International Journal of Physiology https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp <div id="i-scholarabout">International Journal of Physiology is a double blind peer reviewed international journal which is commencing its publication from January 2013. The journal is half yearly in frequency. We are making efforts to get it indexed in most of international databases shortly. The journal covers all aspects of physiology.</div> Dr. R.K. Sharma Institute of Medico-Legal Publications en-US International Journal of Physiology 2320-6039 A Study on the Impact of Exercise on Diabetic and Hypertensive Status of the Patients https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192566 <p><strong>Introduction and Aim:</strong> Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and essential hypertension are common non communicable disorders that are frequently present together. Hypertension in the type 2 diabetic individual increases the risk and accelerates the course of cardiac disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, retinopathy and nephropathy. The hallmark of hypertension in type 1 and type 2 diabetics appears to be increased peripheral vascular resistance. Carbohydrate food intake has a direct effect on postprandial glucose levels in people with diabetes and it is the principal macronutrient of concern in diabetics for glycemic management1. In addition, an individual’s food choices and energy balance have an effect on body weight, blood pressure and lipid levels directly. To study the importance of influence of exercise on diabetics and hypertensive patients attending medicine Out Patient Department, KR Hospital.</p><p><strong>Materials and Method:</strong> All the patients attending the medicine OPD of KR Hospital, Mysoreor 3 months, 210 patients having both hypertension and diabetes were selected cross sectionally, including both males and females of age group 35-50 years. They were categorized as regularly doing exercise and not doing exercise group. All of patients were screened for diabetic and hypertension by checking fasting blood glucose, post prandial blood glucose and blood pressure, exercise and body mass index were also compared.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The study found that, the status of known cases, of type 2 diabetic mellitus and hypertension, who were regularly doing exercise showed statistically significant controlled levelscompared to those who were not doing exercise.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The study found that known cases of type 2 diabetic mellitus and hypertension are benefitted by regularly doing exercise when compared with not doing exercise.</p> Arpith Mysore Ninge Gowda Revathi Devi Mysore Laxmipathi B. Dinesh 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Assessment of Medical Students’ Perception of Educational Environment https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192567 <p><strong>Background:</strong> Educationists have established the importance of educational environment in learning. Educational environment is one of the most important factors determining the success of effectiveness of a curriculum. As there was no data available regarding educational environment at our institute; we undertook this study using Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) to assess students’ perception of educational environment at our institute.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> 60 students of 6<sup>th</sup> semester were included in the study. Students were administered Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM).</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> We found the mean global DREEM score of our study population to be 121.47±13.71 (out of 200). Problem areas identified were – teaching being too teacher centered &amp; factual, teacher being authoritarian, students feeling lonely, bored &amp; stressed out due to academic burden, issue of cheating, no support system for students.</p><p><strong>Conclusion </strong>The present study revealed that students perceived the learning environment at our institute positively. Nevertheless, the study also revealed problematic areas of learning for which we need to put some remedial strategies in place.</p> Asmita Phadke Jayshree Kharche Savita Vaidya 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Introduction of Early Clinical Exposure(ECE) in 1<sup>st</sup> year M.B.B.S Students in the Department of Physiology https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192568 <p><strong>Background:</strong> Medical council of India regulations on Graduate Medical education 2012 states that “Indian Medical Graduate should possess requisite knowledge, skills, attitudes, values and responsiveness, so that he or she may function appropriately and effectively as a physician of the community while being globally relevant”<sup>1</sup>.</p><p>Early Clinical exposure (ECE) is a teaching learning methodology, which orients medical students towards actual clinical scenarios and helps them correlate their theoretical knowledge with real life situations in the first year of medical college.</p><p><strong>Methodology:</strong> The project was done in the department of physiology at PIMS Medical College, Jalandhar. The ECE program was used as a supplement to the traditional lectures in Nervous System Physiology. One hundred and fifty (150) first year MBBS students participated in early clinical exposure program conducted in the year 2017–18. A Feedback questionnaire (including both open and closed ended questions), after getting validated by the faculty were filled by the students. Students were also encouraged to give their written open comments anonymously.</p><p>Post session feedback from the students was taken by Questionnaire graded on Likert’s scale.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> All the students commented that ECE helped them in their understanding of Nervous system Physiology. Most (63%) appreciated the synchronization of classroom knowledge with clinical exposures, and thought that integrated teaching helped in better understanding of practical applications of physiology (65%).</p> Avjot K. Miglani Rajiv Arora 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Effect of Peppermint Aroma on Short Term Memory and Cognition in Healthy Volunteers https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192569 <p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Aroma therapy is one of the method used to improve alertness, memory and mood enhancements. The previous study conducted on patients suffering from dementia has shown positive effect sleep and improvement in behavior. This pilot study was conducted with Peppermint aroma to see the effect on psychomotor skill and cognitive function.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> This study was carried out in the department of Physiology,Narayana Medical College, and Nellore.26 young male adults were selected for the study age between 20-30yrs. All the subjects underwent battery of psychomotor and cognitive tests. The tests were conducted in the morning hours of the day between 9 A.M. -11.00A.M.