Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Journals
Year
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Singh, Manju
- Influence of Fabrication Processes on Transport Properties of Superconducting Niobium Nitride Nanowires
Abstract Views :323 |
PDF Views:92
Authors
Manju Singh
1,
Rishu Chaujar
2,
Sudhir Husale
1,
S. Grover
3,
Amit P. Shah
3,
Mandar M. Deshmukh
3,
Anurag Gupta
1,
V. N. Singh
1,
V. N. Ojha
1,
D. K. Aswal
1,
R. K. Rakshit
1
Affiliations
1 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NPL Campus, Dr K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110 012, IN
2 Microelectronics Research Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi 110 042, IN
3 Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, IN
1 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NPL Campus, Dr K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110 012, IN
2 Microelectronics Research Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi 110 042, IN
3 Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 114, No 07 (2018), Pagination: 1443-1450Abstract
Fabrication of niobium nitride (NbN) superconducting nanowires based on focused ion beam (FIB) milling and electron beam lithography (EBL) is presented. The NbN films were deposited using reactive magnetron sputtering. Argon-to-nitrogen ratio turned out to be a crucial factor in synthesizing high quality superconducting NbN. Critical temperatures (Tc) of around 15.5 K were measured for films with a thickness of around 10 nm. Zero-field-cooled magnetization was measured to optimize the superconducting properties of ultra thin NbN films. The transport behaviour was studied using conventional resistance vs temperature and current-voltage characteristics down to 2 K. Effect of gallium contamination on superconducting properties has been discussed. Whereas the various processing steps of standard EBL route do not have any significant impact on the superconducting transition temperature as well as on the transition width of nanowires, there is significant degradation of superconducting properties of nanowires prepared using FIB. This has been attributed to gallium ion implantation across the superconducting channel. Although the effect of gallium implantation may have technological limitations in designing fascinating single photon detector architectures, it provides some interesting low-dimensional superconducting properties.Keywords
DC Magnetron Sputtering, EBL, FIB, Niobium Nitride, Superconducting Nanostructure, Thin Films.Full Text
References
- Gol’tsman, G. N. et al., Picosecond superconducting single-photon optical detector. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2001, 79, 705–707.
- Takesue, H., Nam, S. W., Zhang, Q., Hadfield, R. H., Honjo, T., Tamaki, K. and Yamamoto, Y., Quantum key distribution over a 40-dB channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors. Nat. Photon., 2007, 1, 343–348.
- Hadfield, R. H., Single-photon detectors for optical quantum information applications. Nat. Photon., 2009, 3, 696–705 and references therein.
- Rosenberg, D. et al., Practical long-distance quantum key distribution system using decoy levels. New J. Phys., 2009, 11, 045009(1–10).
- Stucki, D. et al., High rate, long-distance quantum key distribution over 250 km of ultra low loss fibres. New J. Phys., 2009, 11, 075003(1–9).
- Liu, Y. et al., Decoy-state quantum key distribution with polarized photons over 200 km. Opt. Express, 2010, 18, 8587–8594.
- Eisaman, M. D., Fan, J., Migdal, A. and Polyakov, S. V., Invited review article: single-photon sources and detectors. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 2011, 82, 071101(1–25) and references therein.
- Natarajan, C. M., Tanner, M. G. and Hadfield, R. H., Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors: physics and applications. Supercond. Sci. Tech., 2012, 25, 063001(1–16) and references therein.
- Wang, S. et al., 2 GHz clock quantum key distribution over 260 km of standard telecom fiber. Opt. Lett., 2012, 37, 1008–1010.
- Yao, X.-C. et al., Experimental demonstration of topological error correction. Nature, 2012, 482, 489–494.
- Ma, X.-S. et al., Quantum teleportation over 143 kilometres using active feed-forward. Nature, 2012, 489, 269–273.
- Pan, J.-W., Chen, Z.-B., Lu, C.-Y., Weinfurter, H., Zeilinger, A. and Zukowski, M., Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry. Rev. Mod. Phys., 2012, 84, 777–838.
- Shimizu, K. et al., Performance of long-distance quantum key distribution over 90-km optical links installed in a field environment of Tokyo metropolitan area. J. Lightwave Technol., 2014, 32, 141–151.
- Northup, T. E. and Blatt, R., Quantum information transfer using photons. Nat. Photon., 2014, 8, 356–363.
- Korzh, B. et al., Provably secure and practical quantum key distribution over 307 km of optical fibre. Nat. Photon., 2014, 9, 163–168.
- Takesue, H., Dyer, S. D., Stevens, M. J., Verma, V., Mirin, R. P. and Nam, S. W., Quantum teleportation over 100 km of fiber using highly efficient superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Optica, 2015, 2, 832–835.
- Engel, A., Renema, J. J., Il’in, K. and Semenov, A., Detection mechanism of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Supercond. Sci. Tech., 2015, 28, 114003(1–22) and references therein.
