from Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) which is useful in efficient implementation of the SDC technology. However, the heterogeneous and dynamic environments and overall ecosystems pose a reliability challenge on the information transmitted to be processed by the central processor for efficient communication decision of the SDC in the vehicular environments. This study demonstrates a proposed solution by examining and providing a SDC communication model and an algorithm that can enhance the operation of the SDC. The model considers the impact of vehicle speed, delay on information transmitted, radio frequency, and vehicular environments which are incorporated into the SDC decision making software. The proposed approach is compared with theoretical model and existing study. The results show that the proposed algorithm is about 95 % efficient at an average speed of 30 mph with a processing time less than πŸπ’Žπ’” and less than πŸΞΌπ’” delay on information transmitted in a highly signal impacted SDC complex environment case. It also shows about 99 % efficient at an average speed of 70 mph in a less signal impacted SDC complex environment case. This proposed approach could be used to design the communication capability of on-board Vehicle-to-Everything devices and for efficient planning and future deployments of SDC.

Keywords

Decision Making, Energy Per Bit to Noise, Propagation Model, Self-Driving Cars, Vehicle-To-Everything Communications.
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • M. Revilloud , D. Gruyer and S. Glaser, "A Review of Motion Planning for Highway Autonomous," IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 10.1109/TITS.2019.2913998, pp. 1-23, 2019.

  • M. J. Hanna and S. C. Kimmel, "Current US Federal Policy Framework for Self-Driving Vehicles: Opportunities and Challenges," IEEE Computer, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 32 - 40, 2017.

  • M.-D. Margarita and S. Francesc, "Autonomous vehicles: theoretical and practical challenges," Transportation Research Procedia, vol. 33, pp. 275-282, 2018.

  • "Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communications," Department of Transportation, 14 June 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.transportation.gov/v2x. [Accessed 28 November 2019].

  • "Mcity Driverless Shuttle launches on U-M’s North Campus," University of Michigan, 4 June 2018. [Online]. Available: https://news.umich.edu/mcity-driverless-shuttle-launches-on-u-ms-north-campus/. [Accessed 28 November 2019].

  • S. Emara, A. Elewa, O. Wasil, K. Moustafa, N. A. Khalek, A. H. Soliman, H. Halawa, M. ElSalamouny, R. Daoud, H. Amer, A. Khattab, H. ElSayed and T. Refaat, "Heterogeneous ITS Architecture for Manned and Unmanned Cars in Suburban Areas," in 2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), Turin, Italy, 2018.

  • H. Stubing, Car-to-X Communication: system architecture and applications, Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden, Hesse, 2013.

  • A. H. Sakr, G. Bansal, V. Vladimerou, K. Kusano and M. Johnson, "V2V and on-board sensor fusion for road geometry estimation," in IEEE 20th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Yokohama, Japan, 2017.

  • I. Pisa, G. Boquet,, J. L. Vicario, A. Morell and J. V, "VAIMA: A V2V based intersection traffic management algorithm," in 14th Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services (WONS), Isola, France, 2018.

  • P. Sondi, M. Wahl, L. Rivoirard and O. Cohin, "Performance evaluation of 802.11p-based Ad Hoc Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications for usual applications under realistic urban mobility," International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, vol. 7, no. 5, 2016.

  • Z. H. Mir and F. Filali, "LTE and IEEE 802.11p for vehicular networking: a performance evaluation," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communication and Networking, vol. 89, no. 1, 2014.

  • Z. XU, X. Li, X. Zhao, M. H. Zhang and Z. Wang, "DSR versus 4G-LTE for connected vehicle applications: A study on field experiments of vehicular communication performance," Journal of Advance Transportation, pp. 1-10, 2017.

  • K. Zheng, Q. Zheng, P. Chatzimisios, W. Xiang and Y. Zhou, "Heterogeneous vehicular networking: A Survey on Architecture, Challenges, and Solutions," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 2377–2396, 2015.

  • A. Vlavianos , L. K. Law , I. Broustis, S. V. Krishnamurthy and M. Faloutsos, "Assessing Link Quality in IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks: Which is the Right Metric?," in IEEE 19th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Cannes, 2008.

