Asian Journal of Bio Science

S. A. Salgare ¹

Affiliations
1 Salgare Research Foundation Pvt. Ltd., Shivaji Chowk, Karjat (M.S.), IN

Abstract

In Alysicarpus vaginalis the male archesporium is multi-cellular and hypodermal. The anther wall is four-layered and its development confirmed to the Dicotyledonous type. The tapetum is uni-nucleate, uni-seriate and secretory type. The endothecium forms fibrous thickenings at maturity. Simultaneous cytokinesis results in tetrahedral and isobilateral tetrads. Pollen grains are shed at bi-nucleate and bi-celled stage. Some pollen grains show the sign of germination before anthesis and had three-nuclei. However, Sareen and Wadhwa (1981) reported uni-cellular archesporium, Monocotyledonous type of anther wall development and decussate microspore tetrads. They also failed to report three-nucleate pollen and their germination in situ. The ovule is bitegmic, crassinucellate and campylotropous. The female archesporium which is uni- or bi-cellular is hypodermal in origin. A linear tetrad of megaspores is formed. The development of the megagametophyte is confirmed to the Polygonum type. Some abnormalities were observed during the development of the megagametophyte, indicating that the nuclear divisions in the megagametophyte are not always simultaneous resulting in three-, five- and six-nucleate megagametophytes. At one instance in the eight-nucleate an anomalous megagametophyte, polar nuclei were missing and two extra antipodals were found arranged in two series (3+2). However, Sareen and Wadhwa (1981) were not aware of any type of anomaly in the megagametophyte. Fertilization is porogamous. Though double fertilization is a rule occasionally single fertilization that is syngamy occurred without triple fusion. Very often the zygotic nucleus was found to divide prior to the primary endosperm nucleus. The endosperm development follows the nuclear type. Sareen and Wadhwa (1981) were unaware of such anomalies. In Alysicarpus vaginalis six different Megarchtypes (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2) were noted. The embryo development follows the Alysicarpus variation of the Onagrad type of Johansen (1950) or First Period, Series A, Megarchtype IV of Soueges and Crete (1952). In fact Sareen and Wadhwa (1981) could not go beyond Onagrad type. The structure of the testa agrees in general with the Papilionaceous type of Corner (1951). Thus it is confirmed that the observations of Sareen and Wadhwa (1981) on the embryology of Alysicarpus vaginalis are superficial and misleading.

Keywords

Embryology of Angiosperms.

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S. A. Salgare ¹

Affiliations
1 Salgare Research Foundation Pvt. Ltd., Karjat (M.S.), IN

Abstract

The ovule of Phaseolus aureus is bitegmic, crassinucellate and campylotropous. Though the outer integument is initiated later it grows faster and by itself alone forms the micropyle (Salgare, 1970,73d,75f,76e,j,k,t,78a,80a,86a,97a,b,2000a). However, George, George and Herr (1979) have stated that both the integuments are initiated simultaneously. This is an error due to their inability to get the earlier stages of integument development. The earliest stage which they have described (their Fig.14) is in fact, a more advanced stage and by ‘no means the earliest. Hence a degree of confusion and misinterpretation has inadvertantly been produced. The inner integument consists of two layers throughout its development and the outer integument which is bi-layered in the beginning becomes thicker. In one case it was observed that both the integuments were of the two layers. Normally outer integument reaches at the top of the nucellus at the megaspore mother cell stage. But in some cases it has been observed that even at the dyad and tetrad stage both the integuments are creeping at the base of the nucellus. Such a variability in the nature and behavior of the integuments in the same species of the Papilionaceae seems to be the first report. However, George, George and Herr (1979) were unaware of it. In addition to linear tetrads, T-shaped ones and an oblique T-shaped tetrad of megaspores are noted by Salgare (1970, 73d, 75f, 76e, j, k, t, 78a, 80a, 86a, 97a, b, 2000a) in Phaseolus aureus. George, George and Herr (1979) failed to note T-shaped and an oblique T-shaped tetrads which proved their superficial and misleading observations. Further they stated that the chalazal dyad cell divides unequally such that D (chalazal functional megaspore) is much larger than the a, b or c megaspore (their Figs. 19, 41, 42). Once again, from their Figures 19, 41, 42 it appears that they have mistaken a later stage for an earlier one, where the functional megaspore is considerably increased in size which accounts for their error of interpretation. So far there is no report of an unequal division of dyad amongst the Papilionaceae. Further an abnormal case was observed by Salgare (1970,73d,75f,76e,t,78a,86a), where the megagametophyte was having an extra nucleus – 9-nucleate. George, George and Herr (1979) failed to take notice of such anomalies. With such a superficial observations they are comparing the development of ovule and megagametophyte in fieldgrown with the greenhouse-grown plants.

Keywords

Sweet Sorghum, Vermicompost, Biofertilizers, Micronutrients.

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S. A. Salgare ¹

Affiliations
1 Salgare Research Foundation Pvt. Ltd., Prathamesh Society, Shivaji Chowk, Karjat (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Megasporogenesis culminates with the production of megaspores. Maheshwari (1945a, b) and Cave (1953) both relate the importance of gametophyte studies in Angiosperms. Since megaspore produce megagametophytes directly, production and position of megaspore must be significant not accidental.

Keywords

Embryology of Angiosperms.

