IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

To Gain Insight into the Relationships among Religious Fundamentalism, Ambivalent Sexism, and Gender Role Beliefs in Young Adults


Affiliations
1 Student Researcher, Department of Psychology University of Delhi, Delhi, India
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology Mata Sundri College for Women, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


For thousands of years, religion has been the most powerful and influential belief system that humans have followed. It has an effect on our cognitions, causing us to perceive the world as a place with a deliberate design, or one created by a higher power. The goal of this study was to see the relationship between Religious Fundamentalism, Ambivalent Sexism, and Gender Role Beliefs in Young Adults. A total of 80 students between the ages of 18 and 24 were included in the study. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to select the participants. The questionnaires were distributed to the participants via a Google Form. SPSS was used to perform the t test and correlation analysis. The results revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in religious fundamentalism between male and female participants, but men had a higher mean score than women. The findings also revealed a link between religious fundamentalism, gender role belief, and ambivalent sexism among young adults.

Keywords

religion, religious fundamentalism, ambivalent sexism, gender role beliefs, relationship, young adults
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • Abbott, D. M., Harris, J. E., & Mollen, D. (2016). The impact of religious commitment on women's sexual self-esteem. Sexuality and Culture, 20(4), 1063-1082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-016-9374-x

  • Ambivalent sexism (2010, March 30). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 7, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambivalent_sexism#:~:text=Ambivalent%20sxim%20is%20a%20theoretical, incompetent%20and%20infer ior%20to%20men

  • Ambivalent sexism: Revision history (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambivalent_ sexism&action=history Ambivalent Sexism (n.d.). https://pages.nyu.edu/jackson/sex.and.gender/Readings/ AmbivalentSexismSag17.pdf

  • Arbuckle, G. (2016, December). Fundamentalism: An enemy of the common good. Catholic Health Association of the United States-CHA. https://www.chausa.org/pu blications/healthprogress/article/november-december-2016/fundamentalism-anenemyof-the-common-good

  • Bagheri, E. (2012). A qualitative investigation of religion, gender role beliefs, and culture in the lives of a select group of Muslim men. https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.nmmpbwpx

  • Becker, J. C. (2010). Why do women endorse hostile and benevolent sexism? The role of salient female subtypes and internalization of sexist contents. Sex Roles, 62(7-8), 453-467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9707-4

  • Blackstone, A. M. (2003, August). Gender roles and society. DigitalCommons@UMaine | The University of Maine Research.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cg i/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=soc_facpub

  • Berk, L. (2015). Child development (9th ed.). Pearson Higher Education AU.

  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1997). Hostile and benevolent sexism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(1), 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.t b00104.x

  • Burn, S. M., & Busso, J. (2005). Ambivalent sexism, scriptural literalism, and religiosity. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29(4), 412-418. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00241.x

  • Connor, R., Glick, P., & Fiske, S. (2016, January 1). (PDF) Ambivalent sexism in the 21st century. ResearchGate.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315637642_Ambivalent_sexism_in_the_21st_century

  • Davies, D. J., &Thate, M. J. (2017). Religion and the individual: Belief, practice, and identity. https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03842-467-3

  • Derichs, C., & Fleschenberg, A. (2010). Religious fundamentalisms and their gendered impacts in Asia. Bibliothek der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. https://library.fes.de/pdffiles/ iez/07061.pdf

  • Dicke, A., Safavian, N., & Eccles, J. S. (2019). Traditional gender role beliefs and career attainment in STEM: A gendered story? Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1053. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01053

  • Edwards, A. (2015, March 29). It's a man's world: The effect of traditional masculinity on gender equality. E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2015/03/29/itsamans-world-the-effect-of-traditional-masculinity-on-gender-equality/Fundamentalism (2001, December 4). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundamentalism&oldid=1060648990

  • Garaigordobil, M., & Aliri, J. (2012). Parental socialization styles, parents' educational level, and sexist attitudes in adolescence. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 592-603. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n2.38870

  • García-Sánchez, R., Almendros, C., Aramayona, B., Martín, M. J., Soria-Oliver, M., López, J. S., & Martínez, J. M. (2019). Are sexist attitudes and gender stereotypes linked? A critical feminist approach with a Spanish sample. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2410. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02410

  • Gaunt, R. (2013). Ambivalent sexism and perceptions of men and women who violate gendered family roles. Community, Work and Family, 16(4), 401-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2013.779231

  • Gender identity & roles | Feminine traits & stereotypes (n.d.). Planned parenthood official site. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/gender-identity/sex-genderidentity/wat-are-gender-roles-and-stereotypes

  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1997). Hostile and benevolent sexism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(1), 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.t b00104.x Greenberg, J., & Kosloff, S. (2008). Terror management theory: Implications for understanding prejudice, stereotyping, intergroup conflict, and political attitudes.