  • T. O. Olasupo, C. E. Otero, L. D. Otero, K. O. Olasupo and I. Kostanic, ""Path Loss Models for Low-power, Low-data rate Sensor Nodes for Smart Car Parking Systems," IEEE Transaction on Intelligent Transportation, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1774 - 1783, 2018.

  • J.-Y. Lee, "UWB Channel Modeling in Roadway and Indoor Parking Environments," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 3171 - 3180, 2010.

  • R. P. Sawant, Q. Liang, D. O. Popa and F. L. Lewis, "Experimental Path loss Models for Wireless Sensor Networks," in Military Communications Conference, Orlando, 2007.

  • K. Phaebua, C. Phongcharoenpanich, D. Torrungrueng and J. Chinrungrueng, "Short-Distance and Near-Ground Signal Measurements in a Car Park of Wireless Sensor Network System at 433 MHz," in Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology, ECTI-CON, 5th International Conference, Krabi, 2008.

  • J. Choi, N.-G. Kang, Y.-S. Sung and S.-C. Kim, "Empirical Ultra Wide Band Channel Model for Short Range Outdoor Environments," in Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE, Dublin, 2007.

  • QUALCOMM, "Connecting vehicles to everything with C-V2X," 5 August 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.qualcomm.com/research/5g/cellular-v2x. [Accessed 12 August 2021].

  • X. Li , Z. Wu, S. Wang and H. Jiao, "Path Loss and Blockage Modeling for Vehicle to Vehicle Channel above 6 GHz," in IEEE 4th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), Chengdu, China, China, 2018.

  • H. Kamoda, S. Kitazawa, N. Kukutsu, K. Kobayashi and T. Kumagai, "Microwave Propagation Channel Modeling in a Vehicle Engine Compartment," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 6831 - 6841, 2016.

  • U. Demir, U. C. Bas and C. S. Ergen, "Engine Compartment UWB Channel Model for Intravehicular Wireless Sensor Networks," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 2497 - 2505, 2014.

  • P. Liu, D. W. Matolak, B. Ai and R. Sun, "Path Loss Modeling for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication on a Slope," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 2954 - 2958, 2014.

  • M. Abdulla, E. Steinmetz and . H. Wymeersch, "Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications with Urban Intersection Path Loss Models," in 2016 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), 2016.

  • J. Bok and H.-G. Ryu, "Path Loss Model Considering Doppler Shift for High Speed Railroad Communication," in 16th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, Pyeongchang, South Korea, 2014.

  • A. M. Aye and S. Z. Lin, "Study on indoor RF Propagation Model with Doppler Effect," International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 258 -263, 2018.

  • S.-K. Noh, . P.-j. Kim and J.-H. Yoon, "Doppler effect on V2I path loss and V2V channel models," in International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), 2016.

  • F. Lyu, J. Ren, P. Yang, N. Cheng, W. Tang, Y. Zhang and X. S. Shen, "Fine-Grained TDMA MAC Design toward Ultra-Reliable Broadcast for Autonomous Driving," vol. 26, no. 4, p. 46 – 53, 2019.

  • H. TENG, W. LIU, T. WANG, X. KUI, S. ZHANG and S. ZHANG, "A Collaborative Code Dissemination Schemes Through Two-Way Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Communications for Urban Computing," IEEE Access , vol. 7, p. 145546 – 145566, 2019.

  • N. Hegde and S. S. Manvi, "Secure Group Key Management Scheme for Dynamic Vehicular Cloud Computing," Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 4821-4826, 2021.

  • S. S. Husain, A. Kunz, A. Prasad, E. Pateromichelakis and K. Samdani, "Ultra-High Reliable 5G V2X Communications," IEEE Communications Standards Magazine, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 46 – 52, 2019.

  • "vehicles are communicating with us like never before," 19 June 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/a13979056/car-communication-technologies/. [Accessed 1 December 2019].

  • "Connected Vehicles: Vehicle-To-Pedestrian Communications title," US Department of Transportation, May 2018 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.its.dot.gov/factsheets/pdf/CV_V2Pcomms.pdf. [Accessed 2019 December 2019].

  • V. Tabora, "Improving Self-Driving Car Safety And Reliability With V2X Protocols," Medium, 25 July 2018. [Online]. Available: https://medium.com/self-driving-cars/improving-self-driving-car-safety-and-reliability-with-v2x-protocols-1408082bae54. [Accessed 1 December 2019].

