Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
- G. Guru-Pirasanna-Pandi
- Madan Pal
- P. S. Soumia
- Govindharaj Guru-Pirasanna-Pandi
- Madan Pal Singh
- M. Sujithra
- N. Srinivasa
- Twinkle
- Rahul Kumar Chandel
- Kerur Vishwanath Raghavendra
- Thangavel Bhoopathi
- Ravi Gowthami
- Manikyanahalli Chandrashekara Keerthi
- Sachin Suresh Suroshe
- K. B. Ramesh
- Shivakumara Kadanakuppe Thammayya
- Subhash Shivaramu
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Chander, Subhash
- Impact of Elevated CO2 on Oryza sativa Phenology and Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera:Delphacidae) Population
Abstract Views :239 |
PDF Views:68
Authors
Affiliations
1 Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN
2 Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN
1 Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN
2 Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 114, No 08 (2018), Pagination: 1767-1777Abstract
The impact of elevated CO2 (570 ± 25 ppm) on brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) and Pusa Basmati 1401 rice in comparison to ambient CO2 was studied in open top chambers (OTCs) during the rainy seasons of 2013 and 2014. Crop canopy circumference was higher (13.1–16.8 cm) under elevated CO2 when compared to ambient CO2 (10.3–13.1 cm) during different rice phenological stages indicating the positive influence of elevated CO2. In addition, elevated CO2 exhibited a positive effect on rice plants through increase in tiller number (17.6%), reproductive tiller number (16.2%), number of seeds/panicle (15.1%) and thousand grains weight (10.8%) that resulted in higher grain yield (15%) when compared to ambient CO2. Elevated CO2 also exhibited a positive effect on brown planthopper population through increase in fecundity (29% and 31.6%) which resulted in a significant increase in its population to 150.3 ± 16.4 and 97.7 ± 8.7 hoppers/hill at peak incidence during 2013 and 2014 respectively, when compared to the corresponding 49.1 ± 9.3 and 43.7 ± 7.0 hoppers/hill under ambient CO2. Moreover, brown planthopper females excreted more honeydew (68.2% and 72.3%) under elevated CO2 over ambient CO2 during both years. However, elevated CO2 caused reduction in the longevity of females (23.9–27.4%) during both years and male longevity (24.1%) during 2013. Despite the positive effect, rice crops suffered higher yield loss under elevated CO2 (29.9–34.9%) due to increased brown planthopper infestation coupled with higher sucking rate due to reduced nitrogen level under elevated CO2 compared to ambient CO2 (17–23.1%) during 2013 and 2014.Keywords
Brown Planthopper, Climate Change, Elevated CO2, Hopper Burn, Poaceae, Yield Loss.References
- FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization, OECD-FAO Agricultural outlook 2009–2018, 2009. p. 11.
- Indiastat, Rice production statistics. online database accessed 8 April 2015; http://www.indiastat.com/table/agriculture/2/rice/17194/56320/data.
- Indiaspend, How china beats India in agriculture productivity. Online source accessed 10 October 2017; http://www.indiaspend.com/sectors/how-china-beats-india-in-agriculture-productivity.
- Thanh, N. C. and Singh, B., Constraints faced by the farmers in rice production and export. Omonrice, 2006, 14, 97–110.
- Chander, S., Aggarwal, P. K., Kalra, N. and Swaruparani, D. N., Changes in pest profiles in rice-wheat cropping system in Indo-gangetic plains. Ann. Plant Protec. Sci., 2003, 11, 258–263.
- Mishra, H. P. and Jena, B. C., Integrated pest management in rice. In Entomology: Novel Approaches (eds Jain, P. C. and Bhargava, M. C.), New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi, 2007, p. 268.
- Srivastava, C., Chander, S., Sinha, S. R. and Palta, R. K., Toxicity of various insecticides against Delhi and Palla population of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 2009, 79, 1003–1006.
- IPCC, Summary for policy makers. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the IV Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds Solomon, S. et al.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007, pp. 1–18.
- IPCC, Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2014, p. 1150.
- Parry, M. A. J., Madgwick, P. J., Carvalho, J. F. C. and Andralojc, P. J., Prospects for increasing photosynthesis by overcoming the limitations of Rubisco. J. Agric. Sci., 2007, 145, 31–43.
- CRRI, Central Rice Research Institute, Vision 2030, Cuttack, Odisha, India, 2011, p. 14.
- Bale, J. S. B. et al., Herbivory in global climate change research: direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores. Global Chang. Biol., 2002, 8, 1–16.
- Parmesan, C., Influences of species, latitudes and methodologies on estimates of phenological response to global warming. Global Chang. Biol., 2007, 13, 1860–1872.
- Lastuvka, Z., Climate change and its possible influence on the occurrence and importance of insect pests. Plant. Prot. Sci., 2009, 45, 53–62.
- Thomson, L. J., Macfadyen, S. and Hoffmann, A. A., Predicting the effects of climate change on natural enemies of agricultural pests. Biol. Control., 2010, 52, 296–306.
- Lincoln, D. E., Couvet, D. and Sionit, N., Response of an insect herbivore to host plants grown in carbon dioxide enriched atmospheres. Oecologia, 1986, 6, 556–560.
- Zhang, G. et al., The effects of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on carbon and nitrogen accumulation in grains of rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Exp. Bot., 2013, 64(11), 3179–3188.
- Ainsworth, E. A. and Rogers, A., The response of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to rising (CO2): mechanisms and environmental interactions. Plant Cell Environ., 2007, 30(3), 258–270.
- Kobayashi, K., Okada, M., Kim, H. Y., Lieffering, M., Miura, S. and Hasegawa, T., Paddy rice responses to free-air CO2 enrichment. In Managed Ecosystems and CO2: Case Studies, Processes, and Perspectives (eds Nosberger, J. et al.), Springer, Berlin, 2006, pp. 87–104.