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The preliminary analysis of the data showed marked improvement in the Visual and Auditory reaction time which was statistically significant and the p-values are &lt;0.01 and 0.005 respectively. The CFF frequency and the short term memory test did not show any change in the results and also found to be not significant statistically. The counting number test shows remarkable improvement which is significant (P- &lt;0.001) which suggests enhancement in concentration with peppermint aroma exposure.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> we found improvement in Auditory and Visual reaction time and Number countdown test which were statistically significant. This suggests peppermint aroma exposure even for a short time such as 5 min improves math function to a great extent.</p> B. Deivanayagame A. V. Siva Kumar K. N. Maruthy SK. Kareem 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Impact of Obesity on Castelli’s Risk Index I and II, in Young Adult Females https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192570 <p><strong>Background:</strong> Obesity is one of today’s most blatantly visible, yet most neglected, public health problems. In 2016, 39% of adults worldwide were overweight. Fueled by economic growth, urbanization, an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, and a nutritional transition to processed foods and high calorie diets over the last 30 years, many countries have witnessed the prevalence of obesity in its citizens double, and even quadruple. Obesity especially visceral obesity causes insulin resistance and is associated with dyslipidemia, impaired glucose metabolism, and hypertension all of which exacerbate atherosclerosis, and are risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The primary dyslipidemia related to obesity is characterized by increased total cholesterol (TC), decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and abnormal low density lipoprotein (LDL) composition. Lipoprotein ratios are becoming increasingly popular as a way to predict atherosclerosis and CVD.</p><p><strong>Aims and Objectives:</strong> The present study was undertaken to assess the impact of overweight/obesity on lipid profile parameters and lipoprotein ratios- Castelli’s Risk Index I and II, in young adult females.</p><p><strong>Materials and Method:</strong> The present study was conducted in KIMS, Hubli, the study and its conduct was cleared by the Ethical committee. Sixty apparently healthy young females were selected for the study. Health status and other personal data were obtained via comprehensive questionnaire. The subjects were divided into two groups based on BMI; Healthy (BMI 18.5-24.99) and Overweight (BMI &gt; 25). Lipid profile was evaluated and lipoprotein ratios calculated. Comparison between the two groups was done using students’ t-test.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Values for Castelli’s Risk Index I &amp; II were found to be significantly higher in the overweight group compared to the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Obesity leads to an unfavorable lipid pattern and raises values of both Castelli’s Risk Index I &amp; II.</p> D. M. Chandrashekhar Anandkumar M. K. Jayalakshmi Prashanth Babu 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Physical Factors Influencing FVC in Indian Adult Males https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192571 <p><strong>Background:</strong> Pulmonary function tests are widely used as a valuable diagnostic tool in detecting and diagnosing various respiratory disorders like COPD, they also play an important role in monitoring therapy effectiveness and course of the disease. Normative values of pulmonary functions of healthy population are affected by different geographic, ethnic, climatic and demographic factors. The most important determining factors of Vital capacity in an individual are anthropometric factors such as age, sex, height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA)</p><p><strong>Aims and Objectives:</strong> The aim of the present study was to find the correlation between Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and anthropometric measurements like height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA) in Indian adult males.</p><p><strong>Materials and Method:</strong> Fifty healthy adult males were randomly selected for the study. Ethical clearance was taken from the Institutional Ethical Committee. The physical factors namely height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and body surface area (BSA) were measured. FVC was recorded by using computerized spirometer. The correlation between the various physical factors and FVC was done using Pearson’s correlation.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Height, weight and body surface area showed significant positive correlation with FVC. However height showed the strongest correlation (r = 0.5807), followed by BSA (r = 0.531) and lastly weight (r = 0.422). However the correlation of BMI with FVC was not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The present study showed that body height, body surface area and body weight are important determinant of FVC in Indian adult males, with height being the most important determinant.</p> D. M. Chandrashekhar Anandkumar M. K. Jayalakshmi Prashanth Babu 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 A Study of Nerve Conduction Test & Other Hematological Parameters in Diabetics https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192572 <p><strong>Background:</strong> Nerve conduction studies (NCS) are most sensitive, reliable and non-invasive investigation to detect diabetic neuropathy. Sensory nerves are more affected as compared to motor nerves in diabetic neuropathy. Understanding the Nerve conduction studies is useful for early detection polyneuropathy and prevention of its dreaded complications.</p><p><strong>Materials and Method:</strong> The present study was conducted among 30 subjects of type 2 Diabetic and 30 non diabetics subjects. Haematological parameters such as HbA1c, platelet count, prothrombin time, APTT, triglycerides, LDL and HDL levels were estimated. Motor nerve conduction velocity median , ulnar, common peroneal and posterior tibial nerve and sensory nerve conduction velocity median , ulnar and sural nerve were recorded.</p><p><strong>Result:</strong> Mean age of diabetic patients was 51±.4.8 year. Most of the subjects (86.7%) were male. Sensory nerve conduction of sural nerve was signiicantly reduced in diabetic patients as compared to non diabetic patients. SNCV of sural nerve showed deterioration with the duration of diabetes, poor glycemic control and patients with altered lipid profile.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Nerve conduction velocity testing of sural nerve is useful for early detection of diabetic neuropathy and reduce the burden of complication and to improve the quality of life in diabetics.