  • A. Ghasemi, A. Abedi and F. Ghasemi, Propagation Engineering in Wireless Communications, Springer New York, 2012.

  • J. S. Seybold, Introduction to RF Propagation, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2005.

  • M. M. Weiner, Monopole Antennas, Marcel Dekker Inc., 2003.

  • I. Oraibi, C. E. Otero and T. O. Olasupo, "Empirical path loss model for vehicle-to-vehicle IoT device communication in fleet management," in 16th Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (Med-Hoc-Net), Budva, Montenegro, 2017.

  • E. I. Adegoke, E. Kampert and M. D. Higgins, "Channel Modeling and Over-the-Air Signal Quality at 3.5 GHz for 5G New Radio," IEEE ACCESS, vol. 9, pp. 11183 - 11193, 2021.

  • D. Montegomery, Design and Analysis of Experiments, Wiley, John & Son, 2012.

  • B. P. Paris, "Modeling of Wireless Communication Systems using MATLAB," Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University, 23 September 2010. [Online]. Available: https://its-wiki.no/images/5/5b/Mobility.pdf. [Accessed 16 November 2019].

  • I. F. Akyildiz, Wireless Sensor Network, Wliey, 2010.

  • G. J. Proakis and M. Salehi, Communication Systems Engineering, Pearson, 2001.

  • T. O. Olasupo, A. Alsayyari, C. E. Otero, K. O. Olasupo and I. Kostanic, "Empirical Path loss Models for Low Power Wireless Sensor Nodes Deployed on the Ground in Different Terrains," in IEEE Jordan Conference on Applied Electrical Engineering and Computing Technologies (AEECT), Jordan, 2017.

  • S. VerdΓΊ, "Spectral Efficiency in the Wideband Regime," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1319 - 1343, 2002.

  • O. J. Adaramola and J. R. Olasina, "Evaluation of Mobile ZigBee Technology Performance with Simulation Techniques," Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 5159-5168, 2022.

  • "Radar Signal Simulation and Processing for Automated Driving," MATLAB, 13 April 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.mathworks.com/help/phased/examples/radar-signal-simulation-and-processing-for-automated-driving.html. [Accessed 29 November 2019].

  • B. Mahadevan, Operation Management: Theory and Practice, 1st ed., Prentice Hall, 2009, pp. 274-281.

  • C. Bozarth, "Measuring Forecast Accuracy: Approaches to Forecasting : A Tutorial," SCRC Articles Library, 25 January 2011.

  • T. O. Olasupo, "Optimization Framework for Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks," Florida Tech, Melbourne, Florida, 2017.


Abstract Views: 116

PDF Views: 0




  • An Efficient Vehicle-To-Everything (V2X) Communication Algorithm for the Deployment and Operation of Self-Driving Cars

Abstract Views: 116  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Olawale E. Olasupo
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, United States

Abstract


The deployment and implementation of self-driving cars (SDC) is becoming a reality. Various units and subsystems of the SDC ecosystem are needed to be impeccable in their executions. It is therefore relevant to have communication subsystem for transmitting information from Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) which is useful in efficient implementation of the SDC technology. However, the heterogeneous and dynamic environments and overall ecosystems pose a reliability challenge on the information transmitted to be processed by the central processor for efficient communication decision of the SDC in the vehicular environments. This study demonstrates a proposed solution by examining and providing a SDC communication model and an algorithm that can enhance the operation of the SDC. The model considers the impact of vehicle speed, delay on information transmitted, radio frequency, and vehicular environments which are incorporated into the SDC decision making software. The proposed approach is compared with theoretical model and existing study. The results show that the proposed algorithm is about 95 % efficient at an average speed of 30 mph with a processing time less than πŸπ’Žπ’” and less than πŸΞΌπ’” delay on information transmitted in a highly signal impacted SDC complex environment case. It also shows about 99 % efficient at an average speed of 70 mph in a less signal impacted SDC complex environment case. This proposed approach could be used to design the communication capability of on-board Vehicle-to-Everything devices and for efficient planning and future deployments of SDC.

Keywords


Decision Making, Energy Per Bit to Noise, Propagation Model, Self-Driving Cars, Vehicle-To-Everything Communications.

References