- Long, S. P., Ainsworth, E. A., Leakey, A. D. B., Nosberger, J. and Ort, D. R., Food for thought: lower-than-expected crop yield stimulation with rising CO2 concentrations. Science, 2006, 312, 1918–1921.
- Pal, M. I., Rao, S., Srivastava, A. C., Jain, V. and Sengupta, U. K., Impact of CO2 enrichment and variable composition and partitioning of essential nutrients of wheat. Biol. Plant., 2003, 47, 27–32.
- Bremner, J. M., Methods of Soil Analysis, Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI, 1965, Part 2, pp. 1256–1286.
- Hedge, J. E. and Hofreiter, B. T., In Carbohydrates Chemistry (eds Whistler, R. L. and BeMiller, J. N.), Academic Press, New York, 1962, p. 17.
- Pandi, G. G. P., Chander, S., Pal, M. and Pathak, H., Impact of elevated CO2 and temperature on brown planthopper population in rice ecosystem. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India. B. Biol., 2016, doi:10.1007/s40011-016-0727-x.
- Begum, M. N. and Wilkins, R. M., A parafilm sachet technique for measuring the feeding of Nilaparvata lugens on rice plants with correction for evapotranspiration. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 1988, 88, 301–304.
- Prasannakumar, N., Chander, S. and Pal, M., Assessment of impact of climate change with reference to elevated CO2 on rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.) and crop yield. Curr. Sci., 2012, 103(10), 1201–1205.
- Pathak, P. K., Saxena, R. C. and Heinrichs, E. A., Parafilm sachet for measuring honeydew excretion by Nilaparvata lugens on rice. J. Econ. Entomol., 1982, 75, 194–195.
- Xiao, N. C., Wei, H., Neng, W. X., Sheng, L. J., Zhi, H. L. and Fa, J. C., Effects of elevated CO2 and transgenic Bt rice on yeast like endosymbionts and its host brown planthopper. J. Appl. Entomol., 2011, 135, 333–342.
- Chen, F. J., Wu, G. and Ge, F., Impacts of elevated CO2 on the population abundance and reproductive activity of aphid Sitobion avenae Fabricius feeding on spring wheat. J. Appl. Entomol., 2004, 128, 723–730.
- Sudderth, E. A., Stinson, K. A. and Bazzaz, F. A., Host-specific aphid population responses to elevated CO2 and increased N availability. Global Chang. Biol., 2005, 11, 1997–2008.
- Dermody, O., Long, S. P. and McConnaughay, K., How do elevated CO2 and O3 affect the interception and utilization of radiation by a soybean canopy? Global Chang. Biol., 2008, 14, 556–564.
- Guo, H., Sun, Y., Li, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, Z. and Ge, F., Elevated CO2 decreases the response of the ethylene signalling pathway in Medicago truncatula and increases the abundance of the pea aphid. New Phytol., 2014, 201, 279–291; doi:10.1111/nph.12484.
- O’Neill, B. F., Zangerl, A. R., DeLucia, E. H., Casteel, C., Zavala, J. A. and Berenbaum, M. R., Leaf temperature of soybean grown under elevated CO2 increases Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) population growth. Insect Sci., 2011, 18, 419–425; doi:10.1111/j.1744-7917.2011.01420.x.
- Flynn, D. F. B., Sudderth, E. A. and Bazzaz, F. A., Effects of aphid herbivory on biomass and leaf-level physiology of Solanum dulcamara under elevated temperature and CO2. Environ. Exp. Bot., 2006, 56, 10–18.
- Xie, H., Zhao, L., Wang, W., Wang, Z., Ni, X., Cai, W. and He, K., Changes in life history parameters of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Homoptera: Aphididae) under four different elevated temperature and CO2 combinations. J. Econ. Entomol., 2014, 107(4), 1411–1418.
- Shi, B. K., Huang, J. L., Hu, C. X. and Hou, M. L., Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on rice planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. J. Integr. Agric., 2014, 13(7), 1520–1529.
- Hughes, L. and Bazzaz, F. A., Effects of elevated CO2 on five plant–aphid interactions. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 2001, 99(1), 87–96.
- Chen, F., Ge, F. and Parajulee, M. N., Impact of elevated CO2 on tri-trophic interaction of Gossypium hirsutum, Aphis gossypii, and Leis axyridis. Environ. Entomol., 2005, 34, 37–46.
- Peltonen, P. A., Julkunen-tiitto, R., Vapaavuori, E. and Holopainen, J. K., Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on aphid oviposition preference and birch bud exudate phenolics. Global Chang. Biol., 2006, 12, 1670–1679.
- Docherty, M., Wade, F., Hurst, D. K., Whittaker, J. B. and Lea, P. J., Responses of tree sap-feeding herbivores to elevated CO2. Global Chang. Biol., 1997, 3, 51–59.
- Mondor, E. B., Awmack, X. C. and Lindroth, R. L., Individual growth rates do not predict aphid population densities under altered atmospheric conditions. Agric. Forest Entomol., 2010, 12, 293–299.
- Stiling, P. and Cornelissen, T., How does elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) affect plant-herbivore interactions? A field experiment and meta-analysis of CO2-mediated changes on plant chemistry and herbivore performance. Global Chang. Biol., 2007, 13, 1823–1842.
- Auad, A. M., Fonseca, M. G., Resende T. T. and Maddalena, I. S. C. P., Effect of climate change on longevity and reproduction of Sipha flava (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Fla. Entomol., 2012, 95(2), 433–444.
- Bernacchi, C. J. et al., Hourly and seasonal variation in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of soybean grown at future CO2 and ozone concentrations for 3 years under fully open-air field conditions. Plant cell Environ., 2006, 29, 2077–2090.
- Rogers, A. et al., Leaf photosynthesis and carbohydrate dynamics of soybeans grown throughout their life-cycle under free-air carbon dioxide enrichment. Plant cell Environ., 2004, 27, 449–458; doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01163.x.