</p> Jasmin J. Parmar Jitendra R. Patel 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Evaluation of CRP in Patients with Asthma https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192573 <p>Patients with asthma have an ongoing inflammation, which can be assessed by measuring serum C- reactive protein.</p><p><strong>Objective:</strong> To explore whether CRP could be used as a predictor of disease outcome in asthma. <strong>Methods:</strong> A Cross-sectional study was conducted among 50 asthma patients attending Respiratory Medicine outpatient services in Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal from January 2015 to September 2016. Patients aged 18-67 were included in the study after obtaining Ethical approval from the Research Ethics Board, RIMS, Imphal. Computerized Spirometer Helios 401 was the instrument used to measure lung volumes and capacities. BeneSphera<sup>TM</sup> CRP Latex Slide test kit was used to estimate serum C-reactive protein.</p><p><strong>Results and Observation:</strong> The present study was conducted on fifty asthma patients in which serum CRP level showed association with severity of asthma ( p=0.001) but serum CRP level with spirometric parameters showed significant negative correlation; FVC (r=-0.711, p&lt;0.001), FEV<sub>1</sub> (r=-0.665, p&lt;0.001), FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC (r=-0.429, p=0.002), FEF<sub>25-75%</sub> (r=-0.535, p&lt;0.001), and PEFR (r=-0.515, p&lt;0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> In our study we found association between serum CRP level and asthma and plasma CRP may be used as a marker of prognosis in patients with asthma.</p> M. Karthika Prakash Chandra Bhardwaj Deisha B. Rymbui W. Kanan W. Asoka Singh 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Relationship between Smoking and Obstructive Airways Disease https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192574 Obstructive airways disease is an important cause of mortality and morbidity around the world and smoking has a significant role in the development and progression of the disease. <strong>Objective</strong>: To analyse the relationship between smoking and obstructive airways disease. <strong>Method</strong>: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 patients with obstructive airways disease attending Respiratory Medicine outpatient services in Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal from January 2015 to September 2016. Patients aged 18-67 were included in the study after obtaining Ethical approval from the Research Ethics Board, RIMS, Imphal. Computerized Spirometer Helios 401 was the instrument used to measure lung volumes and capacities. <strong>Results and observation:</strong> The present study was conducted on 100 patients with obstructive airways disease. The lung function test values of OAD patients showed that FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC values were within normal limits. But FEF<sub>25-75%</sub>, and PEFR were lower suggesting that smaller airways were affected in obstructive airway disease. In our study we found that OAD was strongly associated with smoking status(p&lt;0.001), smoking pack-years(p=0.000), and smoking duration(p&lt;0.001). <strong>Conclusion</strong>: From the study results we conclude that that Obstructive airway disease was strongly associated with smoking. Smoking cessation is the best and most effective solution to this problem. Other measures such as screening with spirometric tests in high risk individuals especially the smokers in age group of 40-55 should be considered to reduce the mortality and morbidity due to Obstructive airway disease. M. Karthika Prakash Chandra Bhardwaj Laimayum Amarnath Sharma W. Kanan W. Asoka Singh 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Sensory Nerve Conduction Velocity in Normal Children Below Five Years of Age https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192575 <p><strong>Background</strong>: Peripheral nervous system development begins in prenatal period and continues after birth up to 5 years of age. As a result, Sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) varies during first five years of life of children.</p><p><strong>Aims and Objectives</strong>: The purpose of this study is evaluation of the SNCV of median, ulnar and sural nerve during the first five years of life.</p><p><strong>Material and Method</strong>: SNCV of median, ulnar and sural nerves was measured antidromically in 104 normal under-five children. Statistical analysis of the results was done using SPSS 17.0 software.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> There was a progressive increase in SNCV of median, ulnar and sural nerves with age. SNCV of all three nerves showed significant positive correlation with age factor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: There is significant increase in SNCV of median, ulnar, and sural nerves with age in under-five children. Therefore, age-specific reference values of SNCV for the different nerves in children below 5 years of age are important to evaluate nerve injury or maturational deficit.</p> Md. Zabihullah Dhirendra Kumar Agrawal Tabassum Shahab 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Evaluation of Differential Levels of Serum Interleukin-6 in Pre-Eclamptic and Normal Pregnancy Women https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192576 There has been an increase incidence of Pre eclampsia which is one of the important causes of maternal as well as foetal mortality and morbidity. The changing life style and various stresses in this fast growing world further increase the incidence of Pre eclampsia. The exact cause is still not known beside exploratory study but it seems a state of inflammatory and oxidative stress. Our aim was to evaluate the role of Interleukin 6 (IL6) and to compare its value in normal pregnancy and pre eclampsia. We found in this study that level of IL6 is significantly high in pre-eclamptic compare to normal pregnant women. Our study shows that Preeclampsia pregnancy is associated with an enhanced maternal inflammatory condition. Mohd. Nawaz Manish Kumar Verma 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 5-Alpha-Reductase 2 Deficiency in Newborns:A Review https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192577 Disorders of sex development (DSD) are mostly associated with gender ambiguity at birth and poses a real challenge in diagnosis. 5 alpha reductase 2 deficiency (5AR2D) is one such DSD associated with deficiency of a key male sex hormone called as Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) due to lack of 5 alpha reductase type 2 enzyme which converts testosterone to Dihydrotestosterone. This hormone is very vital for the development of external genitalia during embryogenesis, and the deficiency leads to partial or abnormal male external genitalia in the affected neonate. 