Journal of Pierre Fauchard Academy (India Section)

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Effectiveness and Acceptability of Aqueous Cinnamon Extract Mouthrinse in Maintaining Salivary and Tongue-Coating pH in Comparison with 0.2% Chlorhexidine Mouthwash:A Randomized Controlled Trial


Affiliations
1 Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore - 560078, Karnataka, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Context: Salivary pH is a fair indicator of health for extracellular fluids and their alkaline mineral reserves. Similarly, tongue pH is indicative of the existing flora and conditions of the tongue. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to evaluate effectiveness and acceptability of aqueous cinnamon extract mouthrinse in maintaining salivary and tongue coating pH as compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. Setting and Design: A randomized, parallel-group study was conducted among 70 volunteer subjects, who were randomly assigned to two groups of 35 each (20% aqueous cinnamon extract and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash). Materials and Methods: Salivary pH was measured by a digital pH meter, while tongue pH was assessed using color changing pH strips. Participants were asked to rinse with the respective mouthwash (10 ml for 1 minute) and expectorate. Salivary and tongue pH were recorded 5 and 30 minutes after rinsing. Participants were instructed to use the mouthwash twice a day in the prescribed manner. The same procedure was repeated on third and seventh day. Responses to a questionnaire related to taste acceptability were collected on the last day. Data were analyzed statistically using repeated measure analysis of variance and Student’s t-test. Results: Mean salivary pH values showed significant increase throughout the duration of the study after rinsing with both cinnamon and chlorhexidine mouthwashes (p<0.05). Tongue coating pH showed an increase toward alkalinity in both the groups, but this difference was statistically significant only in the cinnamon extract group 30 minutes after rinsing and on third day. Both agents performed equally well and were equally accepted; there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Traditional herbal products such as cinnamon can able to regulate the salivary and tongue coating pH as well as standard chlorhexidine mouthwash.

Keywords

Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, Halitosis, Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Mouthwashes, Saliva.
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • Marsh PD. Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes? Microbiology. 2003; 149:279–294. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26082-0. PMid:12624191

  • Takahashi N, Schachtele CF. Effect on pH on the growth and proteolytic activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius. J Dent Res. 1990; 69(6):1266– 1269. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690060801. PMid:2191980

  • Hicks J, Garcia-Godoy F, Flaitz C. Biological factors in dental caries: role of saliva and dental plaque in the dynamic process of demineralization and remineralization (part 1). J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2004; 28(1):47–52. https://doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.28.1.yg6m443046k50u20

  • Humphrey SP, Williamson RT. A review of saliva: Normal composition, flow and function. J Prosthet Dent. 2001; 85(2):162–169. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpr.2001.113778. PMid:11208206

  • Rosenberg M, McCulloch CA. Measurement of oral malodor: Current methods and future prospects. J Periodontol. 1992; 63(9):776–782. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1992.63.9.776. PMid:1474479

  • Rosenberg M. Clinical assessment of bad breath: current concepts. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996; 127(11):475–482. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1996.0239. PMid:8655868

  • Casemiro LA, Martins CH, Carvalho TC, Panzeri H, Lavrador MA, Pires-de-Souza FC. Effectiveness of a new toothbrush design versus a conventional tongue scraper in improving breath odor and reducing tongue microbiota. J Appl Oral Sci. 2008; 16(4):271–274. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572008000400008. PMid:19089259. PMCid:PMC4327536

  • Balagopal S, Arjunkumar R. Chlorhexidine: The gold standard antiplaque agent. J Pharm Sci. 2013; 5(12): 270–274.

  • Mandel ID. Chemotherapeutic agents for controlling plaque and gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1988; 15(8):488– 498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1988.tb01020.x. PMid:3053790

  • Tomas I, Cousido Mc, Garcia-Caballero L, Rubido S, Limeres J, Diz P. Substantivity of a single chlorhexidine mouthwash on salivary flora: influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. J Dent (Shiraz). 2010; 38(7):541–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2010.03.012.PMid:20380865

  • Hepso HU, Bjornland T, Skoglund LA. Side-effects and patient acceptance of 0.2% versus 0.1% chlorhexidine used as a postoperative prophylactic mouthwash. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1988; 17(1):17–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0901-5027(88)80222-4

  • Nabavi SF, Di Lorenzo A, Izadi M, Sobarzo-Sanchez E, Daglia M, Nabavi SM. Antibacterial effects of Cinnamon: From farm to food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Nutrients. 2015; 7(9):7729–7748. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095359. PMid:26378575. PMCid:PMC4586554

  • Rashad JM. Effect of water cinnamon extract on mutans streptococci, in comparison to chlorhexidine gluconate and Zac (in vitro and in vivo study). Mustansiria Dental Journal. 2008; 5:250–260.