- Sogawa, K., Damage mechanisms of brown planthopper infestation: modelling approaches under a paradigm shift in pest management. In SARP Res Proc: Analysis of Damage Mechanisms by Pests and Diseases and their Effects on Rice Yield (eds Elings, A. E. and Rubia, E. G.), Research Institute of Agro Biology and Soil Fertility, DLO, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Theoretical Production Ecology, WAU, Wageninigen, The Netherlands and IRRI, Los Banos, The Philippines, 1994, pp. 135–153.
- Zhu, Z. R. and Cheng, J., Sucking rates of the white backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera and yield loss of rice. J. Pest Sci., 2000, 75, 113–117.
- Sun, Y. and Ge, F., How do aphids respond to elevated CO2? J. Asia Pacific Entomol., 2011, 14, 217–220.
- Goverde, M. and Erhardt, A., Effects of elevated CO2 on development and larval food-plant preference in the butterfly, Coenonympha pamphilus (Lepidoptera, Satyridae). Global Chang. Biol., 2003, 9, 74–83.
- Rao, M. S., Srinivas, K., Vanaja, M., Rao, G. S. N., Venkateswarlu, B. and Ramakrishna, Y. S., Host plant (Ricinus communis Linn.) mediated effects of elevated CO2 on growth performance of two insect folivores. Curr. Sci., 2009, 97, 1047–1054.
- Guo, H., Sun, Y., Li, Y., Tong, B., Harris, M., Zhu, S. K. and Ge, F., Pea aphid promotes amino acid metabolism both in Medicago truncatula and bacteriocytes to favor aphid population growth under elevated CO2. Global Chang. Biol., 2013, 19, 3210–3223.
- Imidacloprid Efficacy against Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens under Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Temperature
Abstract Views :247 |
PDF Views:75
Authors
Govindharaj Guru-Pirasanna-Pandi
1,
Subhash Chander
1,
Madan Pal Singh
1,
P. S. Soumia
1,
M. Sujithra
1
Affiliations
1 Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN
1 Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 117, No 7 (2019), Pagination: 1199-1206Abstract
Influence of elevated CO2 and temperature (elevated condition (EC)) vis-à-vis ambient CO2 and tempera-ture (ambient condition (AC)) on plant (rice) growth, insect Nilaparvata lugens (brown planthopper (BPH)) population and insecticide (Imidacloprid) efficacy was evaluated under open top chamber conditions. EC had a positive effect on rice crop through increase in tillers numbers (18.4%), reproductive tillers (20.5%) but in-flicted negative effect on 1000-grain weight (11.7%) and grain yield (11.9%). Likewise, higher canopy cover of the plant was noticed under EC (16.1 cm) when compared to AC (12.9 cm). With respect to BPH population during 2013 and 2014, EC exhibited posi-tive effect by enhancing its mean population to 66.1 and 49.4 hoppers hill–1 respectively, compared to cor-responding 36.8 and 29.5 hoppers hill–1 under AC. With respect to Imidacloprid efficacy against BPH, LC50 was significantly lower under EC (0.044%) in comparison to AC (0.065). Similarly, in 2013 under AC, 500, 600, 700 l ha–1 spray volume caused >50% BPH mortality than 400 l ha–1 at 5 day after spray. However, during the same exposure period under EC, only 700 and 600 l ha–1 produced more than 50% mortality compared to 500 and 400 l ha–1. Positive in-fluence of EC on BPH population resulted in signifi-cantly higher yield loss (41.1%) compared to ambient (26.5%) in untreated check. Though LC50 under EC was less, higher canopy size and more BPH population resulted in increase in spray volume to cause similar mortality as of AC. The present results indicated that spray volumes of 400 and 500 l ha–1 was found insuffi-cient to manage BPH population under EC; hence the current management strategies for BPH needs to be redefined under changing climatic conditions.Keywords
Basmati Rice, Brown Planthopper, Climate Change, Elevated CO2, Insecticide.References
- Stocker, T. F. et al. (eds), IPCC, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2013, pp. 7–22, 1535; doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.
- Moore, F. C., Baldos, U., Hertel, T. and Diaz, D., New science of climate change impacts on agriculture implies higher social cost of carbon. Nature Commun., 2017, 8, 1607; doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01792-x.
- Parry, M. A. J., Madgwick, P. J., Carvalho, J. F. C. and Andralojc, P. J., Prospects for increasing photosynthesis by overcoming the limitations of Rubisco. J. Agric. Sci., 2007, 145, 31–43.
- Timmer, C. P., Behavioral dimensions of food security. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2010, 109(31), 12315–12320.
- Khush, G. S., Harnessing science and technology for sustainable rice-based production systems. In FAO Rice Conference 04/CRS.14, Rome, Italy, 12–13 February 2004,, p. 13; http:// www.fao.org/rice2004/en/pdf/khush.pdf.
- Indiastat, Rice production statistics, 2018; http://www.indiastat. com/table/agriculture/2/rice/17194/56320/data.aspx (accessed on 8 December 2018).
- Krishnaiah, N. V., Lakshmi, V. J., Pasalu, I. C., Katti, G. R. and Padmavathi, C., Insecticides in rice – IPM, past, present and future. Technical Bulletin No. 30, Directorate of Rice Research, ICAR, Hyderabad, 2008, p. 146.
- Behura, N., Sen, P. and Kar, M. K., Introgression of yellow stem borer (Scirphophaga oryzae) resistance gene, into cultivated rice (Oryza sp.) from wild spp. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 2011, 81, 359–362.
- Chander, S., Aggarwal, P. K., Kalra, N. and Swaruparani, D. N., Changes in pest profiles in rice-wheat cropping system in Indo-gangetic plains. Ann. Plant Protect. Sci., 2003, 11(2), 258–263.