5AR2D is due to mutation in steroid-5- alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 2 (SRD5A2) genes on chromosome 2, band p23. Clinical presentation of these children vary from normal male genitalia to a completely female genitalia. 5AR2D is associated with deficiency of DHT and normal or increased testosterone levels. Most of the children with 5AR2D are raised as females and gender conversion to male happens at around puberty due to masculine and voice changes caused by testosterone. Early diagnosis is beneficial in treating this problem. Elevated testosterone: DHT ratio with administration of beta human chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) is the gold standard test in diagnosis of this defect. Most patients of 5 alpha reductase 2 deficiency are considered infertile, but with recent advancements in assisted reproductive techniques a few 5AR2D have been successful in giving birth to their offsprings. Narasimha Prasad Vijayashankar Artem Artemev Anastasia Pougno M.S. Gopikumar 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Somatosensory Evoked High Frequency Oscillations in a Homogeneous Population of Drug Naive Migraineurs https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192578 Introduction: High band pass filtering of evoked potentials have produced the results of decreased early High frequency oscillations (HFOs) in previous studies of migraine patients. However, in most of these studies, the study population has been heterogeneous. The only study till date which used homogenous drug naive group of patients has actually produced contradictory results to the previous studies showing. Aim: We aimed to clarify the status of HFO amplitudes and latencies in drug-naive newly diagnosed patients. Methods: In the present study, we evaluated the 20 newly diagnosed and drug naive migraine patients using electrophysiological assessments using Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and compared their SSEP parameters with those of the healthy age and gender matched normal controls. Median nerve SSEP was obtained by standard protocols. High frequency oscillations were extracted from the broad-band evoked potentials by digitally filtering using high pass filtering at 450Hz-1KHz. Early HFOs were identified when occurred before the N20 peak. Results: No differences were observed in the broad-band SSEPs i.e., N20 amplitudes and latencies. The maximal peak to peak amplitudes in the drug naïve migraineurs in between the attacks for the early HFOs (occurring before the N20 peak) were significantly smaller than the normal controls (p=0.046). The number of negative peaks were also fewer in the migraineurs in a statistically nonsignificant way. Discussion: This is the first HFO study on a homogenous population of migraineurs which shows decreased early HFOs, thus implicating weaker thalamocortical activity and contradicting the results by Lai et al<sup>1</sup>. Ravi Prakash P. Sowmya 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 A Comparitive Study:Autonomic Functions in Cerebral Palsy Individuals and Their Siblings https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192579 <strong>Introduction</strong>: It is defined as an “umbrella term covering a group of non-progressive, but often changing, motor impairment syndromes secondary to lesions or anomalies of the brain arising in the early stages of its development”<sup>1</sup> primarily leading to a disorder of movement and posture. <strong>Objective</strong>: To assess autonomic functions in cerebral palsy individuals and their siblings. <strong>Method</strong>: Twenty cerebral palsy and sibling volunteers with no neurological damage were recruited for the study. Heart rate variability was used to assess the autonomic function. HRV was recorded in supine position for 5 minutes under quiet, calm conditions. Time domain parameters and frequency domain parameters were analyzed. <strong>Results</strong>: There was no statistically significant difference in any of the HRV parameters. There was no significant difference in HRV parameters in children with CP and healthy children indicating a normal sympatho-vagal balance. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The presence of normal sympatho vagal balance in CP predicts that patients with CP have the same predilection as the general population to abnormalities associated with sympatho-vagal balance. P. Sowmya J. Govindaraj 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Spectral Analysis of Heart Rate Variability During Mobile Phone Usage in First Year Medical Students https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192580 <p><strong>Background:</strong> The electromagnetic radiations emitted by cellular telephones may influence the autonomic tone which modifies the functioning of the circulatory system.</p><p><strong>Aim and Objectives</strong>: To estimate the effect of using mobile phones on heart rate variability (HRV) in first year medical students.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> ECG and HRV parameters are recorded in three periods, - when the subject is at rest without mobile phone (Period-I), with mobile phone kept on the left chest (Period-II) and when responding to a call by keeping the mobile over his right ear (Period-III) on 100 healthy subjects aged between 18 and 21 years of either sex.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong>When the mobile was kept on chest or while attending a call,a decrease in high frequency (HF) in normalized units and increase in low frequency (LF) in normalized units and increase in the ratio of LF to HF (LF/HF) was observed in the frequency domain measures. Decrease in RR intervals, RMSSD and NN50 was observed in the time domain measures</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The participants showed a higher sympathetic tone and a lower parasympathetic tone while attending a call. The study proved the intense effects of handset radiofrequency radiations on autonomic balance in healthy subjects.</p> Rekha Rashmi Ramanathan Jensy Sekar Ram Mohan Kalpaka S. Jeevithan 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Electrodiagnostic (EDX) Predictors of Sensory Neuropathy in Primary Hypothyroidism and its Association with Age and Body Mass Index (BMI): A Cross Sectional Study https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192581 <p><strong>Background:</strong> Sensory neuropathy occurs in hypothyroidism often early as compared to motor. Involvement of median and sural nerve is reported earliest in literature. There is controversial electrophysiological data with respect to predictors of neuropathy and its association with age and body mass index.</p><p><strong>Objectives:</strong> Present study was aimed to find out EDX predictors of sensory neuropathy and its association with age and BMI in primary hypothyroidism patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and Method</strong>: Total 28 out of 39 hypothyroid cases referred to clinical neurophysiology laboratory were selected for analysis. These cases satisfied the biochemical and EDX criteria. Percentages of abnormalities in different variables of nerve conduction study were calculated. Also coefficient of correlation between age, BMI and different variables evaluated for association between them if any.