Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Health Care

Lina Eltaib ¹, Hadir A. Alshammari ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Arar, SA
2 AlKhafji General Hospital, Khafji - 39256, SA

Abstract

Neonatal infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality of neonates. The objective of this study is to evaluate the pattern of microbial infections during the first 72 hours of neonate life at AlKhafji General Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. This is a hospital-based retrospective study design in AlKhafji General Hospital (KGH) in Khafji City, Saudi Arabia. The data was collected from sensitivity reports and results of isolated cultures of random sample of 74 infected neonates admitted to NICU. Data was analyzed by SPSS program by descriptive statistics. Among the 74 significant culture positive cases, there were 54% male and 46% female neonates. The most common microorganism isolated from neonates in NICU was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.5%) followed by E. coli and Enterobacter (12.1%) and (9.5%) respectively. 18.9% of the isolated bacteria were sensitive to vancomycin including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hominis, Enterobacter, MRSA, Enterococi, C. diff and Listeria monocytogenes. 12.2% of the isolated bacteria were sensitive to ampilcillin including Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Strep. pyogenses, Enterococi and Anaerobes. 10.8% of the isolates were sensitive to imipenem including Phenomena paucimobilis, Staphylococcus hominis, E. coli, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus sciuri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gram negative bacteria specifically Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli are the most common causes of infection of neonates in NICU. Pathogens causing neonatal infections exhibit varying antibiotic sensitivity pattern. However, the most sensitivity recorded was for vancomycin. Additionally, the emerging multi drug resistant microorganism such as Acinetobacter in NICUs could be a health risk in future.

Keywords

Intensive Care Unit, Microbial Infections, Neonatal, Treatment

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Lina Eltaib ¹, Shamayl M. Alenzi ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Arar, SA
2 Department of Pharmacy, Northern Area Armed Forces Hospital, SA

Abstract

Despite the extensive efforts of physicians to achieve better control and management for blood glucose level in type 2 diabetics, maintaining near normal blood glucose level in these patients remain unsatisfactory. The objective of the study was to compare the effectiveness of sulfonylureas, metformin and combination of metformin plus sulfonylureas in controlling blood glucose in type 2 diabetics. Retrospective cohort research design conducted during the period of two months from 1st November 2019 to 1st March 2020 at Northern Area Armed Forces Hospital in Hafr Al Batin- Saudi Arabia on sample of 217 diabetic patients’ files, all data coded with serial number and analyzed by SPSS program through and inferential and descriptive statistics. Mean decrease in HbA1c for metformin therapy was 1.5(%), for sulfonylurea was 1.4(%), for combination therapy was 1.9(%). Mean decrease in HbA1c fasting blood glucose for metformin therapy was 1.8(mmol/l), for sulfonylurea was 1.6(mmol/l), for combination therapy was 3(mmol/l). Mean decrease in postprandial blood glucose for metformin therapy was 3.2(mmol/l), for sulfonylurea therapy was 3(mmol/l), for combination therapy was 3.7(mmol/l). There was a significant difference between levels of HbA1c between metformin group and combination group (metformin and sulfonylurea) (p = 0.002) and also there was a significant difference between sulfonylurea group and combination group (metformin and sulfonylurea) in relation to HbA1c levels (p = 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between metformin and sulfonylurea in decreasing HbA1c (p = 0.09). In conclusion, metformin or sulfonylurea as a single therapy is similar in efficacy in reducing glycosylated hemoglobin level, fasting and post-prandial plasma glucose levels to equal degree. However, combination of both therapies resulted in significant greater control of blood glucose level.

Keywords

Combination Type 2 Diabetes, Efficacy, Metformin, Monotherapy, Sulfonylureal

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