- Mishra, H. P. and Jena, B. C., Integrated pest management in rice. In Entomology: Novel Approaches (eds Jain, P. C. and Bhargava, M. C.), New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi, 2007, p. 268.
- Nguyen, N. V. and Ferrero, A., Meeting the challenges of global rice production. Paddy Water Environ., 2006, 4, 1–9.
- Bale, J. S. B. et al., Herbivory in global climate change research: direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores. Global Change Biol., 2002, 8, 1–16.
- Parmesan, C., Influences of species, latitudes and methodologies on estimates of phenological response to global warming. Global Change Biol., 2007, 13, 1860–1872; doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486. 2007.01404.x.
- Lastuvka, Z., Climate change and its possible influence on the occurrence and importance of insect pests. Plant Prot. Sci., 2009, 45, S53–S62.
- Thomson, L. J., Macfadyen, S. and Hoffmann, A. A., Predicting the effects of climate change on natural enemies of agricultural pests. Biology, 2010, 52, 296–306.
- Coakley, S. M., Scherm, H. and Chakraborty, S., Climate change and disease management. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 1999, 37, 399–426.
- Sudderth, E. A., Stinson, K. A. and Bazzaz, F. A., Host-specific aphid population responses to elevated CO2 and increased N availability. Global Change Biol., 2005, 11, 1997–2008.
- Flynn, D. F. B., Sudderth, E. A. and Bazzaz, F. A., Effects of aphid herbivory on biomass and leaf-level physiology of Solanum dulcamara under elevated temperature and CO2. Environ. Exp. Bot., 2006, 56, 10–18.
- Dermody, O., Long, S. P. and McConnaughay, K., How do elevated CO2 and O3 affect the interception and utilization of radiation by a soybean canopy? Global Change Biol., 2008, 14, 556–564.
- Pandi, P. G. G., Chander, S., Pal, M. and Soumia, P. S., Impact of elevated CO2 on Oryza sativa phenology and brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) population. Curr. Sci., 2018, 114(8), 1767–1777.
- Guo, H., Sun, Y., Li, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, Z. and Ge, F., Elevated CO2 decreases the response of the ethylene signalling pathway in Medicago truncatula and increases the abundance of the pea aphid. New Phytol., 2014, 201, 279–291; doi:10.1111/nph.12484.
- Xie, H., Zhao, L., Wang, W., Wang, Z., Ni, X., Cai, W. and He, K., Changes in life history parameters of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Homoptera: Aphididae) under four different elevated temperature and CO2 combinations. J. Econ. Entomol., 2014, 107(4), 1411–1418.
- Pandi, P. G. G., Chander, S., Pal, M. and Pathak, H., Impact of elevated CO2 and temperature on brown planthopper population in rice ecosystem. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. B, 2016; doi:10.1007/ s40011-016-0727-x.
- Pandi, P. G. G., Chander, S. and Pal, M., Impact of elevated CO2 on rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (stal.). Indian J. Entomol., 2017, 79(1), 82–85.
- Chen, C. C. and McCarl, B. A., An investigation of the relationship between pesticide usage and climate change. Climate Change, 2001, 61, 475–487.
- McCarl, B. A. and Reilly, J., Chapter 3 sector level economics. In Agricultural Sector Assessment Report for US Global Change Research Program, US National Assessment, The potential consequences of climate variability and change, 2000; http://www.nacc.usgcrp.gov/sectors/agriculture.
- Koleva, N. G., Schneider, U. A. and Tol, R. S. J., The impact of weather variability and climate change on pesticide applications in the US – An empirical investigation. Summer, 2009, 18, 10.
- Delcour, I., Spanoghe, P. and Uyttendaele, M., Literature review: impact of climate change on pesticide use. Food Res. Int., 2015, 68, 7–15.
- Abebe, A., Pathak, H., Singh, S. D., Bhatia, A., Harit, R. C. and Kumar, V., Growth, yield and quality of maize with elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature in north-west India. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 2016, 218, 66–72.
- Zhuang, Y. L. and Shen, J. L., A method for monitoring of resistance to buprofezin in the brown planthopper. J. Nanjing Agric. Univ., 2000, 23, 114–117.
- Abbott, W. S., A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol., 1925, 18(2), 265–267.
- Gomez, K. A. and Gomez, A., Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, Wiley, New York, USA, 1984, 2nd edn, p. 704
- Ugine, T. A., Wraight, S. P. and Sanderson, J. P., Effects of manipulating spray application parameters on efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana against Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, infesting greenhouse impatiens crops. Biocontrol Sci. Technol., 2007, 17, 193–219.
- Wise, J. C., Jenkins, P. E., Schilder, A. M. C., Vandervoort, C. and Isaacs, R., Sprayer type and water volume influence pesticide deposition and control of insect pests and diseases in juice grapes. Crop Protect., 2010, 29, 378–385.
- Studebaker, G. E. and Lancaster, S., Effect of spray volume on the efficacy of insecticides recommended for tarnished plant bugs. AAES Res. Ser., 2011, 602, 129–131.
- Coviella, C. E. and Trumble, J. T., Effect of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on the use of foliar application of Bacillus thuringiensis. Biocontrol, 2000, 45(3), 325–336.
- Himanen, S. J., Nerg, A., Nissinen, A., Stewart, C. N., Poppy, G. M. and Holopainen, J. K., Elevated atmospheric ozone increases concentration of insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ac protein in Bt Brassica napus and reduces feeding of a Bt target herbivore on the non-transgenic parent. Environ. Pollut., 2009, 157, 181–185.
- Ge, L. Q., Wu, J. C., Sun, Y. C., Ouyang, F. and Ge, F., Effects of triazophos on biochemical substances of transgenic Bt rice and its nontarget pest Nilaparvata lugens Stål under elevated CO2. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol., 2013, 107, 188–199.