- Chunnilall, C. J., Degiovanni, I. P., Kuck, S., Muller, I. and Sinclair, A. G., Metrology of single-photon sources and detectors: a review. Opt. Eng., 2014, 53, 081910(1–17).
- Lita, A. E., Miller, A. J. and Nam, S. W., Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency. Opt. Express, 2008, 16, 3032–3040.
- Miki, S. et al., Large sensitive-area NbN nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors fabricated on single-crystal MgO substrates. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2008, 92, 061116(1–3).
- Korneev, A. et al., Recent nanowire superconducting single-photon detector optimization for practical applications. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2013, 23, 2201204(1–4).
- Bergeal, N., Grison, X., Lesueur, J., Faini, G., Aprili, M. and Contour, J.-P., High Tc superconducting quantum interference devices made by ion irradiation. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 89, 112515(1–3).
- Delacour, C. et al., Superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation with an atomic force microscope. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 90, 191116(1–3).
- Lee, S.-G., Oh, S., Kang, C. S. and Kim, S.-J., Superconducting nanobridge made from YBa2Cu3O7 film by using focused ion beam. Phys. C Supercond., 2007, 460, 1468–1469.
- Curtz, N., Koller, E., Zbinden, H., Decroux, M., Antognazza, L., Fischer, Ø. and Gisin, N., Patterning of ultrathin YBCO nanowires using a new focused-ion-beam process. Supercond. Sci. Technol. 2010, 23, 045015(1–6).
- Zhang, C. et al., Fabrication of superconducting nanowires from ultrathin MgB2 films via focused ion beam milling. AIP Adv., 2015, 5, 027139(1–8).
- Bachar, G., Baskin, I., Shtempluck, O. and Buks, E., Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors on-fiber. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2012, 101, 262601(1–3).
- Datesman, A. M., Schultz, J. C., Cecil, T. W., Lyons, C. M. and Lichtenberger, A. W., Gallium ion implantation into niobium thin films using a focused-ion beam. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2005, 15, 3524–3527.
- Lehrer, C., Frey, L., Petersen, S., Mizutani, M., Takai, M. and Ryssel, H., Defects and gallium-contamination during focused ion beam micro machining. In Proceedings of IEEE Ion Implantation Technology, 2000, pp. 695–698.
- Mayer, J., Giannuzzi, L. A., Kamino, T. and Michael, J., TEM sample preparation and FIB induced damage. MRS Bull., 2007, 32, 400–407.
- Venkataraj, S., Drese, R., Liesch, Ch., Kappertz, O., Jayavel, R. and Wuttig, M., Temperature stability of sputtered niobium-oxide films. J. Appl. Phys. 2002, 91, 4863–4871.
- Ziegler, M., Fritzsch, L., Day, J., Linzen, S., Anders, S., Toussaint, J. and Meyer, H.-G., Superconducting niobium nitride thin films deposited by metal organic plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition. Supercond. Sci. Technol., 2013, 26, 025008(1–5).
- Thakoor, S., Lamb, J. L., Thakoor, A. P. and Khanna, S. K., High Tc superconducting NbN films deposited at room temperature. J. Appl. Phys., 1985, 58, 4643–4648.
- Wang, Z., Kawakami, A., Uzawa, Y. and Komiyamaa, B., Superconducting properties and crystal structures of single-crystal niobium nitride thin films deposited at ambient substrate temperature. J. Appl. Phys., 1996, 79, 7837–7842.
- Ilin, K. et al., Ultra-thin NbN films on Si: crystalline and superconducting properties. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 2008, 97, 012045(1–6).
- Chockalingam, S. P., Chand, M., Jesudasan, J., Tripathi, V. and Raychaudhuri, P., Superconducting properties and Hall effect of epitaxial NbN thin films. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter, 2008, 77, 214503(1–8).
- Fominov, Y. V. and Feigel’man, M. V., Superconductive properties of thin dirty superconductor–normal-metal bilayers. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter, 2001, 63, 094518(1–14).
- Litombe, N. E., Bollinger, A. T., Hoffman, J. E. and Bozovic, I., La2–xSrxCuO4 superconductor nanowire devices. Phys. C Supercond., 2014, 506, 169–173.
- Elmurodov, A. K. et al., Phase-slip phenomena in NbN superconducting nanowires with leads. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter, 2008, 78, 214519(1–5).
- Delacour, C., Pannetier, B., Villegier, J.-C. and Bouchiat, V., Quantum and thermal phase slips in superconducting niobium nitride (NbN) ultrathin crystalline nanowire: application to single photon detection. Nano Lett., 2012, 12, 3501–3506.