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: Study population was having age range from 23-75 years, 15 female and 13 male. Female preponderance was observed. Correlation between Age, BMI and different variables of NCV were statistically not significant. Sensory conduction velocity was most common abnormality observed (49%), followed by SNAP amplitude (42%) and onset latency (25%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: We concluded that age and BMI have no effect on occurrence of neuropathy in primary hypothyroidism. Sensory Conduction velocity was most common predictor of sensory neuropathy in these cases.</p> Sangeeta Jain Balaji Ghugare Mukesh Dinkar Komal Makwana Ravindra Ninama Himanshu Chauhan 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Study of Parasympathetic Activity in Newly Diagnosed Patients of Moderate Depression Using High Frequency of HRV https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192582 <p><strong>Introduction:</strong> - Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a noninvasive technique to measure parasympathetic activities of heart. In this study, we measured the Parasympathetic activity in newly diagnosed patients of moderate depression by High Frequency (HF) parameter of HRV. Depression is the leading cause of mental disability and by the year 2020, depression is projected to reach 2nd place of the ranking of disease <em>disability-adjusted life year</em> (DALY).</p><p><strong>Objective:</strong> Parasympathetic activity in newly diagnosed patients of moderate depression.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong>- this study was planned on 40 newly diagnosed male patients of moderate depression according to ICD-10 (the international classification of diseases-10) taken from department of Psychiatry PGIMS Rohtak and 40 healthy males subjects of same age group. High Frequency (HF) parameter of HRV was recorded by using RMS polyrite machine.</p><p><strong>Result:</strong> - The HF (ms<sup>2</sup>) component in frequency domain of HRV in patients of moderate depression in group II (166.55±41.48) compared to normal subject in group I (179.48±41.68) which reduced but not significantly. The HF expressed in normalized unit (HFnu) and group II (35.30±12.58) were compared to Group I (38.74±1276) and which reduced but not significantly. And HF expressed in power percent (HFpp) and values of group II (18.83±5.04) were compared to the Group I (20.58±5.02), the reduction was not significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:-</strong>We found that Parasympathetic activity was not reduced significantly in patients of moderate depression. So the parasympathetic activity is not a problem to cause cardiac disease in patients of moderate depression.</p> Sat Pal Neena Mishra Priti Singh Praveen Prashant 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Prevalence of Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy in North India https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192583 <p><strong>Aims and Objective:</strong> Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are among the commonest medical disorders during pregnancy constituting one of the greatest causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide . This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy in North India</p><p><strong>Material and Method:</strong> The study group consisted of a total of 150 pregnant women attending Maharaja Agrasen hospital OPD/IPD during their second trimester (14-20 weeks) of pregnancy from Dec 2016 to Nov 2017.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Out of 146 cases studied , 129 cases remained normotensive and 17 cases developed HDP. Out of 17 cases ,8 cases had mild HDPs and 9 cases had severe HDPs. The prevalence of HDP was 11.7% in present study.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The study concluded that the incidence of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy was higher than worldwide average and hence early diagnosis and intervention through regular antenatal checkup is pivotal to prevent hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and its complications.</p> Seema Kumari 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Mind Mapping Applied as a Pedagogical Tool for MBBS Students https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192584 <p><strong>Background:</strong> To assess efficacy of mind mapping technique in lecture classes versus traditional didactic lectures on immediate and long-term memory.</p><p><strong>Materials &amp; Method:</strong> 150 First MBBS students, randomized into two groups (75 each), by simple random technique (odd roll number-group 1, even roll number-group 2). Study group (Mind mapping group) Control Group (didactic lecture /non mind mapping group).Batches reversed for another topic to address ethical issues.MCQ test was taken after class for short term memory, after a month for long term memory.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Descriptive and inferential statistics (paired t test and independent t test) was used to compare the data. P value of Mind Mapping group when compared to Non Mind Mapping group in terms of both short term and long term memory was highly significant (p&lt; 0.0001) for both topic 1 and 2. P value was not statistically significant when short term and long term memory of mind mapping group was compared. But highly significant p value (p&lt; 0.0001) was observed when short term and long term memory of Non Mind Mapping group was compared.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The performance of Mind Map Group is better than the Non Mind Map Group both in terms of short term and long term memory.</p><p>Mind mapping used as a pedagogical tool can improve the academic scores of students.</p> P. Shyma Jai Prakash Nandkishor M. Rajajeyakumar 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Study of Cognitive Evoked Potentials in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192585 <p><strong>Background</strong>: The completesyndrome of diabetes mellitus,related metabolic aberrations anddiabetic complications is posing a major threat in the 21<sup>st</sup> century. Cognitive dysfunction is a well known complication of diabetes which continues to be investigated.</p><p><strong>Aims and Objectives:</strong> To evaluate the cognitive functions using electrophysiological (P<sub>300</sub> latencies) tests in diabetics and non diabetics in the age group of 40 - 59 years with same gender proportion, to analyze whether cognition is affected in diabetics when compared to non diabetics and to know the usefulness of electrophysiological (P<sub>300</sub>latencies) tests in detecting subtle cognitive changes.</p><p><strong>Materials and Method:</strong> The study was conducted on 50 diabetics and 50 non diabetics aged between 40 and 59 years. Cognition was assessed using P<sub>300</sub> potential.The evoked potential data analysis was done using Student unpaired T test to compare the mean of two groups.