- Baker, J. T., Allen, L. H. and Boote, K. J., Temperature effects on rice at elevated CO2 concentration. J. Exp. Bot., 1992, 43(7), 959–964.
- Pal, M. I., Rao, S., Srivastava, A. C., Jain, V. and Sengupta, U. K., Impact of CO2 enrichment and variable composition and partitioning of essential nutrients of wheat. Biol. Plantarum, 2003, 47, 27–32.
- Oh-e, I., Saitoh, K. and Kuroda, T., Effects of high temperature on growth, yield and dry-matter production of rice grown in the paddy field. Plant Product. Sci., 2007, 10, 412–422.
- Conroy, J. P., Seneweera, S., Basra, A. S., Rogers, G. and Nissen-Wooller, B., Influence of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations and temperature on growth, yield and grain quality of cereal crops. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 1994, 21, 741–758.
- Chaturvedi, A. K., Bahuguna, R. N., Shah, D., Pal, M. and Jagadish, S. V. K., High temperature stress during flowering and grain filling offsets beneficial impact of elevated CO2 on assimilate partitioning and sink-strength in rice. Sci. Rep., 2017, 7, 8227; doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07464-6.
- Gregory, P. J., Johnson, S. N., Newton, A. C. and Ingram, J. S. I., Integrating pests and pathogens into the climate change/food security debate. J. Exp. Bot., 2009, 60, 2827–2838.
- Genetic Homogeneity in Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) as Revealed from Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I
Abstract Views :162 |
PDF Views:71
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, IN
2 Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN
1 Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, IN
2 Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 119, No 6 (2020), Pagination: 1045-1050Abstract
Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) is a seasonal migrant pest in North India. The present study analyses the genetic diversity of N. lugens by employing a partial fragment of the mitochondrial gene encoding cytochrome oxidase I (COI) using samples from 16 different localities of India. Total of 16 full-length COI gene sequences generated from this study with 16 COI gene sequences retrieved from GenBank were analysed for genetic differentiation and haplotypes of N. lugens populations in order to determine the genetic structure. Based on the partial COI gene, high genetic homogeneity was detected in N. lugens populations of India and they form a single genetic group. The Tajima’s D test and Fu’s F test also support our result, and indicate recent population expansion, while the phylogenetic tree suggests that geographically distinct populations of N. lugens do not exist in India.Keywords
Brown Planthopper, Cytochrome Oxidase I, Genetic Homogeneity, Phylogenetic Tree.References
- Herdt, R. W., Equity considerations in setting priories for third world rice biotechnology research. Dev. Seeds Change, 1987, 4, 19–24.
- Sogawa, K., A change in biotype property of brown planthopper populations immigrating into Japan and their probable source areas. Kyushu Plant Prot. Res., 1992, 38, 63–68.
- Anjaneyalu, A., Identification of grassy stunt, a new virus disease of rice in India. Curr. Sci., 1974, 43, 416–417.
- Kulshreshtha, J. P., Anjaneyulu, A. and Padmanabhan, S. Y., The disastrous brown plant-hopper attack in Kerala. Indian Farm., 1974, 24, 5–7.
- Srinivasa, N., Studies on seasonal phenology and climate change impact on brown planthopper dynamics with stress proteins and insecticidal efficacy perspective, PhD thesis, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 2019.
- Riley, J. R., Reynolds, D. R., Mukhopadyay, S., Ghosh, M. R. and Sarkar, T. K., Long-distance windborne migration of aphids and other small insects in northeast India. Eur. J. Entomol., 1995, 92, 639–653.
- Reynolds, D. R., Mukhopadhyay, S., Riley, J. R. B., Das, B. K., Nath, P. S. and Mandal, S. K., Seasonal variation in the windborne movement of insect pests over northeast India. Int. J. Pest Manage., 1999, 45, 195–205.
- Otuka, A., Matsumura, M., Watanabe, T. and Ding, T. V., A migration analysis for rice planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) and Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), emigrating from northern Vietnam from April to May. Appl. Entomol. Zool., 2008, 43, 527–534.
- Otuka, A., Dudhia, J., Watanabe, T. and Furuno, A., A new trajectory analysis method for migratory planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), using an advanced weather forecast model. Agric. For. Entomol., 2005, 7, 1–9.
- Krishnaih, N. H., A global perspective of rice brown planthopper management I crop-climatic requirement. Int. J. Mol. Zool., 2014, 4, 918–925.
- Matsumura, M., Takeuchi, H., Satoh, M., Sanada-Morimura, S., Otuka, A., Wanate, T. and Van Thanh, D., Species-specific insecticide resistance to imidacloprid and fipronil in the rice planthoppers, Nilarparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera in East and Southeast Asia. Pest Manage. Sci., 2008, 64, 1115–1121.
- Claridge, M. F., Hollander, J. D. and Morgan, J. C., Variation in courtship signals and hybridization between geographically definable populations of their rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal). Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 1985, 24, 35–49.
- Roderick, G. K., Geographic structure of insect population: gene flow, phylogeography, and their uses. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 1996, 41, 263–290.
- Simon, C., Prati, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H. and Flook, P., Evolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene severances and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 1994, 87, 651–701.
- Srinivasa, N., Subhash Chander, Rahul Kumar Chandel and Sagar, D., Gonotopus spp. parasitoids on rice plant hoppers. Indian J. Entomol., 2019, 81, 352–354.
- Yoshida, H., Yoshioka, M., Shirakihara, M. and Chow, S., Population structures of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in coastal waters of Japan based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. J. Mammal., 2001, 82, 123–130.
- Nobre, T., Nunes, L., Eggleton, P. and Bignell, D. E., Distribution and genetic variation of Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Portugal. Heredity, 2006, 96, 403–409.
- Kranthi, S. et al., Mitochondria COI-based genetic diversity of the cotton leafhopper Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) populations from India. Mitochondrial DNA Part A, 2017, 24, 1–11.
- Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. and Vrijenhoek, R., DNA primers for amplifiation of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol., 1994, 3, 294–299.
- Jeanmougin, F., Thompson, J. D., Gouy, M., Higgins, D. G. and Gibson, T. J., Multiple sequence alignment with ClustalX [J]. Trends Biochem. Sci., 1998, 23, 403–405.
- Kimura, M., A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evol., 1980, 16, 111–120.
- Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. and Kumar, S., MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance and maximum parsimony methods. Mol. Biol. Evol., 2011, 28, 2731–2739.
- Librado, P. and Rozas, J., DnaSP V5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics, 2009, 25, 1451–1452.
- Tajima, F., Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics, 1989, 123, 585–595.
- Fu, Y. X., Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection. Genetics, 1997, 147, 915–925.
- Dyck, V. A. and Thomas, B., The brown planthopper problem. In Brown Planthopper: Threat to Rice Production in Asia, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines, 1979, pp. 3–17.
- Fu, J. Y., Han, B. Y. and Xiao, Q., Mitochondrial COI and 16sRNA evidence for a single species hypothesis of E. vitis, J. formosana and E. onukii in East Asia, PLoS ONE, 2014, 9(12), e115259; doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115259.
- De Jong, M. A., Kesbeke, F. M. N. H., Brakefield, P. M. and Zwan, B. J., Geographic variation in thermal plasticity of life history and wing pattern in Bicyclus anynana. Climate Res., 2010, 43, 91–102.
- Brower, A. V. Z. and Boyce, T. M., Mitochondrial DNA variation in monarch butterflies. Evolution, 1991, 45, 1281–1286.
- Estoup. A., Solignac, M., Cornuet, J. M., Goudet, J. and Scholl, A., Genetic differentiation of continental and island populations of Bombusterrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Europe. Mol. Ecol., 1996, 5, 19–31.
- Freeland, J. R., May, M., Lodge, R. and Conrad, K. F., Genetic diversity and widespread haplotypes in a migratory dragonfly, the common green darner Anax junius. Ecol. Entomol., 2003, 28, 413–421.
- Akmal, M., Freed, S., Dietrich, C. H., Mehmood, M and Razaq, M., Patterns of genetic differentiation among populations of Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Shiraki) (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera), Mitochondrial DNA Part A, 2018, 29(6), 897–904.
- Insects: biodiversity, threat status and conservation approaches
Abstract Views :144 |
PDF Views:70
Authors
Kerur Vishwanath Raghavendra
1,
Thangavel Bhoopathi
2,
Ravi Gowthami
3,
Manikyanahalli Chandrashekara Keerthi
4,
Sachin Suresh Suroshe
5,
K. B. Ramesh
5,
Shivakumara Kadanakuppe Thammayya
6,
Subhash Shivaramu
7,
Subhash Chander
8
Affiliations
1 ICAR-National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi - 110 012, IN
2 ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN
3 ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetics Resources, New Delhi - 110 012, IN
4 ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi - 284 001, IN
5 ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110 012, IN
6 ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand 387 310, IN
7 ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Regional Station, Modipuram - 250 110, IN
8 ICAR-National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi 110 012, IN
1 ICAR-National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi - 110 012, IN
2 ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN
3 ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetics Resources, New Delhi - 110 012, IN
4 ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi - 284 001, IN
5 ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110 012, IN
6 ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand 387 310, IN
7 ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Regional Station, Modipuram - 250 110, IN
8 ICAR-National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi 110 012, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 122, No 12 (2022), Pagination: 1374-1384Abstract
Insects are an important component of the ecosystem and fast dwindling of its diversity is reported globally. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed a total of 77,435 species of insects between 1996 and 2020, of which 18,180 (23.47%) species are reported to be threatened and the majority of threatened species was reported in Odonata followed by Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Out of 1843 species listed as critically endangered, endangered, extinct, extinct in wild and vulnerable, from the literature it was found that 596 are predators, 40 are pollinators, 164 are saprophagous, 620 are herbivores, 272 are omnivores, 137 are parasites and 14 are unknown. This study provides concise information on insect diversity, global threat status and major driving factors for population decline, which will be helpful in determining the priority insect groups that require conservation.Keywords
Conservation Approaches, Ecological Indicators, Insect Biodiversity, Population Decline, Threatened SpeciesReferences
- Hill, D. S., The Economic Importance of Insects, Springer Science and Business Media, 2012.
- Scudder, G. G., The importance of insects. In Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, Wiley Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2017, pp. 9–13.
- Samways, M. J., Insect conservation for the twenty-first century. In Insect Science-Diversity, Conservation and Nutrition, Intech Open, London, 2018, p. 98.
- Weisser, W. W. and Siemann, E., The various effects of insects on ecosystem functioning. In Insects and Ecosystem Dunction, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2008, pp. 3–24.
- Chown, S. L. and Terblanche, J. S., Physiological diversity in insects: ecological and evolutionary contexts. Adv. Insect Phys., 2006, 33, 50–152.
- Garrouste, R. et al., A complete insect from the Late Devonian period. Nature, 2012, 488(7409), 82–85.
- Labandeira, C. C., Johnson, K. R. and Wilf, P., Impact of the terminal Cretaceous event on plant–insect associations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2002, 99(4), 2061–2066.
- Ponel, P. et al., 110,000 years of Quaternary beetle diversity change. Biodivers. Conserv., 2003, 12(10), 2077–2089.
- Hallmann, C. A. et al., More than 75 per cent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas. PLoS ONE, 2017, 12(10), e0185809.
- Mace, G. M. et al., Quantification of extinction risk: IUCN’s system for classifying threatened species. Conserv. Biol., 2008, 22(6), 1424–1442.