  • Social and Personality Psychology Compass,2(5), 1881-1894. Doi:10.1111/j.17519004.2008.00144.x

  • Hackett, C., McClendon, D., & Fengyan Shi, A. (2020, May 30). 7. Theories explaining gender differences in religion. Pew Research Center's Religion and Public Life Project. https://www.pewforum.org/2016/03/22/theories-explaining-genderdifferencesi-religion/

  • Hannover, B., Gubernath, J., Schultze, M., & Zander, L. (2018). Religiosity, religious fundamentalism, and ambivalent sexism toward girls and women among adolescents and young adults living in Germany. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2399. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02399

  • History & theory of feminism (n.d.). https://www.gender.cawater-info.net/knowledge_base/rubricator/feminism_e.htm

  • Hoeksema, S. N. (2013, February 15). Gender differences. ScienceDirect.com | Science, health and medical journals, full text articles and books. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123983367000152?via%3Dihub

  • Jain, S., Kaur, M., & Jain, S. (2020). Hostile and benevolent sexism in India: Analysis across cultures. ScholarWorks@GVSU | Grand Valley State University Research. https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1282&context=iaccppapers

  • Jani, A. (2020, August 25). 6 things internalised misogyny ruined for women. Feminism In India.https://feminisminindia.com/2020/08/31/6-things-internalised-misogynyruinedor-women/

  • King, U. (n.d.). Gender and religion: An overview. Encyclopedia.com | Free Online Encyclopedia. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopediasalmanacstranscriptsand-maps/gender-and-religion-overview Klingorová, K., & Havlíček, T. (2015). Religion and gender inequality: The status of women in the societies of world religions. Moravian geographical reports, the societies of world religions. Moravian Geographical Reports, 23(2), 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2015-0006

  • Maltby, L. E., & Hall, E. L. (2014). Religion and sexism. Encyclopedia of Quality of Lifeand Well-being Research, 5462-5466. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-0070753-5_4162

  • Mastari, L., Spruyt, B., & Siongers, J. (2019, May 31). Benevolent and hostile sexism in social spheres: The impact of parents, school and romance on Belgian adolescents' sexist attitudes. Frontiers in Sociology, 4(47), 47. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2019.00047/full

  • Mencarini L. (2014) Gender-role beliefs. In A.C. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.100 7/978-94-007-0753-5_1140

  • Mikołajczak, M., & Pietrzak, J. (2014). Ambivalent sexism and religion: Connected through values. Sex Roles, 70(9-10), 387-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-0140379-3

  • Module 4: Economic, social & cultural rights of women (n.d.). Human rights library university of Minnesota. https://hrlibrary.umn.edu/edumat/IHRIP/circle/modules/ module4.htm#15b

  • Morgan, M. Y. (1987). The impact of religion on gender-role attitudes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11(3), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb0 0905.x

  • Munson, H. (2019, November 26). Fundamentalism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/fundamentalism

  • Musek, J. (2007, October 10). The theories of religion and spirituality in psychology and cognitive sciences. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/260064880_The_theories_of_religion_and_spirituality_in_psychology_and_cognitive_s ciences

  • Nelson, J. M. (2009). Introduction to psychology, religion, and spirituality. Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality, pp. 3-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-87573-6_1

  • Padmanabhan, V. (2019, April 9). Religion and the Indian millennial: What data shows. Livemint. https://www.livemint.com/news/india/religion-and-the-indianmillennialwhat-dta-shows-1554753885043.html

  • Pambudhi, D. (2019, May 28). Does religion drive out feminism? Medium. https://blog.usejournal.com/does-religion-drive-out-feminism-f6c64e83c097?gi 65b033be7d8f

