Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research

B. V. V. S. Surya Kiran ¹, L. K. Kanthal ¹, Bishnupada Biswal ²

Affiliations
1 Koringa College of Pharmacy, Korangi-533 461, E.G. Dt., Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 KLR College of Pharmacy, Paloncha, Khammam, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In the present study, cross-sectional survey is designed to determine the prevalence of RHD in children from private and public schools between the age of 5 and 15 years in urban and rural areas of East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh using both cardiac auscultation and echocardiographic evaluation. This study describes a comprehensive approach to implement echocardiographic screening in a high prevalence region as recommended by the WHO and outlines a robust analysis plan to investigate clinical outcome with secondary prevention for subclinical RHD. Even though the population attributable risk of RHD is expected to be high, false-positive screening results may occur. In order to reduce false-positive findings, all echocardiographic clips with borderline or definite RHD will be assessed from two independent cardiologists. Moreover, screening in a large population of schoolchildren might yield in exceptional cases important incidental clinical findings unrelated to RHD but yet relevant for future prognosis (i.e., bicuspid aortic valve, atrial-septal defect).Prospective clinical studies investigating the impact of secondary prevention for subclinical RHD on long-term clinical outcome will be of central relevance for future health resource utilization in developing countries.

Keywords

Rheumatic Heart Disease, Cross-Sectional Survey, Echocardiographic Evaluation, WHO, School Children.

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Lakshmi Kanta Kanthal ¹, B. V. V. S. Surya Kiran ¹, K. Satyavathi ¹, P. Bhojaraju ¹

Affiliations
1 Koringa College of Pharmacy, Korangi-533 461, E.G. Dt., Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Supernumerary teeth (Hyperdontia) are a rare alteration in the development of the maxillas, which can appear in any part of the maxillas and can affect any tooth. They can be associated with a syndrome or they can be found in nonsyndromic patients. Hypodontia is defined as developmental absence of one or more teeth. Only children with supernumerary teeth were included in the study while patients having supernumerary teeth with associated syndromes were excluded. Supernumeraries were detected by clinical and radiographic examination. The results indicated that males were affected more than females with a sex ratio of 2.9: 1. Single supernumerary tooth was seen in 79% of the patients, 20% had double, and 1% had three or more supernumeraries. Premaxillary supernumeraries accounted for 93.8% of the cases. Conical shaped supernumerary teeth were the most common type (59.7%). Majority of supernumeraries remained unerupted (65%). Fusion of supernumerary tooth with a regular tooth was observed in 4% of the patients. Talon cusp, an associated dental anomaly, was seen in 5% of the cases. Simultaneous hypodontia occurred in 2.3% of patients with supernumeraries. Although supernumerary teeth are asymptomatic in most cases, they may lead to malocclusions, aesthetic, functional and psychological problems. This investigation was to study children with supernumerary teeth who visited the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Shankar Multispecialty Dental Hospital, Kakinada, East Godavari Dist., Andhra Pradesh.

Keywords

Supernumerary Teeth, Maxilla, Clinical and Radiographic Examination, Single, Double and Triple Supernumerary Tooth.

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