- Rodrigues, A. S., Pilgrim, J. D., Lamoreux, J. F., Hoffmann, M.and Brooks, T. M., The value of the IUCN Red List for conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol., 2006, 21(2), 71–76.
- Samways, M. J., Insect Diversity Conservation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, 2005. p. 342.
- Fox, R., Warren, M. S., Brereton, T. M., Roy, D. B. and Robinson, A., A new Red List of British butterflies. Insect Conserv. Divers., 2011, 4, 159–172.
- Warren, M. S., Barnett, L. K., Gibbons, D. W. and Avery, M. I., Assessing national conservation priorities: an improved Red List of British butterflies. Biol. Conserv., 1997, 82, 317–328.
- van Strien, A. J., van Swaay, C. A., can Strien-van Liempt, W. T., Poot, M. J. and Wallis DeVries, M. F., Over a century of data reveal more than 80% decline in butterflies in the Netherlands. Biol. Conserv., 2019, 234, 116–122.
- Nemesio, A., Are orchid bees at risk? First comparative survey suggests declining populations of forest-dependent species. Braz. J. Biol., 2013, 73(2), 367–374.
- Kuussaari, M., Heliölä, J., Pöyry, J. and Saarinen, K., Contrasting trends of butterfly species preferring semi-natural grasslands, field margins and forest edges in northern Europe. J. Insect Conserv., 2007, 11, 351–366.
- Fox, R., The decline of moths in Great Britain: a review of possible causes. Insect Conserv. Divers., 2013, 6, 5–19.
- McKinney, M. L., High rates of extinction and threat in poorly studied taxa. Conserv. Biol., 1999, 13, 1273–1281.
- Thomas, J. A. et al., Comparative losses of British butterflies, birds, and plants and the global extinction crisis. Science, 2004, 303, 1879–1881.
- Relyea, R. A. and Hoverman, J. T., Interactive effects of predators and a pesticide on aquatic communities. Oikos, 2008, 117(11), 1647–1658.
- Suhonen, J., Hilli Lukkarinen, M. I. L. L. A., Korkeamaeki, E. S. A., Kuitunen, M., Kullas, J., Penttinen, J. and Salmela, J., Local extinction of dragonfly and damselfly populations in low and high quality habitat patches. Conserv. Biol., 2010, 24(4), 1148–1153.
- Hannon, E. R. and Hafernik, J. E., Reintroduction of the rare damselfly, Ischnura gemina (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) into an urban California park. J. Insect Conserv., 2007, 11(2), 141–149.
- Clausnitzer, V. et al., Odonata enter the biodiversity crisis debate: the first global assessment of an insect group. Biol. Conserv., 2009, 142(8), 1864–1869.
- Sánchez-Bayo, F. and Wyckhuys, K. A., Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: a review of its drivers. Biol. Conserv., 2019, 232, 8–27.
- Alignan, J. F., Debras, J. F. and Dutoit, T., Effects of ecological restoration on Orthoptera assemblages in a Mediterranean steppe rangeland. J. Insect Conserv., 2014, 18, 1073–1085.
- Tiwari, U. and Gupta, U. S., Diversity of orthoptera fauna of Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh. Int. J. Adv. Res. Rev., 2020, 5(12), 15–21.
- Hochkirch, A. et al., European Red List of grasshoppers, crickets and bush-crickets. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2016, p. 86.
- Grzędzicka, E. and Vahed, K., Habitat requirements of the endangered heath bush-cricket Gampsocleis glabra (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) in an isolated population. J. Insect Conserv., 2020, 24(6), 935–945.
- Fattorini, S., Beetle species – area relationships and extinction rates in protected areas. Insects, 2020, 11(9), 646.
- Foit, J., Kašák, J. and Nevoral, J., Habitat requirements of the endangered longhorn beetle Aegosoma scabricorne (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae): a possible umbrella species for saproxylic beetles in European lowland forests. J. Insect Conserv., 2016, 20(5), 837–844.
- Mittal, I. C., Diversity and Coleoptera) in North India. Bull. Natl. Inst. Ecol., 2005, 15, 43–51.
- Numa, C. et al., The conservation status and distribution of Mediterranean dung beetles. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 2020, p. 55.
- New, T. R., Hymenoptera and Conservation, Wiley Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2012, p. 232.
- Ollerton, J., Winfree, R. and Tarrant, S., How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals? Oikos, 2011, 120, 321–326.
- Klein, A. M., Vaissière, B. E., Cane, J. H., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Cunningham, S. A., Kremen, C. and Tscharntke, T., Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc. Biol. Sci. Royal Soc., 2007, 274(1608), 303–313.
- Biesmeijer, J. C. et al., Parallel declines in pollinators and insectpollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science, 2006, 313(5785), 351–354.
- Kwon, T. S., Lee, C. M. and Sung, J. H., Diversity decrease of ant (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) after a forest disturbance: different responses among functional guilds. Zool. Stud., 2014, 53(1), 1–11.
- Graham, J. H. et al., Habitat disturbance and the diversity and abundance of ants (Formicidae) in the southeastern Fall-Line Sandhills. J. Insect Sci., 2004, 4(1), 30.
- Anderson, K. E., Sheehan, T. H., Eckholm, B. J., Mott, B. M. and DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., An emerging paradigm of colony health: microbial balance of the honey bee and hive (Apis mellifera). Insectes Soc., 2011, 58(4), 431–444.
- Smart, M., Pettis, J., Rice, N., Browning, Z. and Spivak, M., Linking measures of colony and individual honey bee health to survival among apiaries exposed to varying agricultural land use. PLoS ONE, 2016, 11, e0152685.
- Huang, Z., Pollen nutrition affects honey bee stress resistance. Terr. Arthropod Rev., 2012, 5, 75–189.
- http://www.fao.org/pollination/background/bees-and-other-pollinators/ en/ (accessed on 19 July 2021).