  • Al-Duboni G, Osman MT, Al-Naggar R. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts of cinnamon and ginger on two oral pathogens causing dental caries. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2013; 4(3):957–965.

  • Gupta D, Jain A. Effect of cinnamon extract and chlorhexidine gluconate (0.2%) on the clinical level of dental plaque and gingival health: A 4-week, triple blind, randomized controlled trial. International Academy of Periodontology. 2015; 17(3):91–98.

  • Navazesh M, Kumar SKS. Measuring salivary flow: challenges and opportunities. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008; 139:355-405. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0353

  • Balappanavar AY, Sardana V, Singh M. Comparison of the effectiveness of 0.5% tea, 2% neem and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwashes on oral health: a randomized control trial. Indian J Dent Res. 2013; 24(1):26–34. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.114933.PMid:23852229

  • Gupta C, Kumari A, Garg AP, Catanzaro R, Marotta F. Comparative study of cinnamon oil and clove oil on some oral microbiota. Acta Biomed. 2011; 82:197–199.

  • Al-Joubori SK, Al-Obeidi WA. Effect of cinnamon extract of streptococci and mutans streptococci, in comparison to chlorhexidine gluconate. Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry. 2011; 23(1):141–145.

  • McDowell JD, Kassebaum DK. Diagnosing and treating halitosis. J Am Dent Assoc. 1993; 124:55–64. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1993.0263

  • Tolentino ES, Chinellato LEM, Tarzia O. Saliva and tongue coating pH before and after use of mouthwashes and relationship with parameters of halitosis. J Appl Oral Sci. 2011; 19(2):90–4. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572011000200002. PMCid:PMC4243744


Abstract Views: 212

PDF Views: 0




  • Effectiveness and Acceptability of Aqueous Cinnamon Extract Mouthrinse in Maintaining Salivary and Tongue-Coating pH in Comparison with 0.2% Chlorhexidine Mouthwash:A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Views: 212  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Aditi Hegde
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore - 560078, Karnataka, India
Gopikrishna V.
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore - 560078, Karnataka, India
Nithin N. Bhaskar
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore - 560078, Karnataka, India
Smitha B. Kulkarni
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore - 560078, Karnataka, India
Jeswin Jacob
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore - 560078, Karnataka, India
Sourabha K. G.
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore - 560078, Karnataka, India

Abstract


Context: Salivary pH is a fair indicator of health for extracellular fluids and their alkaline mineral reserves. Similarly, tongue pH is indicative of the existing flora and conditions of the tongue. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to evaluate effectiveness and acceptability of aqueous cinnamon extract mouthrinse in maintaining salivary and tongue coating pH as compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. Setting and Design: A randomized, parallel-group study was conducted among 70 volunteer subjects, who were randomly assigned to two groups of 35 each (20% aqueous cinnamon extract and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash). Materials and Methods: Salivary pH was measured by a digital pH meter, while tongue pH was assessed using color changing pH strips. Participants were asked to rinse with the respective mouthwash (10 ml for 1 minute) and expectorate. Salivary and tongue pH were recorded 5 and 30 minutes after rinsing. Participants were instructed to use the mouthwash twice a day in the prescribed manner. The same procedure was repeated on third and seventh day. Responses to a questionnaire related to taste acceptability were collected on the last day. Data were analyzed statistically using repeated measure analysis of variance and Student’s t-test. Results: Mean salivary pH values showed significant increase throughout the duration of the study after rinsing with both cinnamon and chlorhexidine mouthwashes (p<0.05). Tongue coating pH showed an increase toward alkalinity in both the groups, but this difference was statistically significant only in the cinnamon extract group 30 minutes after rinsing and on third day. Both agents performed equally well and were equally accepted; there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Traditional herbal products such as cinnamon can able to regulate the salivary and tongue coating pH as well as standard chlorhexidine mouthwash.

Keywords


Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, Halitosis, Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Mouthwashes, Saliva.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18311/jpfa%2F2019%2F22327