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The absolute peak latencies of P<sub>3</sub> component of endogenous cognitive evoked potentials was significantly prolonged among diabetics (334.8 + 20.8) as compared to controls (285.7 + 14.9). There was no statistically significant difference between groups when analyzed for N<sub>2</sub> in C<sub>z</sub>and F<sub>z</sub>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study identifies prevalence of cognitive dysfunction in diabetic patients when assessed using electrophysiological tests.Good cognitive function is critical to safely manage diabetesand draws attention to various challenges in their management. Clinicians should consider screening for cognitive function in diabetics using P<sub>300</sub>, as it is effective in detecting subtle changes much before their clinical manifestation.</p> A. Sindhuja R. Ramya 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Effect of Computer Usage on Visual Reaction Time in Information Technology Professionals of Bangalore City https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192586 <p><strong>Background:</strong> Reaction time is the elapsed time between presentation of a sensory stimulus and the subsequent behavioural response. Time taken to respond to visual stimulus gives visual reaction time. In the modern world, the usage of computers for occupational purpose is increasing with increased duration of usage, especially in IT profession. Few studies have been done on reaction time in mobile phone users and video game players, but no study is done in occupational computer users.</p><p><strong>Objective:</strong> To compare visual reaction time between occupational computer users (use computer for work &gt;40hrs/week) and the controls (recreational computer users : &lt;15hrs/week)</p><p><strong>Materials and Method:</strong> Study was done on 30 occupational computer users (use computer for work &gt;40hrs/ week) and 30 recreational computer users (&lt;15hrs/week) in the age group 20-35 years, after institutional ethical committee clearance and consent from all subjects. Visual Reaction Time was measured using Human Benchmark Software. Student’s t test was used for statistical analysis and p value &lt;0.05 taken statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Results showed a statistically significant decrease in visual reaction time in occupational computer users with a p value of 0.01</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Usage of computer for longer hours especially for occupational purpose decreases the visual reaction time in the individuals when compared with those who use it for lesser hours like recreational purpose.</p> Sini Sreenivasan M. S. Kusumadevi 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Effect of Duration of Disease and Glycemic Control on Attention, Executive Function and Visual Reaction Time in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients of Bangalore https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192587 <p><strong>Background:</strong> Type 2 diabetes mellitus a common endocrine disorder is on constant rise in the world. Diabetes mellitus is associated with premature mortality and several complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy and cardiovascular diseases. It can lead to decrease in psychomotor speed, executive functions, verbal memory, processing speed, complex motor functioning, working memory, visual retention and attention. These consequences have been attributed to glycemic control and duration of disease.</p><p><strong>Objective: 1)</strong> To correlate duration of disease with attention, executive function and visual reaction time in type 2 diabetes patients.</p><p><strong>2)</strong> To correlate HbA1c with attention, executive function and visual reaction time in type 2 diabetes patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and Method:</strong> 60 uncomplicated Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of either sex, aged 40-60 years were recruited from Diabetic Clinic Victoria Hospital, Bangalore. Ethical clearance &amp; informed consent taken. After detailed examination &amp; history taking, 2ml of fasting blood sample were taken for estimation of HbA1c. The cognitive tests include Digit vigilance test for attention, Stroop test for executive functions and visual reaction time using Human Benchmark software. Correlation was found using Pearson correlation, p value&lt;0.05 taken as statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The Attention and executive function scores and visual reaction time are positively correlated with both duration of disease and HbA1c. Significant correlation is found with attention and Visual Reaction time with p value&lt;0.05.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> With progressive increase in the duration of disease and HbA1c levels there is decline in Attention and executive function &amp; increase in Visual reaction time.</p> Sini Sreenivasan M. S. Kusumadevi 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 A Study to Quantify & Compare Stress Levels & Lipid Profile in Working & Non- Working Women of Bangalore https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192588 <p><strong>Background-</strong> Dyslipidemia is prevalent worldwide, mental stress &amp; sedentary life style being major risk factors. Among working women lack of sleep, long working hours, commuting, meeting deadlines amount to physical stress that is part and parcel of job commitment. In non-working women there is availability of house help at hand &amp; online facilities which reduce their physical activity. Many family issues &amp; odd working hours may add to stress in them. Present study intended to quantify stress levels &amp; compare it with lipid profile in working &amp; non-working women.</p><p><strong>Objective-</strong></p><p><strong></strong>1) To quantify stress levels &amp; lipid profile in working &amp; non- working women.</p><p>2) Compare stress &amp; lipid profile in working &amp; non-working women.</p><p><strong>Materials &amp; Method-</strong> The study is done on 60 working &amp; non- working women of Bangalore in age group of 20-40 years. Subjects with history of DM, HTN, CVD, thyroid disease were excluded. Informed consent was taken from all participants. After general examination &amp; history taking -Stress score was assessed with perceived stress scale questionnaire. Lipid profile was assessed with 2ml venous sample after 8hrs of fasting. Students ‘t’ test is used for statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results-</strong> Stress levels, LDL &amp; Total cholesterol levels are significantly higher in working women. HDL levels were lower in same with P value of &lt;0.05.</p><p><strong>Conclusion-</strong> Dyslipidaemia found in working population may be due to increased stress score in them.