- Jauker, F., Bondarenko, B., Becker, H. C. and Steffan-Dewenter, I., Pollination efficiency of wild bees and hoverflies provided to oilseed rape. Agric. For. Entomol., 2012, 14(1), 81–87.
- Forister, M. L. et al., Increasing neonicotinoid use and the declining butterfly fauna of lowland California. Biol. Lett., 2016, 12(8), p. 20160475.
- Harmon, J. P., Stephens, E. and Losey, J., The decline of native coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the United States and Canada. J. Insect Conserv., 2007, 11, 85–94.
- Brown, M. and Miller, S., Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in apple orchards of eastern West Virginia and the impact of invasion by Harmonia axyridis. Entomol. News, 1998, 109, 143–151.
- Honek, A., Martinkova, Z., Kindlmann, P., Ameixa Olga, M. C. C. and Dixon Anthony, F. G., Long-term trends in the composition of aphidophagous coccinellid communities in Central Europe. Insect Conserv. Divers., 2014, 7, 55–63.
- Maes, D. and Van Dyck, H., Butterfly diversity loss in Flanders (North Belgium): Europe’s worst case scenario. Biol. Conserv., 2001, 99, 263–276.
- Swaay, C. V. et al., European Red List of butterflies, IUCN Red List of threatened species – regional assessment, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 2010.
- Habel, J. C., Segerer, A., Ulrich, W., Torchyk, O., Weisser, W. W. and Schmitt, T., Butterfly community shifts over two centuries. Conserv. Biol., 2016, 30(4), 754–762.
- van Swaay, C. A. M., An assessment of the changes in butterfly abundance in The Netherlands during the 20th century. Biol. Conserv., 1990, 52(4), 287–302.
- van Strien, A. J. et al., Modest recovery of biodiversity in a western European country: the Living Planet Index for the Netherlands. Biol. Conserv., 2016, 200, 44–50.
- Bartomeus, I., Ascher, J. S., Gibbs, J., Danforth, B. N., Wagner, D. L., Hedtke, S. M. and Winfree, R., Historical changes in northeastern US bee pollinators related to shared ecological traits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2013, 110(12), 4656–4660.
- Brooks, D. R. et al., Large carabid beetle declines in a United Kingdom monitoring network increases evidence for a widespread loss of insect biodiversity. J. Appl. Ecol., 2012, 49, 1009–1019.
- Brower, L. P., Taylor, O. R., Williams, E. H., Slayback, D. A., Zubieta, R. R. and Ramírez, M. I., Decline of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico: is the migratory phenomenon at risk? Insect Conserv. Divers., 2011, 5(2), 95–100.
- Brown, P. M. J., Frost, R., Doberski, J., Sparks, T., Harrington, R. and Roy, H. E., Decline in native ladybirds in response to the arrival of Harmonia axyridis: early evidence from England. Ecol. Entomol., 2011, 36(2), 231–240.
- Burkle, L. A., Markin, J. C. and Knight, T. M., Plant–pollinator interactions over 120 years: loss of species, co-occurrence, and function. Science, 2013, 339, 1611–1615.
- Cameron, S. A., Lozier, J. D., Strange, J. P., Koch, J. B., Cordes, N., Solter, L. F. and Griswold, T. L., Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2011, 108(2), 662–667.
- Carpaneto, G. M., Mazziotta, A. and Valerio, L., Inferring species decline from collection records: roller dung beetles in Italy (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Divers. Distrib., 2007, 13(6), 903–919.
- Conrad, K. F., Warren, M. S., Fox, R., Parsons, M. S. and Woiwod, I. P., Rapid declines of common, widespread British moths provide evidence of an insect biodiversity crisis. Biol. Conserv., 2006, 132(3), 279–291.
- Conrad, K. F., Woiwod, I. P., Parsons, M., Fox, R. and Warren, M. S., Long-term population trends in widespread British moths. J. Insect Conserv., 2006, 8(2–3), 119–136.
- Dennis, E. B., Brereton, T. M., Morgan, B. J. T., Fox, R., Shortall, C. R., Prescott, T. and Foster, S., Trends and indicators for quantifying moth abundance and occupancy in Scotland. J. Insect Conserv., 2019, 23(2), 369–380.
- Desender, K. and Turin, H., Loss of habitats and changes in the composition of the ground and tiger beetle fauna in four West European countries since 1950 (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Cicindelidae). Biol. Conserv., 1989, 48(4), 277–294.
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B. and Collen, B., Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science, 2014, 345(6195), 401–406.
- Forister, M. L., Fordyce, J. A., Nice, C. C., Thorne, J. H., Waetjen, D. P. and Shapiro, A. M., Impacts of a millennium drought on butterfly faunal dynamics. Climate Change Responses, 2018, 5(1), 3.
- Fox, R., The decline of moths in Great Britain: a review of possible causes. Insect Conserv. Divers., 2012, 6(1), 5–19.
- Fox, R. et al., The state of the UKs butterflies 2015. Butterfly Conservation and the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wareham, Dorset, UK, 2015. p. 27.
- Fox, R., Oliver, T. H., Harrower, C., Parsons, M. S., Thomas, C. D. and Roy, D. B., Long-term changes to the frequency of occurrence of British moths are consistent with opposing and synergistic effects of climate and land-use changes. J. Appl. Ecol., 2014, 51(4), 949–957.
- Gordon, W., Frankie, Mark Rizzardi, S., Vinson, B. and Griswold, T. L., Decline in bee diversity and abundance from 1972–2004 on a flowering leguminous tree, Andira inermis in Costa Rica at the interface of disturbed dry forest and the urban environment. J. Kansas. Entomol. Soc., 2009, 82(1), 1–20.
- Cranston, P. S. and Gullan, P. J., Phylogeny of insects. In Encyclopedia of Insects, 2009, pp. 780–793.
- Zhang, Z. Q., Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness, Magnolia Press, 2011.