Networking and Communication Engineering

B. Muthukumar ¹, S. Jeevananthan ²

Affiliations
1 Sathyabama University, Chennai, IN
2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, IN

Abstract

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) rules communication where the requirements of security, speed, key length and area constraints become main objective such as the portable device. Scalar multiplication becomes the key operation in any ECC, not only because it munches out major time, power and chip area, it is also a fact that the triumph of the Elliptic Curve Encryption Algorithm depends on the difficulty of calculating the multiplication. Hence the type of multiplier and its functional behavior become crux of the ECC architecture. This paper paves a way by developing a ECC architectures over GF(2160), which is bequeathed with three different multipliers namely array multiplier, modified booth multiplier and hybrid low power encoded multiplier. These multipliers are used in the Montgomery scalar multiplication algorithm to perform point addition and point doubling. The proposed ECC processor can perform the 160 bit point multiplication and coordinates conversion with 575mW, 511mW and 373mW in 100 MHz and 19176, 16260 and 8743 LUTs respectively in array multiplier, modified booth multiplier and hybrid multiplier. The architecture is implemented using spartan3E family device XC3S1600E using Modelsim 5.7 and Xilinx 9.2i.

Keywords

Array Multiplier, Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Hybrid Low Power Encoded Multiplier, Montgomery Multiplication Algorithm, Modified Booth Multiplier, Point Double, Point Addition.

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B. Muthukumar ¹, P. Banumathi ¹, V. Karthik ², R. Vidhya ³

Affiliations
1 Kathir College of Engineering, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, IN
3 Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, IN

Abstract

SPAM (UBE) is email sent to groups of recipients who have not requested it or have "opted out" of group email subscriptions and continue to receive email from the sender. So we devise a DKIM (Domain Key Identified Mail), which is a domain level authentication framework for email using public-key cryptography and key server technology to permit verification of the source and contents of messages by either Mail Transfer Agents (MTAs) or Mail User Agents (MUAs). The ultimate goal of this framework is to permit a signing domain to assert responsibility for a message, thus protecting message signer identity and the integrity of the messages they convey while retaining the functionality of Internet email as it is known today. Protection of email identity may assist in the global control of "spam" and "phishing".

Keywords

DKIM, Mail Transfer Agent (MTA), DNS Resolution.

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