</p> Sneha G. Deshapande B. Girija 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Assessment for Hypertension Risk Score in Pune Urban Population https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192589 <strong>Introduction:</strong> The World health statistics 2012 report highlight on the growing problem of the noncommunicable diseases burden due to urbanisation and change in the life styles. According to the WHO report, one in three adults worldwide, has hypertension a condition that causes around half of all deaths from stroke and heart disease.In this study, we are using the common modifiable risk factors like obesity and exercise status to evaluate risk of hypertension in later life. So the present study is planned to calculate the risk score for the development of hypertension. <strong>Material &amp; Method:</strong> It was a cross sectional study. Study was conducted on about 521 individuals between the age group of 18-50 yrs in Pune urban population. Risk factors like obesity,physical activity .family history and depression were used to assess score <strong>Results</strong>: In our study total 521 participants were included out of which 27%,58% and 15 % have mild, moderate and high risk of developing hypertension respectively in future. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The study concludes that majority of urban Pune population have moderate risk of hypertension. This highlights need of preventable measures like counselling sessions, regular follow up, life style modification in form of increased physical activity and healthy diet. Sudhir Gavali Deepak Tambe Shishir Joshi A. Pranita J. S. Kharche Gayatri Godbole Anuradha Joshi 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Serum Uric Acid Level in Primigravidae with Pre-Eclampsia:A Case Control Study from Karnataka https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192590 <p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Pregnancy inducedhypertension is an exclusive condition affecting 10% ofpregnant women. The study of uric acid in serum is an interesting problemespecially in normal pregnancy and pregnancy inducedhypertension (PIH). <strong>Objective</strong>: To compare the changes of serum uric acid level in healthy non pregnant, PIH and normotensive pregnant women. <strong>Methodology</strong>: Cross sectional observational study conducted in the Obstetrics and Gynecology department, hospital, Navodaya medical college , Raichur, Karnataka involving 30 each pregnant, PIH and non-pregnant women. Serum uric acid levels were measured and analysed the data using SPSS 23 version software. <strong>Results</strong>: Comparison ofmean serum uric acid level in pregnant normotensive (4.14±1.05) and in PIH women (6.03±1.61) was found significant. Comparison of mean serum uric acid level in pregnant normotensive women (4.14±1.05) and in non pregnant women ( 3.39±0.5) found significant. Mean serum uric acid level in PIH women was 6.03±1.61 whereas in non pregnant women was 3.39±0.5 (p&lt;0.001). <strong>Conclusion:</strong>Serum uric acid level is at higher side in PIH women as compared to pregnant normotensives and non pregnant women in our study.</p> H. C. Veena S. Manjunatha 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Sleep Habits in First Year Medical Students at AIIMS Patna and its Impact on their Academic Performance https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192591 <strong>Introduction</strong>: - Sleep is an important biological necessity. Sleep timing and duration affects many functions of our body like, endocrine, metabolic, and neurological functions which are critical to the maintenance of individual health. College students often have erratic sleep schedules, poor sleep hygiene and poor sleep quality, which might affect their performance and cognitive functions. <strong>Objective</strong>: To characterize sleep habits and day and night habits in medical students using sleep quality assessment (PQSI scale) and Epworth sleepiness scale; to estimate how subjective sleep quality is associated with sleep problems in students; to estimate how academic progress is associated with subjective sleep quality. <strong>Materials and Method</strong>: A cross-sectional design- A self-administered paper questionnaire was administered of first-year through finalyear MBBS students. Students data on sleep quality was collected routinely as part of orientation program to assess students’ need in department of Physiology. Data on academic performance (first professional marks) was accessed from examination controller. Pittsburgh sleep quality index and Epworth sleepiness scale scoring was done. <strong>Results</strong>: A total of 90 medical students of AIIMS Patna, aged 16 to 25 years completed the study. Sleep habits of students shows an extreme range of 2 to 4 hrs minimum sleep to 7 to 9 hrs of maximum sleep. Maximum students take 6 to 7 hrs sleep. No statistically significant difference in academic performance between the different Epworth sleepiness score is observed. Negative correlation was obtained between the PSQI and grade average. Yogesh Kumar Pramita Dubey Kamlesh Jha Ramji Singh 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Impact of Fuel Exposure on Ventilatory Function among Petrol Pump Attendants in Thies, Senegal https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192592 <p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Petrol pump attendants are exposed to toxic substances in fuels. The release of petrol fumes during fuel refuelling is a repeated and often harmful source of exposure for petrol pump attendants. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the ventilatory disorders related to fuel exposure among petrol pump attendants.</p><p><strong>Materials and Method:</strong> Forty petrol pump attendants have been recruited. The study included a medical survey with a questionnaire that examined anthropometric characteristics, seniority, smoking habits and working conditions. The study included a medical survey with a questionnaire that examined anthropometric characteristics, seniority, smoking habits and working conditions. All our subjects received a basic and post-bronchodilator spirometry. The targeted respiratory functional disorders were bronchial obstruction, restrictive syndrome and mixed syndrome. Obstructive syndrome has been reported on the basis of: FEV1/ FVC and/or FEF25-75% less than 80%. Functional restriction was defined on the basis of a decrease in FVC &lt;80% and the normal FEV1/FVC ratio. The mixed syndrome was retained firstly before the combination of the two obstructive and restrictive spirometric anomalies.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> We noted 20% of active smokers and 25% of ex-smokers. The average length of service was 9.4 ± 7.05 years. All of the petrol pump attendants used incomplete means of protection. No employee was receiving medical follow-up. Most subjects (52.5%) were unaware of the risks associated with fuel exposure. Respiratory functional disorders were dominated by isolated obstructive ventilatory disorder (OVD) in 45% of subjects and were mainly located in the distal bronchi (65%). Besides, 12.5% of subjects had an isolated restrictive functional disorder (RFD) and a mixed syndrome in 27.5% of cases. Obstructive and mixed ventilatory disorders were more important according to smoking status. The different ventilatory disorders (VD) appeared from the beginning of exposure with a predominance of obstructive ventilatory disorders. Mixed ventilatory disorders increased significantly after 10 years of exposure.