  • Purie, A. (2018, October 4). Why religions in India discriminate against women. Daily O-Opinion News and Analysis on Latest Breaking News India. https://www.dailyo.in/politics/sabrimala-triple-talaq-why-religions-in-india-discrminateagainstwomen/story/1/27052.html

  • Ramos, M., Barreto, M., Ellemers, N., Moya, M., & Ferreira, L. (2016). What hostile and benevolent sexism communicate about men's and women's warmth and competence. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 21(1), 159-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216656921

  • Religious fundamentalism: Meaning & types (2017, December 6). GK today- current affairs, GK (general knowledge), general studies for UPSC, IAS, banking/IBPS,

  • SSC and states civil services examinations. https://www.gktoday.in/ topic/religiousfundamentalism-

  • meaning-types/Leslie, J. (2005). Gender and religion: Gender and Hinduism. Encyclopedia.com | Free Online Encyclopedia. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopediasalmanacs-transcriptsand-maps/gender-and-religion-gender-and-hinduism

  • Saldanha, V. (2016, November 10). The power of religion over women in India. Global Sisters Report. https://www.globalsistersreport.org/column/equality/powerreligion-over-wome-india-43236

  • Sibley, C. G., Overall, N. C., & Duckitt, J. (2007). When women become more hostilely sexist toward their gender: The system-justifying effect of benevolent sexism. Sex Roles, 57(9-10), 743-754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9306-1

  • Smith, R. M., Parrott, D. J., Swartout, K. M., & Tharp, A. T. (2015). Deconstructing hegemonic masculinity: The roles of antifemininity, subordination to women, and sexual dominance in men's perpetration of sexual aggression. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 16(2), 160-169. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035956

  • Social role theory (n.d.). ScienceDirect.com | Science, health and medical journals, full text articles and books. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/socialrole-theory

  • Swanson, A. (2016, March 30). Why women are more religious than men. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/03/30/why-women-are-more-religious-than-men/

  • Systems justification theory (n.d.). ScienceDirect.com | Science, health and medical journals, full text articles and books. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/systems-justification-theory

  • Vajpayee, J. (2016, May 16). How religion influences behaviour | blog | Monk Prayogshala. Monk Prayogshala. https://www.monkprayogshala.i n/blog/2016/5/1 5/how-religion-influences-behavOur-1

  • Vincent, W., Parrott, D. J., & Peterson, J. L. (2011). Effects of traditional gender role norms and religious fundamentalism on self-identified heterosexual men's attitudes, anger, and aggression toward gay men and lesbians. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 12(4), 383-400. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023807

  • Willie, T. C., Khondkaryan, E., Callands, T., & Kershaw, T. (2018). “Think like a man”: How sexual cultural scripting and masculinity influence changes in men's use of intimate partner violence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 61(1-2), 240-250. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12224

  • Yi, J. (2015). The role of benevolent sexism in gender inequality. Web Publishing Build WordPress websites for courses, departments and programs. https://wp.nyu.edu/steinhardt-appsych_opus/the-role-of-benevolent-sexism-in-g gender-inequality/

  • Young adults around the world are less religious (2020, May 30). Pew research center's religion and public life project. https://www.pewforum.org/2018/06/13/yo ungadults-around-the-world-are-less-religious-by-several-measures/


Abstract Views: 243

PDF Views: 0




  • To Gain Insight into the Relationships among Religious Fundamentalism, Ambivalent Sexism, and Gender Role Beliefs in Young Adults

Abstract Views: 243  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Bhumika Pareek
Student Researcher, Department of Psychology University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Dipika S. Dhanda
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology Mata Sundri College for Women, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Abstract


For thousands of years, religion has been the most powerful and influential belief system that humans have followed. It has an effect on our cognitions, causing us to perceive the world as a place with a deliberate design, or one created by a higher power. The goal of this study was to see the relationship between Religious Fundamentalism, Ambivalent Sexism, and Gender Role Beliefs in Young Adults. A total of 80 students between the ages of 18 and 24 were included in the study. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to select the participants. The questionnaires were distributed to the participants via a Google Form. SPSS was used to perform the t test and correlation analysis. The results revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in religious fundamentalism between male and female participants, but men had a higher mean score than women. The findings also revealed a link between religious fundamentalism, gender role belief, and ambivalent sexism among young adults.

Keywords


religion, religious fundamentalism, ambivalent sexism, gender role beliefs, relationship, young adults

References