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S. A. Salgare ¹

Affiliations
1 Salgare Research Foundation Pvt. Ltd., Shivaji Chowk, Karjat (M.S.), IN

Abstract

The young anther is at first a homogenous mass of cells and is almost circular in transverse section. It generally becomes squarish and then four-lobed and each lobe contribute to a microsporangium. The archesporium which is multi-cellular and hypodermal in origin can be easily detected by its granular cytoplasm, larger nucleus and greater chromaticity.

Keywords

Embryology of Angiosperms.

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S. A. Salgare ¹

Affiliations
1 Salgare Research Foundation Pvt. Ltd., Prathamesh Society, Shivaji Chowk, Karjat (M.S.), IN

Abstract

The present paper describes an anomalous megagametophyte of Alysicarpus vaginalis DC. of the tribe Hedysareae of the Papilionaceae. The normal megagametophyte of A. vaginalis is monosporic, eightnucleate with Polygonium type of development. Normally the functional megaspore undergoes three mitotic divisions resulting into eight nuclei which are arranged into two groups of four each.

Keywords

Embryology of Angiosperms.

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S. A. Salgare ¹, A. N. Joshi ¹

Affiliations
1 Salgare Research Foundation Pvt. Ltd., Prathamesh Society, Shivaji Chowk, Karjat (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Bobko and Zerling (1938) observed higher viability in the pollen when the plants were given boron-rich fertilizers. Antles (1951) reports that the pollen which failed to germinate in sugar solutions without boric acid, gave 100 per cent germination in sugar alone when the plants were given boron-rich fertilizers for a period of four years.

Keywords

Minerals, Growth Regulators, Physiology of Pollen, Crop Physiology.

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S. A. Salgare ¹

Affiliations
1 Salgare Research Foundation Pvt. Ltd., Prathamesh Society, Shivaji Chowk, Karjat (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Cyamopsis psoralioides DC., is a member of the Papilionaceae showed at one instance a linear tetrad of megaspores, where the chalazal three megaspores found functional, while the micropylar one lost its potentiality, leaving behind its remnant. Thus resulting into the superposed multiple megagametophytes. The upper megagametophyte is developed up to the four-nucleate stage. The middle megagametophyte developed six nuclei, arranged in two groups, four at the micropylar end and two at the chalazal end. The chalazal megagametophyte developed three antipodal cells. Thus resulted in the trisporic in origin.

Keywords

Embryology of the Angiosperms.

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S. A. Salgare ¹

Affiliations
1 Salgare Research Foundation Pvt. Ltd., Prathamesh Society, Shivaji Chowk, Karjat (M.S.), IN

Abstract

The embryology of the Papilionaceae is full of interest. In this family, so well characterized by the structure of its flower and fruit, the degree of homogeneity is apparently so great that the systematists hesitates in setting the limits of the various genera within the family. However, from the embryogenic point of view these genera can be as clearly distinguished as those of the Papaveraceae. The Papilionaceae has long been an object for embryological studies on account of considerable variation that exist in the mode of embryonal development so much so that even two different Megarchtypes may occur in the same species as is reported by Rau (1954) in Desmodium laevigatum (Hedysareae), Goursat (1969) in Astragalus glycyphyllos (Astragaleae) and Baptisia austrlis (Podalyrieae).

Keywords

Embryology of Angiosperms.

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S. A. Salgare ¹

Affiliations
1 Salgare Research Foundation Pvt. Ltd., Prathamesh Society, Shivaji Chowk, Karjat (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Germinability of pollen of F series of white-flowered and F-24 series of light-violet-, pink-, violet-, white-flowered and F-48 series of white-flowered cultivars of Petunia axillaris was suppressed even by the lowest concentration (10^-17 mg/ml) of atrataf 50W tried.

Keywords

Physiology of Pollen, Palylnology, Toxicology, Environmental Sciences.

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S. A. Salgare ¹

Affiliations
1 Salgare Research Foundation Pvt. Ltd., Prathamesh Society, Shivaji Chowk, Karjat (M. S.), IN

Abstract

All the concentrations (10^-5-100 mg/ml) of vitamin B₂ stimulated the germination as well as tube growth of all the 5 cultivars of the Apocynaceae.

Keywords

Physiology of Pollen, Palylnology, Environmental Sciences.

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S. A. Salgare ¹

Affiliations
1 Salgare Research Foundation Pvt. Ltd., Prathamesh Society, Shivaji Chowk, Karjat (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Boric acid altered the resting period of pollen of 5 series and failed in 5 series of the Apocynaceae.

Keywords

Palynology, Minerals, Growth Regulators.

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S. A. Salgare ¹

Affiliations
1 Salgare Research Foundation Pvt. Ltd., Prathamesh Society, Shivaji Chowk, Karjat - 410 201 (MS), IN

Abstract

POLLEN of successive flowers (viz. F, F-24, F-48, F-72 series i.e. open flowers and the flower buds which require 24, 48, 72 hours to open respectively) of 5 cultivars of Apocynaceae e.g. red-, pink- and white-flowered cultivars of Nerium odorum Soland. and pink- and white-flowered cultivars of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don.

Keywords

Fernoxone, Pollen, Pollen, Germination and Tube Growth.

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S. A. Salgare ¹

Affiliations
1 Salgare Research Foundation Pvt. Ltd., Prathamesh Society, Shivaji Chowk, Karjat - 410 201 (MS), IN

Abstract

Sodium penta chloro phenate altered the resting period of pollen of 5 series and failed in one series of Apocynaceae.

Keywords

Palynology, Toxicology, Environmental Sciences.

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