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Exposure to petrol / diesel fumes has harmful effects on the ventilatory function of petrol pump attendants.</p> Arame Mbengue Mame Saloum Coly Salimata Houndjo Faye Abdou Khadir Sow Mor Diaw Fatou Bintou Sarr 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Lung Function of Traditional Bakers and Pastry Makers Expsosed to Flour Dust in the City of Thies, Senegal https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192593 <p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Cases of restrictive and obstructive diseases have been reported in workers exposed to flour dust. In Senegal, studies on the lung function of bakery-pastry employees are rare. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the clinical respiratory manifestations and ventilatory disorders (VD) related to flour dust exposure among traditional bakers and pastry makers in the city of Thies, Senegal.</p><p><strong>Materials and Method:</strong> A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Forty subjects were recruited. Subjects received a basic and post-bronchodilator spirometry. The targeted respiratory functional disorders were bronchial obstruction, functional restriction and mixed syndrome.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The average length of service at the workplace was 7±6,7 years. Smokers represented 17,5%. A respiratory symptoms were found in 65% of our subjects. Coughing, sneezing and rhinorrhea were more frequent with 50%, 24% and 17% respectively. The most common ventilatory disorders among exposed bakers were of the mixed type (22,5%). On the other hand, 12,5% had an isolated obstructive ventilatory disorder (OVD) and a restrictive functional disorder (RFD) was found in 10%. The obstructive ventilatory disorders were dominated by obstruction of the small airways (80%). The severity of ventilatory disorders was of a moderate deficit type (87% and 62% respectively). Respiratory function abnormalities were more common in the smokers with a prevalence of ventilatory disorders that increased with age of employment. However, the effect of exposure appears to be clear because among non-smokers, 12,13 % of the exposed patients had respiratory functional abnormalities with isolated restrictive functional disorder type.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study showed that bakery and pastry workers have various respiratory symptoms and ventilatory disorders. Smoking and job tenure remain factors that increase these flour dust-related risks.</p> Arame Mbengue Mame Saloum Coly Mor Diaw Abdou Khadir Sow Salimata Houndjo Faye Fatou Bintou SAR 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Effects of Habitual Physical Activity Level (PAL) on Simple Visual and Auditory Reaction Time in Healthy Indian Adults https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192594 <p><strong>Aim</strong> To find the correlation between physical activity level(PAL) and simple visual and auditory reaction time(SVRT and SART), which are tests for cognition .</p><p><strong>Material and Method:</strong> One hundred(100) healthy volunteers of both the genders(males 52 and females 48), aged between 18 and 50 years were recruited. Reaction time (RT), is defined the elapsed time between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent behavioral response to occur. Subjects were presented with red light for VRT and pure tone sound stimuli for ART. Reaction time is a measure of the coordination between the sensory and motor system occurs. The physical activity level (PAL) was determined by administering a physical activity level questionnaire developed by the Division of Nutrition, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore. The PAL of an individual classified as follows: sedentary&lt;1.4 moderately active 1.55 to 1.75, and heavily active .1.75.</p><p><strong>Result:</strong> Statistical analysis of data was done by one-way ANOVA with Post-hoc by Turkey HSD test. The results were found to be significant. There is a negative correlation between the SVRT and PAL with R<sup>2</sup> value of 0.006; SART and PAL with R<sup>2</sup> value of 0.001 .</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> In this study we observed that when there is increase in the PAL, there is significantly faster ART and VRT. Therefore, more physically active individuals have better reaction times and are more coordinated at motor tasks when compared to less physically active.</p> Suparna Ghosh K. Roopashree C. Nandini An Jubin John 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8 Physical Fitness among Doctors Working in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/injp/article/view/192595 <p><strong>Background:</strong> Physical fitness is the capacity to perform a sedentary task efficiently and also a sense of physical wellbeing and the capacity to deal with emergencies demanding unaccustomed physical effort. The fit man carries on a given grade of moderate work with less displacement of his physiological equilibrium.</p><p><strong>Objectives</strong></p><p><strong></strong>1. To measure the Physical Fitness Index of doctors at tertiary care hospital using modified Harvard Step Test.</p><p>2. To correlate physical fitness scoring with Body Mass Index, gender and physical activity.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> A cross sectional study was conducted on 156 doctors working in tertiary care teaching hospital attached to Mysore Medical College and Research Institute during June 2018 to May 2019. Modified Harvard step test was used to measure physical fitness. SPSS 17 version was used for statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Males constituted 42.3% and females constituted 57.7% of the study population with a mean age of 33.5 years. BMI of females was little higher (24.01±3.77) when compared to males (24.03±3.01). Forty percent of females had excellent physical fitness whereas only 6.06% of males had excellent physical fitness. Only 14.40% of the female doctors had poor physical fitness whereas 36.36% of males had poor physical fitness. It was found that BMI and pulse rate had a statistically significant negative correlation with physical fitness where as physical activity, Systolic and diastolic blood pressure had positive correlation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Physical activity is an important determinant and predictor of physical fitness. Females are having better physical fitness as most of them are pursuing some physical activity.</p> G. C. Shivappa M. L. Revathi Devi S. N. Manjunatha 2020-03-01 2020-03-01 8