- Cryogenic Measurement Set-Up for Characterization of Superconducting Nano Structures for Single-Photon Detection Applications
Abstract Views :292 |
PDF Views:75
Authors
Affiliations
1 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NPL Campus, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110 012, IN
2 Microelectronics Research Lab, Department of Engineering Physics, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi 110 042, IN
1 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NPL Campus, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110 012, IN
2 Microelectronics Research Lab, Department of Engineering Physics, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi 110 042, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 115, No 6 (2018), Pagination: 1085-1090Abstract
We discuss the design and development of a cryogenic set-up down to ~1.8 K for carrying out measurements on superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. The set-up consists of two separate low-temperature inserts, one for electrical characterization and the other for optical measurements and characterization of single-photon detectors. A sample holder with necessary arrangements for precise alignment of laser light with the active area of the device to enhance optical coupling efficiency has been designed for the optical probe. The invar alloy has been used for the sample holder to ensure that the alignment is not disturbed at low temperature. Single-mode fibres due to their high transmission rate, minimum attenuation and least distortion have been used to shine light on the samples. The sample holder with 20-pin LCC socket and matching chip carrier provides convenient and fast sample mounting in the electrical insert. Mumetal has been employed to cover the sample space in both the inserts in order to attenuate any electromagnetic interference. Temperature stability with the passage of time has been monitored. It has been found that variation in temperature is less than 10 mK at the lowest operating temperature. Another important advantage of the system is its low enough liquid helium loss rate (~100 ml/h) with all inserts, which allows uninterrupted measurements for several days without any refilling of liquid helium.Keywords
Device Packaging, Optical Alignment, Liquid Helium Cryostat, Low Temperature Measurement Probe.Full Text
References
- Yin, J. et al., Quantum teleportation and entanglement distribution over 100-kilometre free-space channels. Nature, 2012, 488, 185–188.
- Xiao-Song Ma, X.-S. et al., Quantum teleportation over 143 kilometres using active feed-forward. Nature, 2012, 489, 269–273.
- Takesue, H., Dyer, S. D., Stevens, M. J., Verma, V., Mirin, R. P. and Nam, S. W., Quantum teleportation over 100 km of fiber using highly efficient superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Optica, 2015, 2, 832–835.
- Hadfield, R. H., Single-photon detectors for optical quantum information applications. Nature Photonics, 2009, 3, 696–705, and references therein.
- Wang, S. et al., 2 GHz clock quantum key distribution over 260 km of standard telecom fiber. Opt. Lett., 2012, 37, 1008–1010.
- Yao, X.-C. et al., Experimental demonstration of topological error correction. Nature, 2012, 482, 489–494.
- Shimizu, K. et al., Performance of long-distance quantum key distribution over 90-km optical links installed in a field environment of Tokyo metropolitan area. J. Lightwave Technol., 2014, 32, 141– 151.
- Northup, T. E. and Blatt, R., Quantum information transfer using photons. Nature Photonics, 2014, 8, 356–363.
- Korzh, B. et al., Provably secure and practical quantum key distribution over 307 km of optical fibre. Nature Photonics, 2014, 9, 163–168.
- Yuana, Z. L., Dynes, J. F. and Shields, A. J., Resilience of gated avalanche photodiodes against bright illumination attacks in quantum cryptography. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2011, 98, 231104(1–3).
- Itzler, M. A. et al., Advances in InGaAsP-based avalanche diode single photon detectors. J. Mod. Opt., 2011, 58, 174–200.
- Gol’tsman, G. N. et al., Picosecond superconducting singlephoton optical detector. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2001, 79, 705–707.
- Eisaman, M. D., Fan, J., Migdal, A. and Polyakov, S. V., Invited review article: Single-photon sources and detectors. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 2011, 82, 071101(1–25), and references therein.
- Natarajan, C. M., Tanner, M. G. and Hadfield, R. H., Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors: physics and applications. Supercond. Sci. Technol., 2012, 25, 063001(1–16), and references therein.
- Lita, A. E., Miller, A. J. and Nam, S. W., Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency. Opt. Express, 2008, 16, 3032–3040.
- Miki, S. et al., Large sensitive-area NbN nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors fabricated on single-crystal MgO substrates. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2008, 92, 061116(1–3).
- Korneev, A. et al., Recent nanowire superconducting singlephoton detector optimization for practical applications. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2013, 23, 2201204(1–4).
- Salim, A. J., Eftekharian, A. and Majedi, A. H., High quantum efficiency and low dark count rate in multi-layer superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. J. Appl. Phys., 2014, 115, 054514(1–4).
- Akhlaghi, M. K., Atikian, H., Eftekharian, A., Loncar, M. and Majedi, A. H., Reduced Dark Counts in Optimized Geometries for Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors. Opt. Express, 2012, 20, 23610–23616.
- Orgiazzi, J.-L. F.-X. and Majedi, A. H., Robust packaging technique and characterization of fiber-pigtailed superconducting NbN nanowire single photon detectors. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2009, 19, 341–345.